3. Introduction
• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) OR Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) involves
progressive loss of kidney function. It can develop insidiously over
many years or it may result from an episode of ARF from which client
has not covered.
• Despite of all the technological advances in life sustaining treatment
with dialysis ,patients with ESRD have a high mortality rate.
4. Definition
• Chronic or irreversible renal failure is a progressive
reduction of functioning renal tissue such that the
remaining kidney mass can no longer maintain the
body’s internal environment.
-Joyce. M . Black
• Chronic kidney disease is defined as either the presence of kidney
damage or a decreased GFR less than 60ml/min/1.73metre sq for
longer than 3 months.
-KDOQI of the National Kidney Foundation
6. Incidence
• More than 1 in 7 that is 15% of US adults or 37 million people are
estimated to have CKD.
• SEEK –India cohort study , the prevalence of CKD was 16.4%
CKD Stage 1 was 8%
Stage 2 was 3.2%
Stage 3 was 3.3%
7. Etiology and risk factors
The causes of CRF are numerous:
Diabetes – 1st leading cause
Hypertension – 2nd leading cause
11. Description GFR(ml/min/1.73 meter sq) Clinical Action Plan
Stage 1
Kidney damage with normal or
increased GFR
> Or = 90 • Diagnosis and treatment
• CVD risk reduction
• Slow progression
Stage 2
Kidney damage with mild decrease
in GFR
60-89 Estimation of progression
Stage 3 a
Moderate decrease in GFR
Stage 3b
Moderate decrease in GFR
45-59
30-44
Evaluation of treatment of
complications
More aggressive treatment of
complications
Stage 4
Severe decrease in GFR
15-29 Preparation for renal replacement
therapy(dialysis, kidney transplant)
Stage 5
Kidney failure
<15 OR Dialysis Renal replacement threrapy
17. 3. Metabolic disturbances
• Waste production accumulation
As GFR decreases , the BUN
and S.creatinine increase
.
• Altered carbohydrate metabolism:
Cellular insensitivity to normal
action of insulin
Impaired glucose metabolism
Defective carbohydrate
metabolism
33. ESTIMATION OF GFR 76 YR OLD WOMEN
(56KG)
28 YR OLD MAN
(74 KG)
Serum creatinine 1.4 mg/dl 1.4mg/dl
GFR estimated by Cockcroft Gault
Formula
30.2ml/min 82.2ml/min
GFR estimated by MDRD equation 47ml/min/1.73msq 67ml/min/1.73msq
35. 1. Medical management
a) Pharmacological therapy
a)hyperkalemia
IV glucose and insulin
IV calcium gluconate
Dialysis
b) hypertension
Target BP= less than 130/80
Weight loss
Therapeutic lifestyle
(exercise ,alcohol , smoking)
Diet recommendations : DASH diet
37. c) CKD- MBD
• Administer potassium binder
• Supplementing vit D
• Control hyperparathyroidism
• Cinacalcet, calcimimetic agent-control sec hyperparathyroidism
38. d)Anemia
• Exogenous erythropoietin (EPO)
• Dose – as ordered
• Route: IV or Subcutaneous
• Frequency: 2 or 3 times per week
• Darbopoietin Alfa – longer acting
• Administerly weekly or biweekly
• Significant increase in Hct and hb level is usually not seen for 2-
3weeks
• IV iron sucrose –For HD patients
41. Nutritional therapy
• A) Protein restriction
• PEM malnutrition
• Evaluate nutritional status:
S .albumin
Pre albumin
Ferritin
Anthropometric measurement
Recommended protein intake 1.2g/kg of IBW Per day
42. B) Water restriction
C) Sodium and potassium restriction
• Sodium restricted diets:2-4g/kg
• Dietary potassium : 2-3g
47. Nursing diagnosis
• Excess fluid volume related to impaired kidney function
• Risk for electrolyte imbalance related to impaired kidney function
resulting in hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia , hyperphosphatemia and
altered vitamin d metabolism
• Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirement related to
restricted intake of nutrients ,nausea , vomiting , anorexia and
stomatitis
50. Qn 1:Team 1
1.Modifiable risk factors for CKD include:
• a. Diabetes
• b. Hypertension
• c. History of AKI
• d. Frequent NSAID use
• e. All of the above
51. E. All of the above
Rationale: Diabetes, hypertension, history of AKI, and
frequent NSAID use can all damage the kidneys and are
risk factors for CKD
52. Qn 2: Team 2
2. World kidney day is celebrated on:
• A)May 10
• B)June 12
• C)March 10
• D)October 10
• Answer: March10
53. Qn 3: Team 3
3. GFR (ml/mt/1.73sq) rate for stage 3a CKD:
• A)39-45
• B)30-44
• C)40-59
• D)15-29
• C) 40-59
54. Qn 4: Team 4
4. The most important nutrition goal/s for patients with CKD
include:
• a. Limit Na, decrease HTN
• b. Reduce Protein
• c. Glycemic Control/Weight
• d. All of the above
55. D. All of the above
Rationale: There are several important nutrition goals for
patients with CKD, including limiting Sodium, decreasing
hypertension (if elevated), reduce protein intake, and
maintaining a proper weight.
56. Qn 5 Team 5
• A)Hypercalcemia
• B)Anemia
• C)Blood clots
• D)Hyperkalemia
• Answer: Anemia
5. A patient with CKD has a low erythropoietin
(EPO) level. The patient is at risk for?*