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Tratamiento de la
hipertensión arterial en
tiempos de crisis
• Dr. Martin Velarde
• MASVH MASVC MAAVA
• CARDIOLOGO CLINICO 2015
■ Prevalencia:
. ~ 40% de la población adulta.
. Un billón de hipertensos en el mundo.
■ . Desigualdad en el control entre países
. Aéreas rurales y zona de bajo ingreso peor.(PURE)
. 85 con riesgo cardiovascular añadido
■ Aumento en comorbilidades : DM , Obesidad……
.Alta tasa de abandono al tratamiento
. Aumento en el daño a órgano blanco aunado al envejecimiento.
Venezuela : seguimos con pobre control.
Sources: Gaziano TA, et al. J hypertens 2009;27:1472-1477;Mendis S, Puska S, Puska P, Worrving B,editors. Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control. Genova .Switzerland: World Health
organization; 2011.
La Hypertensiòn
4
Dedicated to the Assessment, Prevention, and Control of Hypertension Globally
The WHL is a charitable organization comprised of national and regional hypertension societies
High Blood Pressure: Why Prevention and Control are
Urgent and Important – A 2014 Fact Sheet From the World
Hypertension League and the International Society of
Hypertension
“High Blood Pressure: Why Prevention and Control are Urgent and
Important – A 2014 Fact Sheet from the World Hypertension League
and the International Society of Hypertension. The Journal of
Clinical Hypertension.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jch.12372/abstract
Silva H, Hernández-Hernández R et al, Am J Ther, 2009
Hypertension
Treatment and Control
83.3
23.9
76.1
61.0
28.8
12.0
46.7
71.1
Almos
Almost 80 % of
hypertensives in Latin
America are not in
control
Cardiovascular Drug Use for Secondary
Prevention Among Patients
With CHD or Stroke, by Nation Economic Status
CV drug category High-income (%) Upper-middle income
(%)
Lower-middle income
(%)
Low-income (%) Overall
Antiplatelets 62.0 24.6 21.9 8.8 25.3
Beta blockers 40.0 25.4 10.2 9.7 17.4
ACE inhibitors or ARBs 49.8 30.0 11.1 5.2 19.5
BP-lowering agents 73.8 48.4 37.4 19.2 41.8
Statins 66.5 17.6 4.3 3.3 14.6
ELEGIR ENTRE
Tiacida
I-ECA ARA II Βeta
bloqueador
Calcio
Antagonista*
Tratamiento de la Hipertensión, no complicada
sin factores de riesgo adicionales con cifras de
PA <160/100mmHg
ARA II MEJOR TOLERADOS CON ALTA ADHERENCIA (ESH 2013)
Como hacemos ?
Candersartan 32mg
o
Valsartan 160mg
o
Olmersartan 40mg
Maracaibo
Maria Castillo
7,456,852 27/05/60
3Nixon RM et al. Int J Clin Pract May 2009; 63: 766-75
Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia antihipertensiva en términos de
PAS y PAD entre los diferentes ARAII en HTA esencial
Metodología: revisión sistemática de 31 estudios (13.110 pacientes)
de diseño similar publicados entre 1997 y 2008
Todos los estudios incluidos fueron aleatorizados, doble ciego,
De grupos paralelos para el tto de la HTA (PAD: 90-115 mmHg)
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) Reduction with Valsartan is
Superior to Losartan and Comparable to Other ARBs
Drug and dose
Candesartan 8 mg
Candesartan 16 mg
Candesartan 32mg
Irbesartan 150 mg
Irbesartan 300 mg
Losartan 50 mg
Losartan 100 mg
Olmesartan 20 mg
Olmesartan 40 mg
Telmisartan 40 mg
Telmisartan 80 mg
Valsartan 80 mg
Valsartan 160 mg
Valsartan 320 mg
n
142
329
821
531
261
369
1733
145
199
275
233
321
3661
3091
Estimate and 95% CI
–10.04 (–13.89, –6.19)
–12.70 (–15.32, –10.07)
–15.28 (–17.75, –12.80)
–11.75 (–13.91, –9.54)
–15.98 (–18.89, –13.10)
–9.93 (–12.69. –7.14)
–12.01 (–13.78, –10.25)
–10.88 (–15.63, –6.05)
–13.98 (–18.53, –9.44)
–13.98 (–16.64, –11.23)
–16.50 (–19.26, –13.76)
–11.52 (–14.39, –8.70)
–15.32 (–17.09, –13.63)
–15.85 (–17.60, –14.12)
–18 –14 –10 –6
Changes in SBP (mmHg)
Nixon et al.
Int J Clin Pract 2009;63:766–75
Meta-regression analysis of 31 randomized controlled trials (n=13,110 patients) with at least one
angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) arm. The meta-analysis adjusted for the influence of different
baseline BP between studies. Studies ranged in duration from 6–12 weeks.
Data are from baseline to follow-up
Conclusiones
 Meta-análisis previos han demostrado que los ARA II
Tienen eficacia antihipertensivas similares
Valsartán 160mg y 320 mg es más efectivo que losartán
100mg estadísticamente significativo
 Entre valsartán y el resto de los ARA II (olmesartán,
candersartán, irbesartán, la eficacia
antihipertensiva fue similar
3Nixon RM et al. Int J Clin Pract May 2009; 63: 766-75
Valsartan 80mg
o
Losartan 50mg
o
Telmisartan 40mg
Maracaibo
Maria Castillo
7,456,852 27/05/60
Valsartan Hct 80/12,5 mg
+
Bisoprolol 5mg
o
Ziac 5/6,25mg
Maria Castillo
7,456,852 27/05/60
Maracaibo
Ramipril 10mg
O
Valsartan 160mg
O
Enalapril 20mg
farmacias del centro
Maracaibo
Maria Castillo
7,456,852 27/05/60
Estudio VALUE: Morbilidad y Mortalidad
en Respondedores Precoces
*No tratados: Reducción de PAS > 10 mmHg al primer mes
Tratados: Reducción de PAS al primer mes
Todos los Grupos de Tratamiento
Weber MA et al. Lancet 2004; 363: 2047–2049
Episodios cardiacos
mortales y no mortales
Ictus mortal y no mortal
Mortalidad total
Infarto de miocardio
Hospitalización por
Insuficiencia cardiaca
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Respondedores
precoces* (n = 9336)
No Respondedores
Precoces (n = 5663)
OR [ IC 95% ]
P < 0.05
P < 0.05
P < 0.05
© A. Coca
Hospital Clínico. IDIBAPS
Universidad Barcelona
Hypertension Treatment Significantly Reduced Mortality and
Morbidity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5
Years
EstimatedCumulative
IncidenceofAllMorbidEvents(%)
VA Cooperative Study Group – Estimated Cumulative Incidence of
All Morbid Events Over 5 Years
Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on antihypertensive agents JAMA 1970;213(7):1143-1152.
