1. DETERMINATION OF CARBONYL
COMPOUND GENERATED FROM
ELECTRONIC NICOTINE DELIVERY
SYSTEMS
By: Madison Parker
1

2. 2

3. E.N.D.S
Cartidge-nicotine and Propylene Glycol
mixture
Battery-atomizes liquid
Powered when user inhales
Each system contains a battery,
atomizer, and cartridge
3

4. SECOND GENERATION
4

5. ATOMIZERS
5

6. THIRD GENERATION
6

7. 7

8. PROPYLENE GLYCOL
 Generated by propylene oxide
 Odorless
 Low viscosity
 Colorless
 Preserve food, solvents, pharmaceuticals
8

9. VEGETABLE GLYCERIN
 Naturally extracted plant oils
 Coconut oil, palm oil, soy
 Odorless
 Tinted color
 Sweet smelling
 More viscous than propylene glycol
9

10. NICOTINE
 Dependent drug
 Can cause feeling of irritability,
depression, and anxiety
 Used in liquid form
 Concentrations vary between 0-18
mg/ml
10

11. CHEMICAL REACTION THROUGH WHICH
PROPYLENE GLYCOL/GLYCERIN FORMS
ALDEHYDES
Glycerin
 C3H8O3 ∆ C2H3CHO + 2H2O
 C3H4O 𝑯+ H3CCHO + HCHO
 C3H4O 𝒉𝒐𝒕 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍
H3CCHO + HCHO
Propylene Glycol
 C3H8O2 −𝑯 𝟐
𝑶
C2H5CHO
11
Acrolein
Acetylaldehyde Formaldehyde
Acetylaldehyde Formaldehyde
Propionaldehyde

12. Acrolein
12

13. AFFECT OF ALDEHYDES ON THE BODY
 Acrolein is the simplest carbonyl
compound and the most toxic!
 Occupational exposure-olfactory and
ocular irriation
 Long-term contact-extreme irritation
mucous membranes and respiratory
damage
 Chronic exposure-irreversible damage
to tissue lining in the respiratory tract
 Rat study:
103 ratsformaldehyde cell
carcinoma
Mice  formaldehyde  nasal
tumors
13

14. OVERVIEW OF OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL
AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL WITH NICHROME
WIRE CATALYST 14

15. MECHANISM OF GLYCEROL DEHYDRATION
REACTION TO CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
15

16. 16

17. MECHANISM OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL
DEHYDRATION TO CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
17

18. 18

19. DETERMINATION OF CARBONYL
COMPOUNDS GENERATED FROM E-
CIGARETTES BY HPLC
19

20. Carbonyl compounds found in
e-cigarette vapors
20

21. CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBONYL
COMPOUNDS FOUND IN 10 E-CIGARETTES 21

22. Concentrations of key carbonyl compounds that were produced from 13 e-cigarette brands tested 22

23. THERMAL DEGRADATION OF NICHROME
WIRE CATALYST
23

24. THE EFFECT OF NICOTINE SOLVENT AND BATTERY
OUTPUT VOLTAGE ON CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
PRESENT IN E-CIGARETTES
24

25. INGREDIENT LIST WITH
NICOTINE
CONCENTRATIONS FOR
E-LIQUIDS USED
25

26. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS FOUND IN 10
E-LIQUID SOLUTIONS
26

27. AFFECT OF BATTERY OUTPUT VOLTAGE
ON CARBONYL COMPOUND YIELDS
27

28. CONCLUSIONS
 At the high temperatures that are required to vaporize these solutions, unpredictable
behaviors among the compounds take place and carcinogenic carbonyl compounds are
being formed and inhaled
 The inconsistency of the carbonyl compounds that are formed from the e-cigarette vapors
suggests that at high temperatures there is a lot more interaction among the compounds
within the solvents.
 Increase in battery output voltage also proved that these toxic compounds can be
produced in extremely high concentrations.
 While it is known how the body is affected when these additives are consumed, it is not
known how the body is affected when these additives are inhaled. 28

29. FURTHER RESEARCH
 Research should be performed to determine the behaviors of e-cigarette users.
Experiments can be ran similarly to the e-cigarette user’s behavior so that results
are more comparable
 by standardizing the analysis of aerosol generation and collection of carbonyl
compounds, this would allow for better comparisons of e-cigarette aerosols and
cigarette smoke components.
29

