4. DEFINITION:
a device which is primarily used as an
electromagnet used to drive a plunger for the
purpose of control actuation.
SOLENOIDS
5. SOLENOID VALVES CONSIST OF:
a pneumatic valve
a solenoid to switch the element
OPERATING PRINCIPLE:
an electric current applied to the solenoid
generates an EMF which moves an armature
connected to the valve stem
SOLENOID VALVES
6. 2/2 - way Directional Control Valve,
Solenoid Actuated, Spring Returned
Consists of a
pneumatic valve as the
signal output medium
and an electrical
switching part, called a
solenoid. An electric
current applied to the
solenoid generates an
electromagnetic force
(EMF) which moves an
armature connected to
the valve stem.
PILOT VALVE
7. ELECTRICAL SIGNAL
APPLIED TO SOLENOID
SOLENOID ACTUATES
PILOT VALVE
PILOT ACTUATES
MAIN VALVE
PILOT SIGNAL FLOW
By using pilot control, the size of the solenoid
Can be kept to a minimum.
Main Advantages :
@ It reduced power consumption
@ it reduced heat generation
8. 3/2 - way Directional Control Valve,
Solenoid Actuated, Spring Returned
When an electric current is
applied to the coil, an EMF is
generated which lifts the lower
sealing lips of the armature
and opens the passage for
pilot air. Pilot air then applies
pressure on the diaphragm
which then causes the valve to
switch its position.
Upon removal of the current,
the pilot air passage closes
and a spring returns the valve
to its normal switching
position.
9. 5/2 - way Directional Control Valve,
Solenoid Actuated, Spring Returned
When the solenoid is
energized, the armature
moves and the pilot air
passage opens. The
pilot air applies
pressure to the left side
of the valve piston
resulting to the valve
switching its position.
Upon removal of the
electrical signal, a
spring returns the valve
to its neutral switching
position.
Used for the control of
double acting cylinders.
18. 5/2 - way Directional Control Valve,
Double Solenoid Actuated Because of the
absence of a
return spring,
double solenoid
actuated valves
retain the last
signal
administered to
them. They remain
in their last
switched position
even with power
removed from
both solenoids.
Effectively, this
means that this
valve has
“memory
characteristic”.
19.
20. Relays
Relays are electro-magnetically actuated switches. They
consist of a housing with electromagnet and movable
contacts. An electromagnetic field is created when a voltage
is applied to the coil of the electromagnet. This results in
attraction of the movable armature to the coil core. The
armature actuates the contact assembly. This contact
assembly can open or close a specific number of contacts
by mechanical means. If the flow of current through the coil
is interrupted, a spring returns the armature to its original
position.
27. Advantages of Relays
Easily adapted to various operating voltages
Not much affected by the temperature of their surroundings
Relatively high resistance between contacts in the off state
Several independent circuits can be switched
28. Disadvantages of Relays
Working surface of contacts wear through oxidation
Large space requirement compare to transistors
Noise is created during the switching operation
The contacts are affected by contamination
Limited switching speed of 3ms - 17ms
31. Logic operations are funcions which link binary signals according to the rules of Boolean
algebra. Four basic logic operations are available for this purpose.
Identity Input and output signal have the same status.
Negation (NOT) The output signal has the opposite value to the input signal.
Conjunction (AND) The output signal only has the value 1, if all the input signals have the
value 1
Disjunction (OR) The output signal has the value 1, if at least one of the input signals
has the value 1.
Basic logic functions
37. What are sensors?
A sensor is a technical converter, which converts a
physical value such as temperature, pressure, flow,
or distance, into a different value which is easier to
evaluate. This is usually an electrical signal such as
voltage, current, resistance or frequency of
oscillation.
Devices which convert physical variables into
form of electrical signals to gather data, monitor
or control a process.
38. Sensor Classifications
Electrical Limit Switch
Pressure Sensors
Contact Sensors
Magnetic
Inductive
Capacitive
Optical
Ultrasonic
Contactless Sensors
Sensor Classification
According to
Principle of Operation
PNP Sensors
NPN Sensors
Sensor Classification
According to
Output Signal Polarity
2-Wire Sensors
3-Wire Sensors
4-Wire Sensors
Sensor Classification
According to
Wiring
39. Contact Sensors
Electromechanical devices that detect change through
physical contact with the target object
Typically do not require power
Can handle more current and better tolerate power line
disturbances
Generally easier to understand and diagnose
Examples: encoders, limit switches and safety switches
40. Noncontact Sensors
Solid-state electronic devices that create an energy field or
beam and react to a disturbance in that field.
No physical contact is required.
No moving parts to jam, wear, or break (therefore less
maintenance)
Can generally operate faster
Greater application flexibility
Examples: photoelectric, inductive, capacitive, ultrasonic
41. NPN/PNP Transistor
For PNP: the load must be
connected between the sensor
output and the negative (-) power
connection. This is also known as a
“sourcing” output.