Control - Placebo
Active Treatment Groups -
Diuretic-based regimen
and hydralazine
Tengamos precaución con :
. Suspender Betabloqueantes (rebote)
. Clonidina ( rebote)
. Evitar combinación IECA + ARA
. Diuréticos a dosis alta (moduretic)
.Evitar Nifedipina de acción rápida.
The Human Side of Failed Hypertension Treatment
Michael A. weber, MD;1 Suzanne Oparil, MD2
From the state university of New York, Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY; and university of Alabama, Birmingham, AL.
2013
■ CDC
■ PAHO
■ Ministries Of Health
■ Physicians
■ Pharmacists,
■ Pharmacologists
■ Epidemiologists
March 2013 Miami LAC Workshop Attendees
 Society Representation:
- American Heart Association
- Barbados Drug Service
- InterAmerican Society of
Cardiology
- Latin American Federation of
Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Latin American Society of
Hypertension
- Society of Latin American
Nephrology and Hypertension
 From 2001 To 2009.
■ Hypertension Control Rate Nearly Doubled From 44% To 80%
■ Hypertension Registy Increase From 349,937 To 652,763 Persons .
■ Controlled Hypertension Tripled From 171.000 To 531,000.
●USA : 60% CONTROL
 Six Care Proceses Implemented.
■ Evidence Based Guideline Development
■ Hypertension Registry Creation
■ Performance Measure Distribution
■ Successful Practice Dissemination
■ Single Pill Combination Therapy Promotion
■ Non-physician BP Visit Creation
Results From Kaiser Permanente
Jaffe MG et al JAMA. 2013;310(7): 699-705 doi: 10.1001/jama 2013.108769
FROM THE WORLD HYPERTENSION LEAGUE
Hypertension Prevention and Control in Latin América and the Caribbean
Pedro Ordunez, MD, PhD; Ramón Martínez, Mark L. Niebylski, PhD,MBA,MS; Norm R. Campbell, MD
From the Pan American Health Organization, Washington,DC; the World Hypertension League, Corvallis, MT; and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary;
AB, Canada
Core Set of Medications
MEDICATION CLASS PRIMARY BACKUP
DIURETIC Chlorthalidone O HCTZ -----------------------------------
ACE INHIBITOR Lisinopril Enalapril
ARB Losartan Valsartan
CCB Amlodipine None
BB Bisoprolol Metoprolol SR
OTHER Spironolactone None
● fixed Dose combinations (single pill)
ARB +CCB Losartan + Amlodipine OR Valsartan+
Amlodipine
N/A
ACE INHIBITOR +CCB Benazepril+ Amlodipine N/A
ACE INHIBITOR+ DIURETIC Lisinopril +HCTZ N/A
ARB + DIURETIC Losartan ò Valsartan+HCTZ N/A
ARB + DIURETIC+ CCB Valsartan+ HCTZ+ Amlodipine N/A
●● Ideal Fixed Dose Combinations (Single Pill)
Ace inhibitor +ccb Lisinopril+ Amlodipine N/A
ACE INHIBITOR + DIURETIC Lisinopril+ Chlorthalidone N/A
ARB + DIURETIC Losartan+ Chlorthalidone N/A
ARB + CCB Losartan + Amlodipine N/A
0
Tasa
acumulada
de AVC
(%)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Criterios de paso de placebo
a tratamiento (PAS > 220 ó PAD < 90)
Placebo (44% requieren tratamiento activo)
1. CLORTALIDONA 12,5 (30%)
2. CLORTALIDONA 25 (16%)
3. CLORT 25 + ATENOLOL 25 (11%)
4. CLORT 25 + ATENOLOL 50 (12%)
Tratamiento activo (escalonado)
9,2
5,5
P = 0,003
1
2
4
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
Años
SHEP. J.Am.Med.Assoc 1991; 265: 3255-3264
Core Set of Medications
MEDICATION CLASS PRIMARY BACKUP
DIURETIC Chlorthalidone O HCTZ -----------------------------------
ACE INHIBITOR Lisinopril Enalapril
ARB Losartan Valsartan
CCB Amlodipine None
BB Bisoprolol Metoprolol SR
OTHER Spironolactone None
● fixed Dose combinations (single pill)
ARB +CCB Losartan + Amlodipine OR Valsartan+
Amlodipine
N/A
ACE INHIBITOR +CCB Benazepril+ Amlodipine N/A
ACE INHIBITOR+ DIURETIC Lisinopril +HCTZ N/A
ARB + DIURETIC Losartan ò Valsartan+HCTZ N/A
ARB + DIURETIC+ CCB Valsartan+ HCTZ+ Amlodipine N/A
●● Ideal Fixed Dose Combinations (Single Pill)
Ace inhibitor +ccb Lisinopril+ Amlodipine N/A
ACE INHIBITOR + DIURETIC Lisinopril+ Chlorthalidone N/A
ARB + DIURETIC Losartan+ Chlorthalidone N/A
ARB + CCB Losartan + Amlodipine N/A
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Proportionofpatientswithfirstevent(%)
Composite of CV death, stroke and MI
Losartan
Atenolol
LIFE: Primary Composite Endpoint
Study Month0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66
Losartan 4605 4524 4460 4392 4312 4247 4189 4112 4047 3897 1889 901
Atenolol 4588 4494 4414 4349 4289 4205 4135 4066 3992 3821 1854 876
Adjusted Risk Reduction 13.0%, p=0.021
Unadjusted Risk Reduction 14.6%, p=0.009
Dahlöf B et al Lancet 2002;359:995-1003.