30. REFERENCES
 VapeHit. E-liquid Facts. http://www.vapehit.co.uk/info.php?articles&articles_id=22 (accessed Oct. 25, 2015).
 Info Electronic Cigarette. Electronic Cigarette GLossery.http://info-electronic-cigarette.com/electronic-cigarette-glossary/(accessed Oct. 21,
2015).
 Eversmoke Electronic Cigarettes. History of the Electronic Cigarette. http://www.learn.eversmoke.com/history-of-electronic-cigarettes.html
(accessed Oct. 21, 2015).
 Nguyen, David and Aamodt Gail. Electronic Cigarettes the Past, Present, and Future. Continuing Education Course. DentalCare.com [Online]
(October 1 2014). http://www.dentalcare.com/media/en-US/education/ce451/ce451.pdf (Accessed Oct. 15, 2015)
 Sifferlin, Alexandra. E-cig Flavors May BE Dangerous, Study Says. Time. [Online] 2015. http://time.com/3822831/ecig-flavors/ (accessed Oct.
17, 2015)
 Medical News Today. What is Nicotine? http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/240820.php (Accessed Oct. 18, 2015)
 Marnett, Lawrence J. Health Effects of Aldehydes and Alcohols in Mobile Source Emissions. In Air Pollution, the Automobile, and Public
Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1988. pp 580-585. (http://www.nap.edu/read/1033/chapter/25#583) (accessed Oct.
18, 2015)
 Cassee, Flemming R; Groten, John P; Feron, Victor J. Changes in the Nasal Epithelium of Rates Exposed by Inhalation to Mixtures of
Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, and Acrolein. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. [Online] 1995, 29, 208-218.
(http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/2/208.full.pdf+html) (accessed Oct. 23, 2015)
 Laino, Teodoro; Tuma, Christian; Moor, Philippe; Martin, Elyette; Stolz, Steffen; Curioni, Alessandro. Mechanisms of Propylene Glycol and
Triacetin Pyrolysis. J. Phys. Chem. A 2012, 116, 4602-4609 (http://eprints.eemcs.utwente.nl/22979/01/stolz1-jp300997d.pdf) (accessed Oct.
18, 2015)
 Ulgen, Arda. Conversion of Glycerol to the Valuable Intermediates Acrolein and Allyl Alcohol in the Presence of Heterogeneous Catalysts.
[online] (http://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/63757/files/3078.pdf;) (accessed Oct. 19, 2015) 30

31. REFERENCES CONT.
 Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Ohta, Kuzushi; Inaba, Yohei; Kunugita, Naoki. Determination of Carbonyl Compounds Generated from the E-Cigarette
Using Coupled Silica Cartridges Impregnated with Hydroquinone and 2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine, Followed by High-Performance Liquid
Chromatography. Analytical Sciences. December 2013, Vol. 29, 1219-1222.
 Kosmider PharmD, Leon; Sobczak PhD, Andrzej; Fik PharmD, Maciej; Knysak PharmD, Jakub; Zaciera PharmD, Marzena; Kurek PharmD,
Jolanta; Goniewicz PharmD, PhD, Maciej Lukasz. Carbonyl Compounds in Electronic Cigarette Vapors---Effects of Nicotine Solvent and
Battery Output Voltage. Nicotine & Tobacco Advance Access. May 14, 2014.
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nicotine: Systematic Agent.
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750028.html (accessed Oct. 17, 2015)
 Geiss, Otmar; Bianchi, Ivana; Barahona, Francisco; Barrero-Moreno, Josefa. Characterization of Mainstream and Passive Vapours Emitted by
Selected Electronic Cigarettes. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. Vol 218, Issue 1, January 2015, 172-180.
 Schlaf, Marcel; Zhang, Z. Conrad; Cellulose Hydrogenolysis to Ethylene Glycol and 1,2-Propylene Glycol. Reaction Pathways and Mechanisms
in Thermocatalytic Biomass Conversion I. Springer: New York, 2015; pp 242-247.
 Cheng, Tianrong. Chemical Evaluation of Electronic Cigarettes. Center for Tobacco Products, Food, and Drug Administration. [Online]. 2014,
23, ii11-ii17.
 Lim, Hyun-Hee; Shin, Ho-Sang. Measurement of Aldehydes in Replacement Liquids of Electronic Cigarettes by Headspace Gas
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Bull Korean Chem. Soc. 2013, Vol. 34, No. 9. Pp. 2691-2695.
 Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Economic Facts About U.S. Tobacco Production and Use.
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/economics/econ_facts/ (accessed Oct. 23, 2015)
 Forbes. E-Cigarette Sales Surpass $1 Billion As Big Tobacco Moves In. http://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2013/09/17/e-
cigarette-sales-surpass-1-billion-as-big-tobacco-moves-in/ (accessed Oct. 24, 2015)
 Forbes. E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals May Pose Risks When Inhaled. http://www.forbes.com/sites/tarahaelle/2015/04/16/e-cigarette-
flavoring-chemicals-may-pose-risks-when-inhaled/. (accessed Oct. 24, 2015).
31