Sills MR. Medication Adherence PROM Measures and Self Efficacy. Slides for teleconference to facilitate discussion of Cardiovascular PRO Measure Selection by SAFTINet Stakeholders. 21 May 2012.
2. +
Overview
What medication adherence domains should we measure?
Medication adherence: quantified
Barriers
Self-efficacy
What instruments should we use?
Who would be surveyed (PEC: all patients) and how?
How would we use the findings in our research?
How would our partners use the instruments?
3. +
Overview
What medication adherence domains should we measure?
Medication adherence: quantified
Barriers
Self-efficacy
What instruments should we use?
Who would be surveyed and how?
How would we use the findings in our research?
How would our partners use the instruments?
4. +
Medication Adherence Measures
Options in SAFTINet
self-report: simple to obtain in real time
other real-time methods: more cumbersome and costly
pill counts, drug levels, direct observation, etc.
prescription fulfillment data
in SAFTINet: only for Medicaid patients
only tells whether they filled the prescription
Patient
(person)
Medication adherence
(behavior)
Self-efficacyBarriers
5. +
Medication Adherence Measures
Feedback from PEC
Medication adherence would be helpful to know
most clinicians ask this already
the simpler the better
Barriers would be useful
helped refine the list of domains to cover based on clinical
experience
Self-efficacy—no clear direction yet from PEC
Patient
(person)
Medication adherence
(behavior)
Self-efficacyBarriers
6. +
Overview
What medication adherence domains should we measure?
What instruments should we use?
Medication adherence: quantified
Barriers
Self-efficacy
Who would be surveyed and how?
How would we use the findings in our research?
How would our partners use the instruments?
7. +
Review of Self-Reported Medical
Adherence Measures
Garfield S, et al. Suitability of measures of self-reported
medication adherence for routine clinical use: A systematic
review. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011; 11: 149.
Inclusion Criteria: Studies that report development, reliability or
validation of a retrospective self report adherence measure
against a non-questionnaire measure
Exclusion Criteria: (excerpt)
non-English
no instrument available
only relevant to single disease or medication
med adherence questions not separable from other questions
8. +
Review findings
58 measures in 76 papers
Length: 1 to 21 questions
Formats: face to face interview, telephone interview, self
administration and computer program
43/58 specified a time period
~half had a measure of barriers too, but these were usually not
comprehensive or developed with patient feedback
54/58 had validation data
11. +
Narrowing down the field
Selected studies with only 1 question: 21/58
Selected studies with significant findings for validation study:
16/58
Selected studies not limited to an HIV positive or Mental Health
population: 5/58
Rationale: focus on less symptomatic population
12. +
Scale
[Ref #] Scale type Time period Sample size Population
Validated
against
Validity
Results
Adherence
Self Report
Questionnair
e (ASRQ)
[25-27] Likert
None
Specified 245
Patients from
GP practice
taking
antihyperten
sives MEMS
Significant
association
(p=0.0004)
216
Patients from
GP Practices
taking
antihyperten
sives MEMS
Sensitivity=
46%;
Specificity=6
6%
Gehi [41] Likert
Previous
month 1015
Outpatients
with
documented
chronic heart
disease
Develop-
ment of CV
events
Significant
association
(p=0.03)
bivariate
analysis,
0.06
multivariate
analysis)
Inui [46] Dichotomous
Previous 2
months 241
Patients with
HTN Pill count
Sensitivity =
55%;
Specificity =
88%
13. +
Scale
[Ref #] Scale type Time period Sample size Population
Validated
against
Validity
Results
Medical
Outcomes
Study
Adherence
question [57] Likert
Previous 4
weeks 139
Patients >18
with HTN,
DM, hyper-
cholesterole
mia, hypo-
thyroidism or
requiring
HRT
Pharmacy
refill records
Spearman
Rho=
0.261(p=0.05
)
Visual
Analogue
Scale (VAS)
six month
version [89]
Continuous
(visual
analogue)
Previous 6
months 1985
Patients >18
with DM MEMS
VAS higher
than MEMS
adherence
mean
difference
15% (p value
not reported)
15. +
Gehi Question
In the past month, how often did you take your medications as the
doctor prescribed?
“All of the time” (100%)
“Nearly all of the time” (90%)
“Most of the time” (75%)
“About half the time” (50%)
“Less than half the time” (<50%)
16. +
Medical Outcomes Study
Adherence question
How often have you taken your prescribed medication in the
past 4 weeks? (Select one)
none of the time
a little of the time
some of the time
a good bit of the time
most of the time or all of the time
Similar to Gehi question
17. +
Inui Question
Many patients find it difficult to take their medicines
or stick to their diets as their doctors say they
should. Over the past two months since you were
last in clinic, do you think you have taken your
medicine as you should, on schedule and regularly?
