It will be helpful to get clear idea about taxation system in Bangladesh.

1. 1
Title: Revenue Collection from Private
Sector in Bangladesh: A study of the Value
Added Tax.
Abstract:
Comparing with other developing countries, Bangladesh faces problems in raising adequate tax
revenues to fund its economic and social improvement. Major part of tax revenue comes from
private sector through Value Added Tax. In recent time I have completed my study in “Master of
Accountancy in Taxation” from University of Dhaka under the department of Accounting and
Information System. Here I have gained a vast knowledge on domestic and international taxation.
The objective of this paper is to review the performance of Value Added Tax as the source of
revenue collection from private sector. I will try to describe the position of VAT on total revenues,
the administration, and the procedures of collection, results and recommendations for betterment.
Table of Contents
1) Introduction:
2) Methodology:
3) Literature Review:
I. Scope of VAT law of Bangladesh
II. Collection process of VAT In several fields
III. Comparison with income tax revenue
IV. Impact of contribution by private sector on GDP
V. Evaluation on last three income years
4) Results:
5) Discussion:
6) Conclusion:
7) Reference:
1) Introduction:
For a government, revenues are necessary to meet public expenditure. Tax is the main element of
government revenue. Tax is a charge that we pay for alive in a elegant society. A proverb says

2. 2
"paying taxes and death are the two unescapable facts of life''. There are two types of revenue. One
is public and another is private. Public revenues are the receipts by way of prices paid for
government produced goods and services. Under this set, tolls, interest on loans of state financial
institutions or nationalized banks, postal charges, tuition fees of public educational institutions are
included. Private revenues are mostly collected from direct and indirect taxes, such as Customs
Duty, Value Added Tax (VAT), Supplementary Duty (SD), Personal Income Taxes and Corporate
Income Taxes. Bangladesh is a developing country, is dedicated to growing tax revenues and
attaining fiscal discipline with a view to increasing self-sufficiency. The tax performance of
Bangladesh has changed extraordinarily as the country more and more unified with the
international economy. The Government of Bangladesh has introduced some administrative and
policy reforms in the tax structure. The newly added structures improved our tax GDP ratio.
However, the performance is still inadequate as equated to other countries at a similar platform of
economic development. The narrow tax base, incentives, special regimes, extensive exemptions,
and administrative inefficiencies are the main factors behind the low tax to GDP ratio in
Bangladesh compared to the comparative countries. The most basic challenge has been the weak
enforcement of tax laws and corruption in tax administration .Particularly in the case of VAT
collection there are a lot of exemptions and special consideration. The result of such a frail tax
collection system unavoidably leads to running budget deficits. These deficits have been financed
by the Government through borrowing from local and foreign sources.
Private sector plays a vital role in economic growth of Bangladesh through the direct contribution
of production, investment and export. With a view to achieving sustainable development, it is very
essential to invest in economic sector especially in industry and production sectors. The
Government is working for the overall development of investment setting for the purpose of
increasing domestic and foreign investment which relates to development activities. Now the
Government is executing different development projects under Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
model along with individual projects under government and private sector. In FY2019-20, a total
of 905 private projects were registered in Bangladesh Investment Development Authority (BIDA)
with recommended amount of US$ 13788 million where local investment is US$ 4985 million and
foreign investment is US$ 8803 million. From this investment government collect his tax revenue.
More than 80 percent of total revenue comes from tax revenue which involves of mainly two forms
of taxes such as direct tax and indirect tax. In between tax revenue the portion of direct tax
held 31.83 percent and indirect tax covered the rest of 68.17 percent. The share of indirect
tax fluctuates in between 65 to 70 percent for last ten years. The study of revenue collection
by groups shows that income tax generates most revenues as a single category. Conversely,
indirect taxes including import duty and VAT are the largest in the total revenue collection record.

