green house

1. UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
TOPIC - GREENHOUSE GASES AND ITS EFFECTS
PRESENTED TO- PRESENTED BY -
Dr Pratap Srivastava Manpuran swami
Dr Prateek Srivastava M.Sc Botany II Sem

2. Greenhouse gases
• Some atmospheric gases absorb and re-
emit infrared energy from the
atmosphere down to the Earth’s surface
causing the greenhouse effect.
• Without greenhouse gases, the average
temperature of Earth's surface would be
about −18 °C (0 °F),rather than the
present average of 15 °C (59 °F).
• The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's
atmosphere are water vapor (H2O),
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3). GREEN HOUSE GASES

3. Human activities since the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have
increased the atmospheric concentration of
methane by over 150% and carbon dioxide
by over 50%,up to a level not seen in over 3
million years.
Carbon dioxide is causing about 3/4ths of
global warming and can take thousands of
years to be fully absorbed by the carbon
cycle.
Methane causes most remaining warming
and lasts in the atmosphere for an average
of 12 years.[

4. Emissions and removals of the main greenhouse gases to
and from the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Carbon dioxide enters the
atmosphere through burning
fossil fuels (coal, natural gas,
and oil), solid waste, trees and
other biological materials, and
also as a result of certain
chemical reactions (e.g.,
cement production).
• Carbon dioxide is removed from
the atmosphere (or
"sequestered") when it is
absorbed by plants as part of the
biological carbon cycle.
Methane (CH4)
• Methane is emitted during
the production and
transport of coal, natural
gas, and oil.
• Methane emissions also
result from livestock and
other agricultural
practices, land use, and
by the decay of organic
waste in municipal solid
waste landfills.
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
• Nitrous oxide is emitted
during agricultural, land
use, and industrial
activities; combustion of
fossil fuels and solid
waste; as well as during
treatment of wastewater.

5. Fluorinated gases
 Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons,
sulfur hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride
are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases
that are emitted from a variety of household,
commercial, and industrial applications and
processes.
 Fluorinated gases (especially
hydrofluorocarbons) are sometimes used as
substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting
substances (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons,
hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and halons).
 Fluorinated gases are typically emitted in
smaller quantities than other greenhouse
gases, but they are potent greenhouse
gases.

6. Carbon Dioxide Emissions
SOURCES CONTROL
Transportation –
combustion of fossil
fuel ( diesel, gasoline)
Energy Efficiency-
traveling in more fuel-
efficient vehicles, and
using more efficient
electrical appliances. Use
public bus, vehicles
Electricity -
combustion of fossil
fuels to generate
electricity
Energy Conservation-
Reducing personal
energy use by turning off
lights and electronics
Industries - industrial
processes emit CO2
through fossil fuel
consumption
Producing more energy
from renewable sources
and using fuels with lower
carbon contents
Carbon Capture and
Sequestration (CCS)

7. Methane Emissions
SOURCE CONTROL
Agriculture- Domestic
livestock such as cattle,
swine, sheep, and goats
produce CH4 as part of
their normal digestive
process
Industry- Upgrading the
equipment to control leak
of methane while natural
gas storage.
Energy and Industry-
Natural gas and
petroleum systems are
the second largest
source of CH4 emissions
Agriculture- Methane
from manure
management practices
can be reduced
Waste from Homes and
Businesses- Methane is
generated in landfills as
waste decomposes and
in the treatment of
wastewater.
Waste from Homes and
Businesses- Capturing
landfill CH4 for
destruction in a flare or
conversion to renewable
energy are both effective
emission reduction
strategies.

8. Nitrous Oxide Emissions
SOURCES CONTROL
Agriculture- Nitrous oxide
can result from various
agricultural soil
management activities
Agriculture- reducing
nitrogen-based fertilizer
applications
Fuel Combustion. Nitrous
oxide is emitted when
fuels are burned.
Fuel Combustion-
Nitrous oxide is a
byproduct of fuel
combustion
Industry -Nitrous oxide is
generated as a byproduct
during the production of
chemicals such as nitric
acid, which is used to
make synthetic
commercial fertilizer
Industry- Nitrous oxide is
generally emitted from
industry through fossil fuel
combustion
Waste- Nitrous oxide is
also generated from
treatment of domestic
wastewater

9. Emissions of Fluorinated Gases
SOURCES CONTROL
Hydrofluorocarbons are
used as refrigerants,
aerosol propellants, foam
blowing agents, solvents,
and fire retardants.-
Depleting ozone layer
Substitution of Ozone-
Depleting Substances
in Homes and
Businesses
Industry-
Perfluorocarbons are
produced as a byproduct
of aluminum production
and are used in the
manufacturing of
semiconductors
Industry- replacing
these gases with
alternatives.
Transmission and
Distribution of
Electricity
Electricity
Transmission and
Distribution

10. EFFECTS OF GREENHOUSE GASES
 Concentration, or abundance, is the amount of a particular gas in the air. Larger emissions of greenhouse gases
lead to higher concentrations in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gas concentrations are measured in parts per million,
parts per billion, and even parts per trillion.
 Each of these gases can remain in the atmosphere for different amounts of time, ranging from a few years to thousands of
years.
 Some gases are more effective than others at making the planet warmer and "thickening the Earth's atmospheric blanket.“
 The natural greenhouse effect is caused by the natural amounts of greenhouse gases, and is vital to life. In the absence
of the natural greenhouse effect the surface of the Earth would be approximately 33 °C cooler.
 The enhanced greenhouse effect refers to the additional radiative forcing resulting from increased concentrations
of greenhouse gases induced by human activities. The main greenhouse gases whose concentrations are rising are
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and ozone in the
lower atmosphere.

11. References
Website-
• https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases
• https://public.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/focus-areas/environment/greenhouse-
gases#:~:text=The%20main%20greenhouse%20gases%20whose,ozone%20in%2
0the%20lower%20atmosphere.
Books – Ecology and environment by P.D SHARMA

12. Thank you