Yes
No
18. +
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) six
month version
What percent of time over the past 6 months did you take your
prescribed diabetes medication?
Place an “x” on a horizontal line
anchored by 0% and100%
demarcations provided for every 10th percentile
19. +
Self-Reported Medical Adherence
Measures
Recommendations on selecting a measure quantifying
medication adherence?
Adherence Self Report Questionnaire (ASRQ)
6 levels, more text per level
Gehi Question
5 levels, brief text and percentages for each level
Medical Outcomes Study Adherence question
5 levels, brief text for each level
Inui Question
yes/no question
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) six month version
20. +
Medication Adherence from Claims
Fulfillment Data
Medication possession ratio (MPR) = (days of medication
supplied) ÷ (# days between the first and last fills)
Proportion of days covered (PDC): the proportion of all days
within a specified time period a patient had enough medication
Percentage of doses taken as prescribed: the percentage of
prescribed doses taken as directed during a specified time
period
Cumulative medication gap (CMG) = (# days in which a
medication was not available) ÷ (# days between the first and
last fills)
21. +
Overview
What medication adherence domains should we measure?
What instruments should we use?
Medication adherence: quantified
Barriers
Self-efficacy
Who would be surveyed and how?
How would we use the findings in our research?
How would our partners use the instruments?
22. +
Medication Adherence Measures:
Barriers Measure
Starting point for which barriers to ask about
what barriers have been shown to matter in research studies
what barriers do you encounter in your own practices (known to be
very context dependent)
emphasize barriers that are amenable to real-world intervention
(e.g., prescribe a daily rather than twice-daily medication)
Patient
(person)
Medication adherence
(behavior)
Self-efficacyBarriers
23. +
Medication Adherence Measures:
Barriers Measure
Starting point for which barriers to ask about
what barriers have been shown to matter in research studies
RAND Corporation systematic review of barriers found to predict
measured medication adherence
regimen complexity
cost-sharing (e.g., prescription copayments, formulary tiers,
coinsurance, pharmacy benefit caps or monthly prescription limits,
formulary restrictions, and reference pricing)
depression (found effect only as comorbidity of diabetes)
beliefs about medications (perceived risks of having a side effect
and perceived impact and need for the medication)
24. +
Medication Adherence Measures:
Barriers Measure
Based on the RAND list, and eliminating depression, here is a
sample barriers measure, modified by PEC
Which of the following things make it harder for you to take
your medication(s) as prescribed?
I am worried about the side effects of the medication(s)
I do not feel like I need the medication(s) for my health
I do not feel like the medication(s) make me feel any better
It is hard to take medication(s) more than once a day
I have so many medications to take
I cannot afford to pay for the medication(s)
I sometimes forget to take my medication(s)
25. +
Medication Adherence Measures:
Barriers Measure
No systematic review of barriers measures
Per PubMed, the ASK-20 and ASK-12 are
commonly cited
not disease specific
validated
ASK-12
contains the questions most often identified as barriers by patients
taking the ASK-20
Three domains – Inconvenience/forgetfulness, Treatment beliefs,
Behavior – each with a subscale
26. +
Medication Adherence Measures:
Barriers Measure
ASK-12 total score demonstrated adequate internal consistency
reliability with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.75
ASK-12 score correlates with self-report measures and objective
measures
Morisky Adherence Survey (-0.74)
proportion of days covered as indicated by claims (r=-0.20; P=0.059)
Score
range 12-60
higher score = greater barriers
In a clinical setting it is not necessary to score the instrument, only
review the items in the dark blue boxes
29. +
Overview
What medication adherence domains should we measure?
What instruments should we use?
Medication adherence: quantified
Barriers
Self-efficacy
Who would be surveyed and how?
How would we use the findings in our research?
How would our partners use the instruments?
30. +
Medication Adherence Measures: Self-
efficacy
Medication Adherence Self-Efficacy Scale (MASES)
Ogedegbe et al 2003
Validated in African-American patients with hypertension
Please rate how sure you are that you can carry out the
following tasks ALL OF THE TIME: (all answers are on a 3
point scale: Not at all sure, somewhat sure, very sure)
Get refills for your medications before you run out
Make taking your medications part of your routine
Fill your prescriptions whatever they cost
Always remember to take your blood pressure medications
Take your blood pressure medications for the rest of your life
31. +Situations come up that make it difficult for people to take their medications as prescribed by their
doctors. Below is a list of such situations. We want to know your opinion about taking your blood
pressure medication(s) under each of them. Please indicate your response by checking the box that
most closely represents your opinion. There are no right or wrong answers. For each of the
situations listed below, please rate how sure you are that you can take your blood pressure
medications ALL OF THE TIME
1. When you are busy at home
2. When you are at work
3. When there is no one to remind you
4. When you worry about taking them for the rest of your life
5. When they cause some side effects
6. When they cost a lot of money
7. When you come home late from work
8. When you do not have any symptoms
9. When you are with family members
10. When you are in a public place
11. When you are afraid of becoming dependent on them
32. +
Overview
What medication adherence domains should we measure?