42. + 18 to 30 Volts
DC.
Output
24v DC
0v
PNP Type
Output is
Positive
Positive
switching
43. NPN/PNP Transistor
For NPN: the load must be
connected between the sensor
output and the positive (+) power
connection. This is also known as a
“sinking” output.
44. + 18 to 30 Volts
DC.
Output
24v DC
0v
NPN Type
Output
switches
through to 0v
Negative
switching
53. INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY
SENSORS
Inductive proximity sensors are designed to detect metal objects.
Non-contact technology
No moving parts; not subject to mechanical damage or
wear
Perform well in very dirty environments, where they
are unaffected by buildup of contaminants such as
dust, grease oil, or soot, on the sensing face.
Detect both ferrous and nonferrous metals
54. BN
BK
BU
Note:
For metallic
materials only
INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSORS
Switching Voltage --------------------------------- 10-30 V DC
Nominal switching distance ---------------------- 4mm
Switching frequency------------------------------- 800Hz (max)
Output function ------------------------------------ NO contact, PNP switching
Output current ------------------------------------- 400 mA (max)
55. Effects of Target Size & Shape
Flat targets are preferable.
Rounded targets may reduce the operating distance.
Nonferrous materials usually reduce the operating distance for all-metal
sensing models.
Targets smaller than the operating face may increase the sensing
distance
Foils may increase the operating distance.
56. Inductive Proximity Sensors: Advantages
Not affected by moisture
Not affected by dust/dirty environments
No moving parts/no mechanical wear.
Not color dependent.
Less surface dependent than other sensing technologies
No blind zone.
57. Inductive Proximity Sensors: Disadvantages
Only sense the presence of metal targets
Operating range is shorter than other available sensing
technologies
May be affected by strong electromagnetic fields.
58. Inductive Proximity Sensors:
Typical Applications
Position sensing of metal targets in automated machining
Metal parts detection in automated assembly
Metal container presence sensing in automated food or beverage
packaging
62. BN
BK
BU
CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSORS
Switching Voltage -------------------------- 10-30V DC
Nominal switching distance --------------- 4mm
Switching frequency ------------------------ 100 Hz (max)
Output function ------------------------------ NO contact, PNP switching
Output current ------------------------------- 200mA (max)
66. Capacitive Proximity:
Advantages
Detects metal and nonmetal, liquids and solids.
Can see through certain materials (product boxes)
Solid-state, long life
Many mounting configurations
67. Capacitive Proximity:
Disadvantages
Short (1 inch or less) sensing distance varies widely
according to material being sensed.
Very sensitive to environmental factors – humidity in
coastal/water climates can affect sensing output.
Not at all selective for its target.
71. PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS
A switch where the mechanical actuator or lever arm function is replaced
by a beam of light. All photoelectric sensors operate by sensing a change
in the amount of light received by a photodetector.
72. BN
BK
BU
PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS
Switching Voltage -------------------------10-30 V DC
Nominal Switching distance ------------- 0-100 mm (adjustable)
Switching frequency ---------------------- 200 Hz (max)
Output function ---------------------------- NO contact, PNP switching
Output current ----------------------------- 100mA (max)
87. •Time relay with switch on
delay
•Time relay with switch off
delay
88. Switch on Delay Timer
S1
+
-
D1
R1
R2
C1
K1
When S1 is actuated, current flows to
capacitor C1 through adjustable
resistance R1. Diode D1, which is
connected in parallel, does not permit
the flow of current in this direction. After
capacitor C1 has become charged to
the switching voltage of the relay K1,
the relay switches.
89. Switch off Delay Timer
S1
+
-
D1
R1
R2
C1
K1
When S1 is actuated, the current
flows through diode D1, which is
connected in the free flow direction,
to capacitor C1 and the relay K1.
The relay switches at once. After
release of pushbutton S1, the circuit
is interrupted. Capacitor C1 can now
discharge solely via adjustable
resistor R1 and resistance R2.
90.
91. Sequence Control System
This is a control system using a mandatory step by step sequence,
in which the sequencing from one step to the next programmed
step depends on certain conditions being satisfied.
93. Representations
– Chronological Order
Cylinder 1.0 extends and lifts the box
Cylinder 2.0 extends and pushes the box
Cylinder 1.0 retracts, then
Cylinder 2.0 retracts
– Tabular Form
Work Step Motion of Cylinder 1.0 Motion of Cylinder 2.0
1 out -
2 - out
3 in -
4 - in
94. – Abbreviated Notation
Extension represented by : + 1.0 +
Retraction represented by : - 2.0 +
1.0 -
2.0 -
Representations
– Vector Diagram
Extension represented by 1.0
Retraction represented by 2.0
1.0
2.0