Number
at Risk
28
24
1. VALUE
2. VALIANT
3. NAVIGATOR
4. Val-HeFT
5. JIKEI HEART
6. KYOTO HEART
7. VART
27. HIJ-CREATE
28. E-COST
29. HOPE-3*
30. 4C*
31. I-PRESERVE
32. IDNT
33. ACTIVE-I*
34. NID-2
35. SUPPORT*
36. COLM*
37. OSCAR*
38. ORIENT
39. MOSES
8. VALISH*
9. NAGOYA-HEART*
10. V-CARD*
11. ONTARGET
12. PRoFESS
13. TRANSCEND
14. HALT-PKD*
*Expected enrolment‡Ongoing and completed
randomized controlled
trials with death or hard
CV events as or part of
the primary endpoint
¶Valid as of December 2009
15. NCT00490958*
16. LIFE
17. OPTIMAAL
18. ELITE II
19. RENAAL
20. NCT00090259*
21. VA NEPHRON-D*
22. CHARM
23. SCOPE
24. SCAST*
25. CASE-J
26. ACCOST
Numberofpatients
Valsartan Telmisartan Losartan Candesartan Irbesartan Olmesartan Eprosartan
57,046
53,247
25,019
36,940
6,777
1,405
15,693
1
2
5
4
3
7
8
6
11
12
14
13
20
21
18
16
17
25
26
28
22
23
39
36
35
37
38
34
33
32
31
27
1Julius et al. 2004; 2Pfeffer et al. 2003; 3Califf et al 2008; 4Cohn et al. 2001; 5Mochizuki et al. 2007; 6Sawada et al 2009
7Narumi et al. 2009 [abstract at ESC]; 8http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00151229); 9http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00129233)
10http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00140790); 11ONTARGET Investigators 2008; 12Yusuf et al 2008; 13TRANSCEND Investigators 2008
14http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00283686); 15http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00490958); 16Dahlöf et al. 2002; 17Dickstein et al. 2002
18Pitt et al. 2000; 19Brenner et al. 2001; 20http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00090259); 21Fried et al 2009; 22Pfeffer et al 2003
23Papademetriou et al. 2004; 24http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00120003); 25Ogihara et al. 2008
26http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00108706); 27Laufs et al. 2008; 28Suzuki et al. 2005; 29http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00468923)
30http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00139386); 31Massie et al 2008; 32Lewis et al. 2001; 33http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00249795)
34http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00535925); 35http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00417222); 36Ogihara et al 2009; 37Ogawa et al 2009
38Imai et al. 2009 (Abstract F-FC313 at ASN 2009); 39Schrader et al. 2005
15
19
29
30
9
10
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
EL CONTINUO CARDIOVASCULAR
# ESTUDIOS CON ARA2
Advance Publication by J-STAGE
Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker, Valsartan,increases
Myocardial Blood Volume and Regresses Hypertrophy
In Hypertensive Patients
Hiroshi Komatsu, MD;Satoshi Yamada,MD;Hiroyuki Iwano,MD;Masako Okada,MD;
Hisao Onozuka,MD*;Taisei Mikami,MD*;Shinobu Yokoyama,AA**;Mamiko Inoue,BA**;
Sanae Kaga,BA**;Mutsumi Nishida,PhD**; Chikara Shimizu,MD**;
Kazuhiko Matsuno,MD**;Hiroyuki Tsutsui,MD
Conclusions: Valsartan,an angiotensin II receptor blocker, corrected the decreased MBV in association with regression of LVH in petients with HT
MEDICATION CLASS PRIMARY BACKUP
DIURETIC Chlorthalidone O HCTZ -----------------------------------
ACE INHIBITOR Lisinopril Enalapril
ARB Losartan Valsartan
CCB Amlodipine None
BB Bisoprolol Metoprolol SR
OTHER Spironolactone None
● fixed Dose combinations (single pill)
ARB +CCB Losartan + Amlodipine OR Valsartan+ Amlodipine N/A
ACE INHIBITOR +CCB Benazepril+ Amlodipine N/A
ACE INHIBITOR+ DIURETIC Lisinopril +HCTZ N/A
ARB + DIURETIC Losartan ò Valsartan+HCTZ N/A
ARB + DIURETIC+ CCB Valsartan+ HCTZ+ Amlodipine N/A
●● Ideal Fixed Dose Combinations (Single Pill)
Ace inhibitor +ccb Lisinopril+ Amlodipine N/A
ACE INHIBITOR + DIURETIC Lisinopril+ Chlorthalidone N/A
ARB + DIURETIC Losartan+ Chlorthalidone N/A
ARB + CCB Losartan + Amlodipine N/A
Core Set of Medications
Amlodipina: mecanismo antioxidante
NH2
+
+
O2
-
ONOO-
HO-
H2O2
 estabilización
Amlodipina
-100 veces más potente antioxidante que otros calcioantagonistas
-Tan potente antioxidante como lovastatina y más que captopril
Mason RP. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: A245
Tasadeeventosacumulativa
20% Reducción de
Riesgo
Tiempo hasta 1er Evento (días)
IECA / HCTZ
CA / IECA
650
526
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.16
0.14
0.12
1400120010008006004002000
ACCOMPLISH: Resultado Principal( Kaplan Melier)
ASCOT-BPLA: puntos finales
Dahlöf B, et al. Lancet. 2005;366:895-906.