3. 3
2) Methodology:
The study was embedded in maximum secondary data sources. I have gone through numerous
articles, paper works interrelated to Taxation and Bangladesh economy. I have also visited some
journals, websites, and English newspaper report in the internet. For update data collection I have
studied with my lecture sheets and referred books which was read in the time of completing this
course. In addition, for practical experience in this regard, I approached my friends and colleagues
who are working in various gov.t and non-gov.t organizations with taxes and VAT.
3) Literature Review:
3.1) Scope of VAT law of Bangladesh:
Sources covered by VAT law and rules-
Majority percent of total revenue collect from private sector and most of them comes from Value
Added Tax. The below mentioned taxes are administered and realized under VAT & SD Act and
Rules 2012-
(a) Value Added Tax (VAT)
(b) Supplementary Duty (SD)
(c) Turnover Tax (TT)
(d) Advance Tax (AT)
The main features of VAT are as follows-
a) Self assessing, self-accounting, self-depositing and self-clearance system.
b) There is no tax up to annual turnover BDT 50 lac.
c) Up to BDT 3 crore Turnover Tax (TT) applicable @4%, but no credit facility is entertaining for
TT.
d) Listed items in General Order 17, registration is compulsory for producer of goods, service
renderer and some specific business in city corporation area.
e) Standard VAT rate 15% and other rates are 5%, 7.5% & 10% and under special scheme 2.4%
& 2% and there are specific duty for some goods & services.
f) Input tax credit facility is only applicable for the goods & services under 15%.
g) Advance Tax (AT) @ 5% shall be applicable on all goods except some goods under SRO No.
239.
h) Zero rate on all exports, deemed exports and outgoing ship stores.
i) Supplementary Duty (SD) is applicable on luxury, non-essential and socially undesirable goods
& services at both import & local stage with different rates.
j) Have a provision for collection/ deduction of VAT at source.
k) Forming manual to electronic and online system gradually.
l) Separate administrative unit for the large taxpayers.

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m) At present VAT is an Audit and account based system.
n) Current VAT law Positive and helpful for maximizing revenue realization.
Accounting for VAT management-
Proper accounting in VAT system is very important. Value added tax is charged on purchase and
sale. On purchase, it will be VAT input. On sale, it will be VAT output. Excess of VAT output
over VAT input will deposit in govt. treasury. If you are buying or selling the Goods or services
which are under VAT, you have to keep its record.
As per Section 107, 51, 52, 53 and Rule 40, 41, 42 of The Value Added Tax and Supplementary
Duty Act, 2012 the following records are should kept to maintain vat accounting by a registered
person. All records should keep 05 years in business places as like it is kept in Vat office. A person
should keep all records of his economic activities, so that any problem arising in the future can be
solved and can be used as a reference. So, any organization should maintain proper VAT
accounting to save the organization from major financial loss.
Major accounting books, statement or forms for VAT management are as follows-
a) Statements of purchase of goods, services or immoveable property, whether taxable or exempted
from tax, and all tax invoices related purchase or import. Purchase Invoice (Mushak-6.3), Mushak-
6.10 for Purchase more than tk.2 lac, and Purchase Register (Mushak-6.1), Mushak 6.2.1 for trader.
b) Statements of sale of goods, services or immovable property.
c) Tax invoices, credit notes, debit notes, and integrated tax invoices and withholding certificates
issued and received by such person. Mushak-6.3, Mushak-6.4, Mushak-6.5, Mushak-6.7, Mushak-
6.8, Mushak-6.9, Mushak-6.10, Bill of Entry, ECR/EFD/SDC Challanpatra, POS Soft-ware
Memo, Computer generated invoice used as Tax invoice.
d) Customs documentation relating to imports and exports of goods by such person. (Bill of Entry,
Bill of Export)
e) The input-output coefficient for such products, and all records of, discounts offered by the
manufacturer of such products or, of credits. (Mushak 4.3)
f) Records relating to the supply of services subject to supplementary duty or the manufacture of
goods subject to supplementary duty and related documents. (Mushak 7.1)
g) Treasury challans (receipts) showing the deposit of tax imposed or, where payment was made
in ways other than by treasury challans (receipts), appropriate documentary evidence in support of
such payments. (TR-06)
h) All returns for every tax period and any other prescribed documents or records. (Mushak 9.1,
Mushak 9.2, Mushak 9.3, Mushak 9.4)

