6. Cell doctorine:
1. All organisms consists of one or more cells.
2. Cells are smallest unit characteristic of life.
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
4. Cells carry hereditory informations from cells.
7. What are the properties of living cells?
1. Metabolism
2. Growth
3. Reproduction
4. Mutations
5. Response
8. What are integrated/different functions
of cells?
1. Skeletal
2. Integumentry
3. Muscular
4. Digestive
5. Cardiovascular
6. Respiratory
7. Excretory
8. Nervous system
9. Endocrinal
10. Reproduction
12. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Sensor molecule, that monitor amount of unfolded or
improperly folded proteins that accumulate in the cell.
Excessive amount of mutant proteins that are folded
incorrectly may increase.
Accumulation of non-functional proteins in the ER, k/a ER
Stress.
ER stress is associated with Diabetes, Cancer, &
Neurodegenerative disorders
14. Specialized organ where proteins
are processed, modified, and
prepared for export from the
cells. Proteins are received from
ER and passed through layers of
golgi apparatus where
polysachharides are synthesized
and attached to proteins to make
Glycoproteins or to lipids to
make Glycolipids
•Marker enzyme
Galactosyl transferase
Golgi Complex (Dictyosomes)
15. Modification and sorting of proteins.
Glycosylation of Proteins
Major site of new membrane synthesis -
formation of lysosomes and peroxisomes.
Cisternae are of three types – cis, medial and
trans.
Glycoproteins are generally transported from ER
to cis golgi (proximal), medial (intermediate) and
then to trans (distal) golgi. Trans Golgi has
maximum glycoprotein content.
17. Peroxisomes:
Single membrane sac containing ENZYMES
• Detoxification of alcohol in liver cells.
• Removal of ammonia from amino acids.
• Participate in degradation of long chain fatty acids.
• Liver peroxisomes contain: catalase, urate oxidase, D-A
A Oxidase
Defects: Adrenoleukodystrophy, Zellweger’s syndrome,
Refsum’s disease
18.
19. • Protective sheath,
• Selective transport of ions and molecules,
• Recognition of various stimuli,
• Contains receptors for bio molecules like hormones,
neurotransmitters etc,
• Cell morphology and movement,
• Compartmentalization,
• Membrane is very active metabolically,
• Contains the ecto-enzymes 5’ nucleotidase (nucleotide
phosphatase) and alkaline phosphatase on the outer
membrane,
• FUNCTIONS OF CELL MEMBRANE
23. Subcellular
organelle
Pellet formed at the centrifugal
force of ..
Marker
Nucleus 600–750 x g, 10 minutes DNA
Mitochondria 10,000–15,000 x g,10 minutes Inner membrane
ATP synthase
Lysosome 18,000–25,000 x g, 10 minutes Cathepsin
Golgi complex 35,000–40,000 x g, 30 minutes Galactosyltransferase
Microsomes 75,000–100,000 x g, 100 minutes Glucose-6-phosphatase
Cytoplasm Supernatant Lactate dehydrogenase
24. Organelle Functions
Nucleus DNA replication, transcription
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Biosynthesis of proteins, glycoproteins,
lipoproteins, drug metabolism, ethanol oxidation,
synthesis of cholesterol (partial)
Lysosome Degradation of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and
nucleotides
Mitochondria Electron transport chain, ATP generation, TCA
cycle, beta oxidation of fatty acids, ketone body
production, urea synthesis (part), heme synthesis
(part), gluconeogenesis (part), pyrimidine
synthesis (part)
Cytosol Protein synthesis, glycolysis, glycogen metabolism, HMP shunt
pathway, transamination, fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis,
heme synthesis (part), urea synthesis (part), pyrimidine synthesis
(part), purine synthesis
Metabolic functions of subcellular organelles
25. • Plasma membrane:
Fence with gates; gates open when message is received
• Nucleus:
Manager’s office
• ‰
Endoplasmic reticulum:
Conveyor belt of production units
• Golgi apparatus:
Packing units
• ‰
Lysosomes:
Incinerators
• Vacuoles:
Lorries carrying finished products
• ‰
Mitochondria:
Power generating units
Comparison of ell with a factory