amlodipina  perindopril mejor atenolol  tiazida mejor
0.50 0.70 1.00 1.45
Primarios
IM No-fatal (incl silente) + EAC fatal
Secundarios
IM No-fatal (exc. Silente) + EAC fatal
Total coronarios
Total CV (eventos y procedimientos)
All-cause mortalidad
Cardiovascular mortalidad
ACV Fatal y no fatal
IC Fatal y no fatal
Terciarios
IM Silente
Angina Inestable
Angina Cronica estable
Enf arterial Periferica
Arritmias de riesgo de vida
Nuevos casos diabetes mellitus
Nuevos casos insuf renal
Post hoc
PF Primario + proced coronarios
Muerte CV + IM + ACV
2.00
Unadjusted HR (95% CI)
0.90 (0.79-1.02)
0.87 (0.76-1.00)
0.87 (0.79-0.96)
0.84 (0.78-0.90)
0.89 (0.81-0.99)
0.76 (0.65-0.90)
0.77 (0.66-0.89)
0.84 (0.66-1.05)
1.27 (0.80-2.00)
0.68 (0.51-0.92)
0.98 (0.81-1.19)
0.65 (0.52-0.81)
1.07 (0.62-1.85)
0.70 (0.63-.078)
0.85 (0.75-0.97)
0.86 (0.77-0.96)
0.84 (0.76-0.92)
MEDICATION CLASS PRIMARY BACKUP
DIURETIC Chlorthalidone O HCTZ -----------------------------------
ACE INHIBITOR Lisinopril Enalapril
ARB Losartan Valsartan
CCB Amlodipine None
BB Bisoprolol Metoprolol SR
OTHER Spironolactone None
● fixed Dose combinations (single pill)
ARB +CCB Losartan + Amlodipine OR Valsartan+ Amlodipine N/A
ACE INHIBITOR +CCB Benazepril+ Amlodipine N/A
ACE INHIBITOR+ DIURETIC Lisinopril +HCTZ N/A
ARB + DIURETIC Losartan ò Valsartan+HCTZ N/A
ARB + DIURETIC+ CCB Valsartan Amlodipina-Hct N/A
●● Ideal Fixed Dose Combinations (Single Pill)
Ace inhibitor +ccb Lisinopril+ Amlodipine N/A
ACE INHIBITOR + DIURETIC Lisinopril+ Chlorthalidone N/A
ARB + DIURETIC Losartan+ Chlorthalidone N/A
ARB + CCB Losartan + Amlodipine N/A
Core Set of Medications
Control de Presión en Hipertensos Tratados en Atención
Primaria en España
Controlpres 1995
13.0%
87.0%
Controlpres 1998
16.3%
83.7%
Controlpres 2001
28.8%
71.2%
Control PA <140/90 mmHg
Uso de Terapia Combinada
Coca A. Hipertension 2005; 22: 5-14
38.8%
61.2%
Controlpres 2003
28% Combinación
29% Combinación
35% Combinación
42% Combinación
© A. Coca
Hospital Clínico. IDIBAPS
Universidad Barcelona
AMLODIPINA/VALSARTAN: reducción de la PAS
en pacientes con HTA st 2 Estudio EX-EFFeCTS
Destro et al. J.AmSocHypertens 2008:2;294-302
BRA+BCC: Eficacia
–49.6*
–39.9
–43.6 –42.5
La terapia de combinación triple es superior a la terapia
de combinación doble en pacientes con hipertensión severa
n=168 n=155n=155
Lacourciere et.al. J Hypertens 2009;27(Suppl 4):S119
0
–10
–20
–30
–40
–50
n=168
ReduccióndelaPAS(mmHg)
Amlodipina/
Valsartán/
HCTZ
10/320/25 mg
Valsartán/
HCTZ
320/25 mg
Amlodipina/
Valsartán
10/320 mg
HCTZ/
amlodipina
25/10 mg
p<0.0001
p=0.0009
p<0.0001
Analisis post-hoc
Calhoun DA et al. Hypertension 2009;54:32–9
*p<0.0001 vs. todas las otras combinaciones
48.3
54.1
44.8
70.8*
La Triple Terapia Lleva a Mas Pacientes a Alcanzar una Mayor
Tasa de Control de la HTA
* p<0.0001 versus todas las otras combinaciones
n=583 n=568n=559
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
n=561
TasadeControl(%)dePAS/PAD
(<140/90mmHg)
(N=2,271)
Mas pacientes con triple terapia alcanzaron el control de la PA que los que recibieron terapia dual
Valsartan/
HCTZ/
amlodipina
320 / 25 / 10
Valsartan/
HCTZ
320 / 25
Valsartan/
amlodipina
320 / 10
HCTZ/
amlodipina
25 /10
Calhoun-DA et al., Hypertension. 2009;54:32-39.
Amlodipine-Valsartan Combination Decreases Central
Systolic Blood Pressure More Effectively Than the
Amlodipine-Atenolol Combination
The EXPLOR Study
Pierre Boutouyrie, Assya Achouba, Patrick Trunet, Ste´phane Laurent,
for the EXPLOR Trialist Group
Hypertension 2010;55;1314-1322
El estudio fue diseñado para determinar si las ventajas de los BRAA en la
reducción de la PA central, sobre Atenolol permanecen significativas
cuando son combinados con Amlodipina
No diferencias en PA Braquial PAS central disminuyó más en el grupo A/V
(13.701.15 mm Hg ) Que el grupo A/A
(9.701.10 mm Hg). Diferencia 4 mmHg
ESTUDIO EXPLOR
Hypertension 2010;55;1314-1322
Exforge: Efecto en Edema Periférico Inducido por Amlodipina
8
10
6
4
2
0
8.7%
5.4%
Incidenciadeedema
periférico(%)
p=0.0138
3.0%
Placebo Amlodipina Exforge
38% diferencia
Datos agrupados de dos estudios con Exforge a dosis hasta de 10/320 mg y Amlodipina
hasta de 10 mg REDUCCION DE EDEMA PERIFERICO COMPROBADA
n=337 n=460 n=1,437
Philipp et al. Clin Ther 2007 (publicación por Internet, 2 April 2007)
INFARTO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
GRACIAS….