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Accounting of Turnover Tax− Any registered person in his place of supply-
(a) Shall preserve in form “Mushak-6.1” and “Mushak-6.2” or if applicable "Mushak-6.2.1"
respectively the accounts of all his purchase-sale related to his supply.
(b) The enlisted person shall issue Turnover Tax invoice in the following procedure-
(i) A Turnover Tax invoice in form “Mushak-6.9” against each supply.
(ii) Turnover Tax invoice shall be serially numbered on the basis of fiscal year.
(iii) If the enlisted person makes supply from more than one places, invoices with separate serial
numbers shall have to be issued from each place in which the address of the place and number of
the invoice shall remain mentioned.
(iv)The Turnover Tax invoice shall be issued in 2 (two) copies, of which the original invoice shall
have to be given to the purchaser and the seller shall preserve the copy at his place of business.
Where a supply consists of multiple types of goods and services, tax shall be imposed in the
following manner, namely-
(a) For every supply, each type of goods or service shall have to be shown separately;
(b) A supply consisting of the characteristics of a single supply from an economic point of view
shall not be splited artificially.
Device based VAT Accounting-
EFD/SDC & POS Software
As per the General Order No. 09/Mushak/2019, Dated: 13/06/2019,Electronic Fiscal Device
(EFD) or Sales Data Controller (SDC) or Point of Sales (POS) Software should be used as
mandatory for some specific goods and services, within the area of City Corporation or District
town of the country.
Submission of return−
(a) The registered person shall submit value Added Tax Return in "Mushak-9.l" form and the
enlisted person shall submit Turnover Tax Return in Form "Mushak-9.2"
(b) VAT and Turnover Tax Return shall have to be submitted to the Commissioner of taxes, and
(except submission through online) it shall be signed and verified by the person mentioned below,
(i) Registered or enlisted Person;
(ii) If the person is not present in Bangladesh or for some other reason it is not possible for him to
sign the return, then by a person properly authorized by him or by any other person who is in
possession of the Power of Attorney to sign on behalf of that person.
(iii)VAT consultant who has been properly authorized by the registered or enlisted person; or
(iv) On behalf of a non-resident person, by his agent.

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3.2) Collection process of VAT In several fields:
Collection authority-
The National Board of Revenue is the principal authority for tax administration in Bangladesh.
Ministry Of Finance has 3 Divisions, headed by 3 Secretaries to the Government, namely, the
Finance Division the Internal Resources Division (IRD) and the Economic Relations Division
(ERD). The Secretary of IRD acts as the Chairman of NBR. The key responsibility of NBR is to
design and continuous re-appraisal of tax policies and tax laws, negotiating tax treaties
with foreign governments and participating in inter-ministerial discussions on economic issues
having a bearing on fiscal policies and tax administration. The main responsibility of NBR is to
collect domestic revenue primarily, Import Duties and Taxes, VAT and Income Tax for the
government. Other responsibilities include administration of all matters interrelated to taxes, duties
and other revenue generating fees. Under the overall control of IRD, NBR administers the Excise,
VAT, Customs and Income-Tax services containing of a team of officers of various grades and
backup staff positions. NBR is the top authority of the government responsible for collecting tax
revenue, administering taxation administration and framing taxation policies and laws for the
government. The main responsibility of NBR is to mobilize domestic resources through a
collection of Import Duties, VAT, Excise and Income Tax for the Government. NBR through its
different taxation sources collects more than 95% of the tax revenue for the government. Four
Members of NBR from Direct Tax wing and four members from indirect taxation wing assist the
chairman in executive, legislative and policy matters.
Collection method-
On the basis of method of collection, VAT can be accounts based or invoice based. Under the
invoice method of collection, each seller charges VAT rate on his sales amount and passes the
buyer a special invoice that shows the amount of tax charged. Under the accounts based method,
the tax is calculated on the value added, which is measured as a difference between revenues and
allowable purchases. Maximum countries today use the invoice method, the only exception being
Japan, which uses the accounts method. By the timing of collection, VAT can be either accrual or
cash based. Cash basis accounting is a very modest form of accounting. When a payment is
received for the sale of goods or services, a deposit is made, and the revenue is recorded as of the
date of the receipt of funds, no matter when the sale had been made. Cheques are issued when
funds are available to pay bills, and the expense is recorded as of the cheque date, irrespective of
when the expense had been incurred. While accrual is more complex than cash basis accounting.
The process of assessing value-added tax occurs roughly as follows-
a) The producer adds value to a product the amount of value added can be defined as the difference
between the cost of the materials used to make the product and the price charged to the customer.