What instruments should we use?
Medication adherence: quantified
Barriers
Self-efficacy
Who would be surveyed and how?
How would we use the findings in our research?
How would our partners use the instruments?
33. +
Options for Med Adherence PRO
Administration
Easier to administer to all patients than to only those with select
diagnoses
Having just one screening question is more practical
Administer medication adherence measure first
then administer barriers +/- self-efficacy questions
only administer barriers +/- self-efficacy questions to those with non-
adherence
Administer barriers +/- self-efficacy questions first and leave the
medication adherence question for last
34. +
Overview
What medication adherence domains should we measure?
What instruments should we use?
Medication adherence: quantified
Barriers
Self-efficacy
Who would be surveyed and how?
How would we use the findings in our research?
How would our partners use the instruments?
35. +
Research Utility
Which domains would we use?
medication adherence
barriers measure total score
self-efficacy total score
How would we use these in an analytic model?
PCMH
Medication adherence
Self-efficacyBarriers
Disease control
36. +
Research Utility
How would we use fulfillment data in an analytic model?
Verify self-report data
As an outcome or intermediate variable in the PCMH model
PCMH
Prescription fulfillment
Disease control
37. +
Overview
What medication adherence domains should we measure?
What instruments should we use?
Medication adherence: quantified
Barriers
Self-efficacy
Who would be surveyed and how?
How would we use the findings in our research?
How would our partners use the instruments?
38. +
Utility to Practices
Which of the components of the proposed PRO would have
clinical (and other use) utility to the practices?
What related activities are the practices already doing?
Some clinicians are asking about medication adherence and
barriers but not documenting responses in a field
Nurses check the list of active medications at intake, asking which
they are still taking and why they stopped those they are no longer
taking
Meaningful use phase 2 will require goal-setting and a barriers
format might meet these criteria
ACO activities related to identifying high-risk patients for
hospitalization (next slide)
39. +
Example of Medication Adherence
Question Already In Use
How many prescription medications are you currently taking every day
(H-8)?
None (0) (skip to Social Needs) 1-2 (0) 3 OR MORE (1)
In a TYPICAL WEEK how often did you forget to take or decide NOT to
take one or more of your medications (H-8)?
NEVER (0) RARELY (0) SOMETIMES (1) USUALLY (1) ALWAYS
(1)
How sure are you that you understand the reason you are taking your
medications (H-8)?
VERY SURE (0) SOMEWHAT SURE (0) NOT VERY SURE (1)
How often do you get your medications at more than one pharmacy?
NEVER (0) RARELY (0) SOMETIMES (1) USUALLY (1) ALWAYS
(1)
Editor's Notes
This was the preferred question because it combined %s with simple language. We could add a “none of the time” option.
Maria: Would focus on the beliefs aspect
We don’t know about side effect, relief of symptoms, and beliefs
Alycin: I would like to know about cost as a barrier because then I would get them on an assistance program
Jeanne: One thing missing is the forgetting issue—why they forget is not clear
If I hear of this I tell them about pill boxes
Jena: Another barrier is I feel asymptomatic, I feel fine
Collapse the insurance/formulary within the not affording to pay
Parinda: I like leaving the med adherence question for last; they may be more likely to be honest if they recognize we can recognize and validate their responses to the barriers issues
Jeanne: This means we would give the long questionnaire to everyone. In real world, having one screening question might be more practical—just target the people who are reporting those who are not taking the medications regularly
Jena: Instead of asking how often they take their meds, ask how often you forget to take their meds
Alicyn: the RN gives them the med list and have the patients cross of meds they are not taking anymore at triage
Parinda: I would like to take this to our PCPs and get their input, how they address it now
MCPN: Pre-appointment checklist: various questions is 2 pages long and we could add 1 more question to this—administered as the patient checks in for the visit in the waiting room. It’s the same issue with the ACT because someone has to decide that this patient needs to fill out this form until it gets back to the provider. It would be easier to ask of all patients.
From a clinician’s perspective, I don’t just want to know about CV meds, so it makes more sense to ask about all of the meds.