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Hipertension arterial en tiempos de crisis

  • 1. Tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial en tiempos de crisis • Dr. Martin Velarde • MASVH MASVC MAAVA • CARDIOLOGO CLINICO 2015
  • 2. ■ Prevalencia: . ~ 40% de la población adulta. . Un billón de hipertensos en el mundo. ■ . Desigualdad en el control entre países . Aéreas rurales y zona de bajo ingreso peor.(PURE) . 85 con riesgo cardiovascular añadido ■ Aumento en comorbilidades : DM , Obesidad…… .Alta tasa de abandono al tratamiento . Aumento en el daño a órgano blanco aunado al envejecimiento. Venezuela : seguimos con pobre control. Sources: Gaziano TA, et al. J hypertens 2009;27:1472-1477;Mendis S, Puska S, Puska P, Worrving B,editors. Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control. Genova .Switzerland: World Health organization; 2011. La Hypertensiòn
  • 3.
  • 4. 4 Dedicated to the Assessment, Prevention, and Control of Hypertension Globally The WHL is a charitable organization comprised of national and regional hypertension societies High Blood Pressure: Why Prevention and Control are Urgent and Important – A 2014 Fact Sheet From the World Hypertension League and the International Society of Hypertension “High Blood Pressure: Why Prevention and Control are Urgent and Important – A 2014 Fact Sheet from the World Hypertension League and the International Society of Hypertension. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jch.12372/abstract
  • 5. Silva H, Hernández-Hernández R et al, Am J Ther, 2009 Hypertension Treatment and Control 83.3 23.9 76.1 61.0 28.8 12.0 46.7 71.1 Almos Almost 80 % of hypertensives in Latin America are not in control
  • 6. Cardiovascular Drug Use for Secondary Prevention Among Patients With CHD or Stroke, by Nation Economic Status CV drug category High-income (%) Upper-middle income (%) Lower-middle income (%) Low-income (%) Overall Antiplatelets 62.0 24.6 21.9 8.8 25.3 Beta blockers 40.0 25.4 10.2 9.7 17.4 ACE inhibitors or ARBs 49.8 30.0 11.1 5.2 19.5 BP-lowering agents 73.8 48.4 37.4 19.2 41.8 Statins 66.5 17.6 4.3 3.3 14.6
  • 7. ELEGIR ENTRE Tiacida I-ECA ARA II Βeta bloqueador Calcio Antagonista* Tratamiento de la Hipertensión, no complicada sin factores de riesgo adicionales con cifras de PA <160/100mmHg ARA II MEJOR TOLERADOS CON ALTA ADHERENCIA (ESH 2013)
  • 9. Candersartan 32mg o Valsartan 160mg o Olmersartan 40mg Maracaibo Maria Castillo 7,456,852 27/05/60
  • 10. 3Nixon RM et al. Int J Clin Pract May 2009; 63: 766-75 Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia antihipertensiva en términos de PAS y PAD entre los diferentes ARAII en HTA esencial Metodología: revisión sistemática de 31 estudios (13.110 pacientes) de diseño similar publicados entre 1997 y 2008 Todos los estudios incluidos fueron aleatorizados, doble ciego, De grupos paralelos para el tto de la HTA (PAD: 90-115 mmHg)
  • 11. Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) Reduction with Valsartan is Superior to Losartan and Comparable to Other ARBs Drug and dose Candesartan 8 mg Candesartan 16 mg Candesartan 32mg Irbesartan 150 mg Irbesartan 300 mg Losartan 50 mg Losartan 100 mg Olmesartan 20 mg Olmesartan 40 mg Telmisartan 40 mg Telmisartan 80 mg Valsartan 80 mg Valsartan 160 mg Valsartan 320 mg n 142 329 821 531 261 369 1733 145 199 275 233 321 3661 3091 Estimate and 95% CI –10.04 (–13.89, –6.19) –12.70 (–15.32, –10.07) –15.28 (–17.75, –12.80) –11.75 (–13.91, –9.54) –15.98 (–18.89, –13.10) –9.93 (–12.69. –7.14) –12.01 (–13.78, –10.25) –10.88 (–15.63, –6.05) –13.98 (–18.53, –9.44) –13.98 (–16.64, –11.23) –16.50 (–19.26, –13.76) –11.52 (–14.39, –8.70) –15.32 (–17.09, –13.63) –15.85 (–17.60, –14.12) –18 –14 –10 –6 Changes in SBP (mmHg) Nixon et al. Int J Clin Pract 2009;63:766–75 Meta-regression analysis of 31 randomized controlled trials (n=13,110 patients) with at least one angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) arm. The meta-analysis adjusted for the influence of different baseline BP between studies. Studies ranged in duration from 6–12 weeks. Data are from baseline to follow-up
  • 12. Conclusiones  Meta-análisis previos han demostrado que los ARA II Tienen eficacia antihipertensivas similares Valsartán 160mg y 320 mg es más efectivo que losartán 100mg estadísticamente significativo  Entre valsartán y el resto de los ARA II (olmesartán, candersartán, irbesartán, la eficacia antihipertensiva fue similar 3Nixon RM et al. Int J Clin Pract May 2009; 63: 766-75
  • 13. Valsartan 80mg o Losartan 50mg o Telmisartan 40mg Maracaibo Maria Castillo 7,456,852 27/05/60
  • 14. Valsartan Hct 80/12,5 mg + Bisoprolol 5mg o Ziac 5/6,25mg Maria Castillo 7,456,852 27/05/60 Maracaibo
  • 15. Ramipril 10mg O Valsartan 160mg O Enalapril 20mg farmacias del centro Maracaibo Maria Castillo 7,456,852 27/05/60
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18. Estudio VALUE: Morbilidad y Mortalidad en Respondedores Precoces *No tratados: Reducción de PAS > 10 mmHg al primer mes Tratados: Reducción de PAS al primer mes Todos los Grupos de Tratamiento Weber MA et al. Lancet 2004; 363: 2047–2049 Episodios cardiacos mortales y no mortales Ictus mortal y no mortal Mortalidad total Infarto de miocardio Hospitalización por Insuficiencia cardiaca 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Respondedores precoces* (n = 9336) No Respondedores Precoces (n = 5663) OR [ IC 95% ] P < 0.05 P < 0.05 P < 0.05 © A. Coca Hospital Clínico. IDIBAPS Universidad Barcelona
  • 19. Hypertension Treatment Significantly Reduced Mortality and Morbidity 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 1 2 3 4 5 Years EstimatedCumulative IncidenceofAllMorbidEvents(%) VA Cooperative Study Group – Estimated Cumulative Incidence of All Morbid Events Over 5 Years Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on antihypertensive agents JAMA 1970;213(7):1143-1152. Control - Placebo Active Treatment Groups - Diuretic-based regimen and hydralazine
  • 20. Tengamos precaución con : . Suspender Betabloqueantes (rebote) . Clonidina ( rebote) . Evitar combinación IECA + ARA . Diuréticos a dosis alta (moduretic) .Evitar Nifedipina de acción rápida.