7. 7
b) The producer pays value-added tax (a percentage of the value added), which is then included in
the purchase price charged to the customer (wholesaler).
c) The manufacturer gets a rebate for VAT paid on the materials.
d) The wholesaler pays VAT on the value they add, which can be described as the difference
between what they paid to the manufacturer and the price at which they sell it to the retailer.
e) The wholesaler gets a rebate for VAT for the VAT paid to the manufacturer.
f) The retailer pays value-added tax on the value they add, which can be described as the price
charged to customers less the wholesale cost and includes the VAT in the final sales price of the
product.
g) The retail store collects value-added tax from the person buying the product and gets a rebate
for the VAT paid to the wholesaler.
Determination of VAT:
Value: In the vat system Value means the Value on which the VAT will be imposed, but not the
Value in common sense or in Economics.
Value Added: Added Value is the value which is added by a manufacturer or a service renderer or
a businessman add to his inputs or raw materials by the time he sells the product or service. In
other words, value addition is the differential amount between the sales price and the input cost.
And the Tax here is, the tax on that Added Value; and that's the Value Added Tax (VAT) stands
for.
So, Value Addition = Sales Price – Input (raw mate.) cost
And VAT = Output Price × 15% – Input price × 15% (if any)
i,e VAT = Tk. 150 × 15% – 100 × 15%
= Tk. 22.50 – 15.00 = 7.50 (Net VAT)
Input Tax credit mechanism/Rebate System:
Input Tax means the amount of VAT paid (except Advanced Tax) against imported goods or
services as inputs at the import level and the amount of VAT paid against purchase of goods or
services or movable property from the local sources.
Output Tax means the VAT payable by any registered person for the following activities, namely-
(a) Supply of any taxable goods, service or property by such person; or
(b) Import of any taxable service by such person.
In accordance with the provision of section 46 & 47 of VAT & SD Act and rule 26 of the Rules
made there-under any registered manufacturer, service renderer, importer or trader of taxable
goods or services except the goods & services under Third Schedule may adjust the amount of
input VAT paid
earlier on his inputs against the output VAT payable. The scope or facility provided here is called
Input Tax Credit/Rebate.

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So, Input Tax Credit = Output Tax − Net Tax Payable; and
Net Tax = Output Tax − Input Tax.
Who are not entitled to take tax credit:
a) If the value of taxable supplies exceed tk. one lac and if the total amount of consideration does
not paid through banking channel;
b) In case of receiving the supplies of imported services, if the payable output tax is not shown in
the return;
c) If, the input tax credit is not taken within the same tax period of purchase or procurement through
Mushak challanpatra or Bill of Entry or within two succeeding tax period;
d) The VAT paid against the goods or services, which is kept under others possession, right or
supervision;
e) The VAT paid against such goods or services which is not entered in the book of purchase,
prescribed by rules;
f) If, the name, address and Registration No. of purchaser & seller is not mentioned in the tax
invoice;
g) In case of receiving supply from an importer if, the import related Bill of Entry No. is not
mentioned in the tax invoice issued by the importer and the description of goods mentioned in the
tax invoice does not coincide with the description of goods mentioned in the import Bill of Entry;
h) In case of inputs or goods released through Bank Guarantee, the amount of input tax involved
with the bank guarantee, till the final disposal of the issue for which the Bank Guarantee was
accepted.
i) The amount of Turnover Tax paid under Turnover Tax system;
j) The amount of SD paid against goods or services used in the manufacture of goods or rendering
of services;
k) The VAT paid against such inputs purchased, in case of supply of specified goods or services
on which the rate of VAT is below 15% or Specific Tax is imposed;
l) The VAT paid against such inputs or goods which is not declared in the Input-Output
Coefficient.
Calculation of assessable value for VAT:
Assessable value for VAT (in case of import):
Assessable value for Customs Duty + Customs Duty + Regulatory
Duty (if any) + Supplementary Duty (if any) with other Duties and Taxes (if any), except AIT.
Other duties and taxes means: Safe Guard Duty (SGD), Counter-veiling Duty (CVD), Anti-
Dumping Duty (ADD)
VAT amount = AV for VAT * % of VAT
3.3) Comparison with income tax revenue:

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In the previous conversation we have discussed about indirect taxes (value added tax) mechanism,
administration and other related topics. In this paragraph we will discuss about income tax
management. After completing this study we will be able to compare with value added tax.
Individual Tax:
The elementary concepts of designing and implementing an reasonable taxation regime is ‘Broad
Basing’, meaning that the taxes should be spread over as wide as possible a section of the
population, or sectors of the economy, to minimize the individual tax burden. While indirect taxes
levied on goods or services affect the rich and the poor alike, direct taxes may create burdens on a
definite income group. Indirect taxation is usually used to produce tax revenue paid indirectly by
the final consumer of goods and services. It is paid by everyone in society, unrelatedly their
financial situation. Hence, indirect taxation can be viewed as regressive as it imposes a larger
burden on the poor than on the rich. In contrast to direct tax, the taxpayer and the tax-bearer are
separate person. Hence, to reduce an individual’s tax burden, the taxation regime should be
assorted and broad-based with an equitable balance of both direct and indirect sources. Unlike
indirect taxes, direct taxes are linked to the taxpayer’s ability to pay, and hereafter are considered
to be progressive. The sources of income tax can be classified in 7 categories:
1. Salaries
2. Interest on securities
3. Income from house property
4. Income from agriculture
5. Income from business or profession
6. Capital gains
7. Income from other sources.
Indirect taxes are collected by intermediaries from the person who bears the ultimate economic
burden of the tax.
The major indirect taxes in Bangladesh include: value added tax (VAT), excise duty, trade tax
and turnover tax. However, to understand the burden and progressivity of a tax system it is
important to understand components of both direct and indirect taxes and their implementation
integrity.

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The rates of Personal Incomes Taxes are determined on the basis of differentiated income of
different income groups. Bangladesh’s tax system has five income brackets. There are
differentiated rates and tax exemptions for different types of taxpayers, for instance the threshold
of taxable income for women and senior citizens of 65 years and above is 3.5 lakh, 4.5 lakh for
physically challenged persons and 4.75 lakh for war-wounded gazette freedom fighters. The tax
tables are updated on a regular basis, at least once a year considering the changes in price level.
Without that 50000 will be reduced for the parents who have disabled child.
Current tax slabs are as follows-
First 3 lac tax free, next 01 lac 5%, next 3 lac 10%, next 4 lac 15%, next 5 lac 20% and 25 % on
rest amount of taxable income.
In Bangladesh, withholding taxes are usually termed as tax deduction and are collected at source.
Under this system, both private and public limited companies and any other organization specified
by law are legally bound to withhold taxes at some point of making payments, and deposit the
amount with the Government Exchequer. Withholding tax is important as it comprises a major
portion of income tax in Bangladesh.
Corporate tax:
Rates of corporate income tax also vary from company to company on the basis of their type.
Usually the agro-based industries enjoy low taxation in comparison to manufacturing and service
providing industries. Yet, a number of export oriented manufacturing industries, e.g. readymade
garments (RMG), enjoy tax holidays and other advantages like low import tariffs on imported
materials.
Except for banks, leasing and insurance companies, mobile phone companies and cigarette
manufacturers, tax rates for publicly traded companies and non-publicly traded companies have
remained 25 percent and 35 percent respectively since last fiscal year. To ease the tax burden at
this critical time of the COVID-19 pandemic 2.5 percent reduction in the tax rate of non-publicly
traded companies to fix it at 32.5%.
3.4) Impact of contribution by private sector on GDP:
Private sector is the instrument of growth. Private investment is very much necessary for
sustaining the economic growth and providing services to the doorsteps of the people.

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In developing countries, the private sector generates 90 per cent of jobs, funds 60 per cent of all
investments and provides more than 80 per cent of govt. revenues.
In Bangladesh the private sector is playing a very positive and vital role along with the government.
In FY2019-20, the total investment of GDP was 31.75 percent, out of which 23.63 percent was
from private sector.
3.5) Evaluation on last three income years:
Position in last three income years are as follows-
Year Income Tax
Revenue (Crore)
VAT & Import
Duty
(crore)
Tax To GDP
Ratio
% of Share
(Income Tax)
% of Share
(VAT)
2017-18 62340.42 139972.52 9.43 % 30.81 69.19
2018-19 72899.90 150992.52 9.13 % 32.56 67.44
2019-20 73004.21 145404.21 8.04% - -
Source NBR
4) Results: We have seen in this study that our govt. mostly depended for revenue collection on
indirect taxes. Value added tax covered maximum of this type taxes by private organizations. But
revenue collection through VAT is very complex. It starts from registration and ends to treasury.
Government has some limitations. One of them is insufficient of manpower. Inadequate
knowledge of collecting officers is another obstacles. On the other hands traders are not fair-
minded, that’s why they don’t want to pay taxes. Accounting system for vat management is also
unusually lengthen. With this study we found that, to be compliance a business entity needed to
maintain a lot of books, like as – 6.1,6.2,6.3,6.2.1,6.5,6.6,6.7,6.8,6.10,9.1,4.3 etc. This burden
should be reduced by formulating single paper base collection system or direct NBR controlled
device implementation. Rebate system complicated our full tax management.
5) Discussion:

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In spite of positive economic growth in recent years, Bangladesh has one of the lowest tax-to-GDP
ratios (9.3 percent) in the South Asian region. It is 23.1 percent in Nepal, 16.8 percent in India and
11.0 percent in Pakistan.
Past record shows collection from VAT has always been higher than that of income tax—which
puts a burden on marginalized people through double taxation and as a result, inequality has
worsened over the years. At the same time, because of globalization, both custom and import-stage
supplementary duties are likely to decline in relative terms. Under the circumstances, the
government is set to enhance its revenue mobilization through income tax.
Unfortunately, in Bangladesh, a large number of individuals and firms are unregistered and the
vast majority of registered individuals and firms with taxable income are not interested in paying
taxes. According to a NBR study, about four crore people in the country have the capacity to pay
taxes, but the majority of them do not pay tax on their income. At present, NBR has about 40 lakh
registered taxpayers but only about 22 lakh submit their tax returns. The study also found that
above 2 lac companies registered with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies (RJSC), of which
about 50,000 companies submit tax returns.
Tax evasion is a serious problem in Bangladesh because companies with huge revenues evade
taxes. In addition, businessmen who collect VAT from consumers evade tax through under-
reporting. Some of the multinational companies evade taxes through misuse of a mechanism,
known as "transfer pricing".
However, the government should try to implement or ease the tax collection system. A self-
controlled system can increase the tax revenue. Enough manpower should be ensured by
government to enhance revenue. Double taxation should be remove from tax management.
6) Conclusion:
Tax system is vital in order to support the basic function of a defensible state and to create the
context for economic growth. A developed tax system is the key to financing public services,
reducing inequality, making government more liable and helping to improve self-containment.
Bangladesh is still a low tax effort country with a high flexibility ratio, implying that the policy-
makers of Bangladesh have the scope and potential to opt for greater revenue mobilization through
internal resources, especially from private sector, in order to meet the budgetary deficit. The study
finds that there remains a lot to improve in terms of the tax collection to achieve the desired tax to
GDP ratio. Tax exemptions and tax evasion in general also contribute to the low revenue
mobilization. However, tax reform is a tremendously political challenge as vested interests

13. 13
strongly resist reform. Furthermore, the tax system continues to suffer from unfair execution,
extensive corruption and the failure to translate the tax revenues into public services. Greater
political leadership and commitment is needed to overcome the prevailing challenges. Therefore,
the role of civil society must be to generate broad-based political pressure for reform by actively
engaging a wide public constituency, while the government must be disposed to adopt fair tax
policies and practices. The construction of institutions that are independent and easily monitored
is an important strategy for curbing corruption and abuse. This should include clear processes and
regulations, accompanied by dedicated enforcement capacity.
7) Reference:
https://nbr.gov.bd/uploads/publications/national_saroni(2017-18).pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313375315_Value_Added_tax_VAT_-
_in_View_of_Bangladesh
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228129441_Tax_Planning_in_Business_Bangladesh_P
erspective
https://www.jstor.org/stable/41968826?seq=1
https://www.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/the-tax-regime-in-bangladesh-issues-in-
expanding-the-tax-base-1526745339
https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00TWMH.pdf
https://mof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mof.portal.gov.bd/page/f2d8fabb_29c1_423a_9d
37_cdb500260002/Chapter-14%20%28English-2020%29.pdf
https://bidaquickserv.org/
https://mof.portal.gov.bd/site/page/28ba57f5-59ff-4426-970a-bf014242179e/Bangladesh-
Economic-Review-2020
Books-
Sohoj Vasay VAT- Dr. Md. Abdur Rouf
Income Tax Manual – K.M. Hasan-FCA
Bangladesh Income Tax – Shill, Masud, Alam