  • 21. The Human Side of Failed Hypertension Treatment Michael A. weber, MD;1 Suzanne Oparil, MD2 From the state university of New York, Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY; and university of Alabama, Birmingham, AL. 2013
  • 22. ■ CDC ■ PAHO ■ Ministries Of Health ■ Physicians ■ Pharmacists, ■ Pharmacologists ■ Epidemiologists March 2013 Miami LAC Workshop Attendees  Society Representation: - American Heart Association - Barbados Drug Service - InterAmerican Society of Cardiology - Latin American Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology - Latin American Society of Hypertension - Society of Latin American Nephrology and Hypertension
  • 23.  From 2001 To 2009. ■ Hypertension Control Rate Nearly Doubled From 44% To 80% ■ Hypertension Registy Increase From 349,937 To 652,763 Persons . ■ Controlled Hypertension Tripled From 171.000 To 531,000. ●USA : 60% CONTROL  Six Care Proceses Implemented. ■ Evidence Based Guideline Development ■ Hypertension Registry Creation ■ Performance Measure Distribution ■ Successful Practice Dissemination ■ Single Pill Combination Therapy Promotion ■ Non-physician BP Visit Creation Results From Kaiser Permanente Jaffe MG et al JAMA. 2013;310(7): 699-705 doi: 10.1001/jama 2013.108769
  • 24. FROM THE WORLD HYPERTENSION LEAGUE Hypertension Prevention and Control in Latin América and the Caribbean Pedro Ordunez, MD, PhD; Ramón Martínez, Mark L. Niebylski, PhD,MBA,MS; Norm R. Campbell, MD From the Pan American Health Organization, Washington,DC; the World Hypertension League, Corvallis, MT; and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary; AB, Canada
  • 25. Core Set of Medications MEDICATION CLASS PRIMARY BACKUP DIURETIC Chlorthalidone O HCTZ ----------------------------------- ACE INHIBITOR Lisinopril Enalapril ARB Losartan Valsartan CCB Amlodipine None BB Bisoprolol Metoprolol SR OTHER Spironolactone None ● fixed Dose combinations (single pill) ARB +CCB Losartan + Amlodipine OR Valsartan+ Amlodipine N/A ACE INHIBITOR +CCB Benazepril+ Amlodipine N/A ACE INHIBITOR+ DIURETIC Lisinopril +HCTZ N/A ARB + DIURETIC Losartan ò Valsartan+HCTZ N/A ARB + DIURETIC+ CCB Valsartan+ HCTZ+ Amlodipine N/A ●● Ideal Fixed Dose Combinations (Single Pill) Ace inhibitor +ccb Lisinopril+ Amlodipine N/A ACE INHIBITOR + DIURETIC Lisinopril+ Chlorthalidone N/A ARB + DIURETIC Losartan+ Chlorthalidone N/A ARB + CCB Losartan + Amlodipine N/A
  • 26. 0 Tasa acumulada de AVC (%) 0 1 2 3 4 5 Criterios de paso de placebo a tratamiento (PAS > 220 ó PAD < 90) Placebo (44% requieren tratamiento activo) 1. CLORTALIDONA 12,5 (30%) 2. CLORTALIDONA 25 (16%) 3. CLORT 25 + ATENOLOL 25 (11%) 4. CLORT 25 + ATENOLOL 50 (12%) Tratamiento activo (escalonado) 9,2 5,5 P = 0,003 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 Años SHEP. J.Am.Med.Assoc 1991; 265: 3255-3264
  • 27. Core Set of Medications MEDICATION CLASS PRIMARY BACKUP DIURETIC Chlorthalidone O HCTZ ----------------------------------- ACE INHIBITOR Lisinopril Enalapril ARB Losartan Valsartan CCB Amlodipine None BB Bisoprolol Metoprolol SR OTHER Spironolactone None ● fixed Dose combinations (single pill) ARB +CCB Losartan + Amlodipine OR Valsartan+ Amlodipine N/A ACE INHIBITOR +CCB Benazepril+ Amlodipine N/A ACE INHIBITOR+ DIURETIC Lisinopril +HCTZ N/A ARB + DIURETIC Losartan ò Valsartan+HCTZ N/A ARB + DIURETIC+ CCB Valsartan+ HCTZ+ Amlodipine N/A ●● Ideal Fixed Dose Combinations (Single Pill) Ace inhibitor +ccb Lisinopril+ Amlodipine N/A ACE INHIBITOR + DIURETIC Lisinopril+ Chlorthalidone N/A ARB + DIURETIC Losartan+ Chlorthalidone N/A ARB + CCB Losartan + Amlodipine N/A
  • 28. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Proportionofpatientswithfirstevent(%) Composite of CV death, stroke and MI Losartan Atenolol LIFE: Primary Composite Endpoint Study Month0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 Losartan 4605 4524 4460 4392 4312 4247 4189 4112 4047 3897 1889 901 Atenolol 4588 4494 4414 4349 4289 4205 4135 4066 3992 3821 1854 876 Adjusted Risk Reduction 13.0%, p=0.021 Unadjusted Risk Reduction 14.6%, p=0.009 Dahlöf B et al Lancet 2002;359:995-1003. Number at Risk 28
  • 29. 24 1. VALUE 2. VALIANT 3. NAVIGATOR 4. Val-HeFT 5. JIKEI HEART 6. KYOTO HEART 7. VART 27. HIJ-CREATE 28. E-COST 29. HOPE-3* 30. 4C* 31. I-PRESERVE 32. IDNT 33. ACTIVE-I* 34. NID-2 35. SUPPORT* 36. COLM* 37. OSCAR* 38. ORIENT 39. MOSES 8. VALISH* 9. NAGOYA-HEART* 10. V-CARD* 11. ONTARGET 12. PRoFESS 13. TRANSCEND 14. HALT-PKD* *Expected enrolment‡Ongoing and completed randomized controlled trials with death or hard CV events as or part of the primary endpoint ¶Valid as of December 2009 15. NCT00490958* 16. LIFE 17. OPTIMAAL 18. ELITE II 19. RENAAL 20. NCT00090259* 21. VA NEPHRON-D* 22. CHARM 23. SCOPE 24. SCAST* 25. CASE-J 26. ACCOST Numberofpatients Valsartan Telmisartan Losartan Candesartan Irbesartan Olmesartan Eprosartan 57,046 53,247 25,019 36,940 6,777 1,405 15,693 1 2 5 4 3 7 8 6 11 12 14 13 20 21 18 16 17 25 26 28 22 23 39 36 35 37 38 34 33 32 31 27 1Julius et al. 2004; 2Pfeffer et al. 2003; 3Califf et al 2008; 4Cohn et al. 2001; 5Mochizuki et al. 2007; 6Sawada et al 2009 7Narumi et al. 2009 [abstract at ESC]; 8http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00151229); 9http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00129233) 10http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00140790); 11ONTARGET Investigators 2008; 12Yusuf et al 2008; 13TRANSCEND Investigators 2008 14http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00283686); 15http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00490958); 16Dahlöf et al. 2002; 17Dickstein et al. 2002 18Pitt et al. 2000; 19Brenner et al. 2001; 20http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00090259); 21Fried et al 2009; 22Pfeffer et al 2003 23Papademetriou et al. 2004; 24http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00120003); 25Ogihara et al. 2008 26http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00108706); 27Laufs et al. 2008; 28Suzuki et al. 2005; 29http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00468923) 30http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00139386); 31Massie et al 2008; 32Lewis et al. 2001; 33http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00249795) 34http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00535925); 35http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00417222); 36Ogihara et al 2009; 37Ogawa et al 2009 38Imai et al. 2009 (Abstract F-FC313 at ASN 2009); 39Schrader et al. 2005 15 19 29 30 9 10 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 EL CONTINUO CARDIOVASCULAR # ESTUDIOS CON ARA2
  • 30. Advance Publication by J-STAGE Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker, Valsartan,increases Myocardial Blood Volume and Regresses Hypertrophy In Hypertensive Patients Hiroshi Komatsu, MD;Satoshi Yamada,MD;Hiroyuki Iwano,MD;Masako Okada,MD; Hisao Onozuka,MD*;Taisei Mikami,MD*;Shinobu Yokoyama,AA**;Mamiko Inoue,BA**; Sanae Kaga,BA**;Mutsumi Nishida,PhD**; Chikara Shimizu,MD**; Kazuhiko Matsuno,MD**;Hiroyuki Tsutsui,MD Conclusions: Valsartan,an angiotensin II receptor blocker, corrected the decreased MBV in association with regression of LVH in petients with HT
  • 31. MEDICATION CLASS PRIMARY BACKUP DIURETIC Chlorthalidone O HCTZ ----------------------------------- ACE INHIBITOR Lisinopril Enalapril ARB Losartan Valsartan CCB Amlodipine None BB Bisoprolol Metoprolol SR OTHER Spironolactone None ● fixed Dose combinations (single pill) ARB +CCB Losartan + Amlodipine OR Valsartan+ Amlodipine N/A ACE INHIBITOR +CCB Benazepril+ Amlodipine N/A ACE INHIBITOR+ DIURETIC Lisinopril +HCTZ N/A ARB + DIURETIC Losartan ò Valsartan+HCTZ N/A ARB + DIURETIC+ CCB Valsartan+ HCTZ+ Amlodipine N/A ●● Ideal Fixed Dose Combinations (Single Pill) Ace inhibitor +ccb Lisinopril+ Amlodipine N/A ACE INHIBITOR + DIURETIC Lisinopril+ Chlorthalidone N/A ARB + DIURETIC Losartan+ Chlorthalidone N/A ARB + CCB Losartan + Amlodipine N/A Core Set of Medications
  • 32. Amlodipina: mecanismo antioxidante NH2 + + O2 - ONOO- HO- H2O2  estabilización Amlodipina -100 veces más potente antioxidante que otros calcioantagonistas -Tan potente antioxidante como lovastatina y más que captopril Mason RP. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: A245
  • 33. Tasadeeventosacumulativa 20% Reducción de Riesgo Tiempo hasta 1er Evento (días) IECA / HCTZ CA / IECA 650 526 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.16 0.14 0.12 1400120010008006004002000 ACCOMPLISH: Resultado Principal( Kaplan Melier)
  • 34. ASCOT-BPLA: puntos finales Dahlöf B, et al. Lancet. 2005;366:895-906. amlodipina  perindopril mejor atenolol  tiazida mejor 0.50 0.70 1.00 1.45 Primarios IM No-fatal (incl silente) + EAC fatal Secundarios IM No-fatal (exc. Silente) + EAC fatal Total coronarios Total CV (eventos y procedimientos) All-cause mortalidad Cardiovascular mortalidad ACV Fatal y no fatal IC Fatal y no fatal Terciarios IM Silente Angina Inestable Angina Cronica estable Enf arterial Periferica Arritmias de riesgo de vida Nuevos casos diabetes mellitus Nuevos casos insuf renal Post hoc PF Primario + proced coronarios Muerte CV + IM + ACV 2.00 Unadjusted HR (95% CI) 0.90 (0.79-1.02) 0.87 (0.76-1.00) 0.87 (0.79-0.96) 0.84 (0.78-0.90) 0.89 (0.81-0.99) 0.76 (0.65-0.90) 0.77 (0.66-0.89) 0.84 (0.66-1.05) 1.27 (0.80-2.00) 0.68 (0.51-0.92) 0.98 (0.81-1.19) 0.65 (0.52-0.81) 1.07 (0.62-1.85) 0.70 (0.63-.078) 0.85 (0.75-0.97) 0.86 (0.77-0.96) 0.84 (0.76-0.92)
  • 35. MEDICATION CLASS PRIMARY BACKUP DIURETIC Chlorthalidone O HCTZ ----------------------------------- ACE INHIBITOR Lisinopril Enalapril ARB Losartan Valsartan CCB Amlodipine None BB Bisoprolol Metoprolol SR OTHER Spironolactone None ● fixed Dose combinations (single pill) ARB +CCB Losartan + Amlodipine OR Valsartan+ Amlodipine N/A ACE INHIBITOR +CCB Benazepril+ Amlodipine N/A ACE INHIBITOR+ DIURETIC Lisinopril +HCTZ N/A ARB + DIURETIC Losartan ò Valsartan+HCTZ N/A ARB + DIURETIC+ CCB Valsartan Amlodipina-Hct N/A ●● Ideal Fixed Dose Combinations (Single Pill) Ace inhibitor +ccb Lisinopril+ Amlodipine N/A ACE INHIBITOR + DIURETIC Lisinopril+ Chlorthalidone N/A ARB + DIURETIC Losartan+ Chlorthalidone N/A ARB + CCB Losartan + Amlodipine N/A Core Set of Medications
  • 36. Control de Presión en Hipertensos Tratados en Atención Primaria en España Controlpres 1995 13.0% 87.0% Controlpres 1998 16.3% 83.7% Controlpres 2001 28.8% 71.2% Control PA <140/90 mmHg Uso de Terapia Combinada Coca A. Hipertension 2005; 22: 5-14 38.8% 61.2% Controlpres 2003 28% Combinación 29% Combinación 35% Combinación 42% Combinación © A. Coca Hospital Clínico. IDIBAPS Universidad Barcelona
  • 37. AMLODIPINA/VALSARTAN: reducción de la PAS en pacientes con HTA st 2 Estudio EX-EFFeCTS Destro et al. J.AmSocHypertens 2008:2;294-302 BRA+BCC: Eficacia
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40. –49.6* –39.9 –43.6 –42.5 La terapia de combinación triple es superior a la terapia de combinación doble en pacientes con hipertensión severa n=168 n=155n=155 Lacourciere et.al. J Hypertens 2009;27(Suppl 4):S119 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 n=168 ReduccióndelaPAS(mmHg) Amlodipina/ Valsartán/ HCTZ 10/320/25 mg Valsartán/ HCTZ 320/25 mg Amlodipina/ Valsartán 10/320 mg HCTZ/ amlodipina 25/10 mg p<0.0001 p=0.0009 p<0.0001 Analisis post-hoc Calhoun DA et al. Hypertension 2009;54:32–9 *p<0.0001 vs. todas las otras combinaciones
  • 41. 48.3 54.1 44.8 70.8* La Triple Terapia Lleva a Mas Pacientes a Alcanzar una Mayor Tasa de Control de la HTA * p<0.0001 versus todas las otras combinaciones n=583 n=568n=559 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 n=561 TasadeControl(%)dePAS/PAD (<140/90mmHg) (N=2,271) Mas pacientes con triple terapia alcanzaron el control de la PA que los que recibieron terapia dual Valsartan/ HCTZ/ amlodipina 320 / 25 / 10 Valsartan/ HCTZ 320 / 25 Valsartan/ amlodipina 320 / 10 HCTZ/ amlodipina 25 /10 Calhoun-DA et al., Hypertension. 2009;54:32-39.
  • 42. Amlodipine-Valsartan Combination Decreases Central Systolic Blood Pressure More Effectively Than the Amlodipine-Atenolol Combination The EXPLOR Study Pierre Boutouyrie, Assya Achouba, Patrick Trunet, Ste´phane Laurent, for the EXPLOR Trialist Group Hypertension 2010;55;1314-1322 El estudio fue diseñado para determinar si las ventajas de los BRAA en la reducción de la PA central, sobre Atenolol permanecen significativas cuando son combinados con Amlodipina
  • 43. No diferencias en PA Braquial PAS central disminuyó más en el grupo A/V (13.701.15 mm Hg ) Que el grupo A/A (9.701.10 mm Hg). Diferencia 4 mmHg ESTUDIO EXPLOR Hypertension 2010;55;1314-1322
  • 44. Exforge: Efecto en Edema Periférico Inducido por Amlodipina 8 10 6 4 2 0 8.7% 5.4% Incidenciadeedema periférico(%) p=0.0138 3.0% Placebo Amlodipina Exforge 38% diferencia Datos agrupados de dos estudios con Exforge a dosis hasta de 10/320 mg y Amlodipina hasta de 10 mg REDUCCION DE EDEMA PERIFERICO COMPROBADA n=337 n=460 n=1,437 Philipp et al. Clin Ther 2007 (publicación por Internet, 2 April 2007)