2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Classification
Functions of oral mucosa
Junction of epithelium & lamina propria
Lamina propria
Submucosa
Basic components of connective tissue
- Cells
- Fibres
Ground substance
Blood supply
Nerve supply
Structural variations
Development and age changes
3. INTRODUCTION
Term mucous membrane is used to describe the
moist lining of the gastro intestinal tract, nasal
passages and other body cavities that
communicate with exterior
In the oral cavity- ‘oral mucous membrane or oral
mucosa’
4. Oral mucosa consists of epithelium and connective
tissue termed lamina propria
Oral epithelium- stratified squamous type & arranged in
a number of distinct layers or strata
It is attached by the submucosa to the underlying
structures which maybe bone or muscle
5. CLASSIFICATION
Based upon primary function served
1. Masticatory Mucosa (25%)
2. Lining Mucosa (Covers 60% of total area)
3. Specialised Mucosa (15%)
Based upon keratinisation
1. Keratinised
Orthokeratinized
Parakeratinized
2. Non-keratinised.
8. Lining mucosa:
Covers the musculature and is distensible
Adapts itself to contraction & relaxation of the lips,
tongue & to movements of mandible
10. FUNCTIONS OF ORAL MUCOSA
Defense
Lubrication
Sensory function
Protection
11. DEFENCE:
The integrity of the oral epithelium is an effective
barrier to the entry of micro organisms
Impermeable to bacterial toxins
Secretes antibodies
Efficient humoral and cell mediated immunity
12. LUBRICATION:
Secretion of salivary glands keeps the oral cavity
moist
Prevents mucosa from drying and cracking
A moist oral cavity helps in speech, mastication,
swallowing & in perception of taste
13. SENSORY:
Oral mucosa is sensitive to touch, pressure, pain &
temperature
Touch sensation in the soft palate results in gag
reflux
14. PROTECTION:
Protects deeper tissues from mechanical forces
resulting from mastication and abrasive nature of
food stuffs
15.
16.
17. ORAL EPITHELIUM
the oral epithelium
constitutes the primary
barrier between the oral
environment and deeper
tissues.
It is a stratified squamous
epithelium consisting of
cells tightly attached to
each other and arranged
in a number of distinct
layers or strata.
18. The epithelial surface of the masticatory mucosa is
inflexible, tough, resistant to abrasion, and tightly
bound to the lamina propria.
It results from the formation of a surface layer of
keratin, and the process of differentiation that
produces it is called keratinization or cornification .
19. EPITHELIAL PROLIFERATION
AND TURNOVER
The oral epithelium, like other covering and lining epithelia,
maintains its structural integrity by a process of continuous
cell renewal in which cells produced by mitotic divisions in
the deepest layers migrate to the surface to replace those that
are shed (Nakamura et al., 2007 ). The cells of the epithelium
can thus be considered to consist of two functional
populations:
a progenitor population (whose function is to divide and
provide new cells) and a maturing population (whose cells are
continually undergoing a process of differentiation or
maturation
to form a protective surface layer).
21. TURN OVER TIME
The time taken for a proginetor cell to pass through
the entire epithelial thickness and reach the surface
Skin : 52 – 75 days
Gut : 4 – 14 days
Gingiva : 41 – 57 days
Cheek : 25 days
Junctional Epithelium : 5 - 6 days
22. BASAL LAYER
The basal layer (sometimes called stratum basale)
is a layer of cuboidal or columnar cells adjacent to
the basement membrane.
Occasionally, the term proliferative or germinative
layer (stratum germinativum) is used to describe
the cells in the basal region that are capable of
division
23. JUNCTION OF EPITHELIUM & LAMINA PROPRIA
Undulating interface b/w oral
epithelium & lamina propria
Epithelium forms ridges protruding
towards lamina propria- ‘EPITHELIAL
RIDGES’
These ridges interdigitate with the
connective tissue papillae- surface
area+ Forces are distributed over a
larger area+ Major interface for
metabolic exchange
Masticatory mucosa has longer &
more no. of papillae; whereas lining
mucosa has shorter & lesser no.
24. Junction there are 2 different structures with similar
names:-
Basement membrane – LM level
Basal lamina- EM level
25. BASEMENT MEMBRANE
The interface between
connective tissue and epithelium
Includes reticular fibres
1-4 µm wide
Relatively cell free
Stains positively with
PAS method- bright,
structureless band
Contains neutral
mucopolysacharides
26.
27. Lamina lucida:
Clear zone
40 nm wide glycoprotein layer
Contains proteins responsible for attaching cell to
basal lamina- interacting portions of
hemidesmosome associaed membrane proteins
(collagen XVII & integrins)
Also contains type 4 collagen and an antigen bound
by the antibody KF1
ALSO contains laminin 5and bullous pemphigoid
antigen
Laminin and type 4 collagen promotes epithelial cell
growth
28. Lamina densa:
50 nm
Homogenous fibrillar collection of ECM molecules;
Type 4 collagen coated with heparan sulphate in
chicken wire configuration & laminin
Anchoring fibrils which contain type 7 collagen
forms loops and are inserted into the lamina densa
Type 1 and type 2 collagen fibres run through these
loops
Other proteins contained- heparan sulfate
proteoglycan (perlecan); Nidogen & Fibulin
29. Except Sublamina densa, all layers are synthesized
by Epithelium
Clinical significance-
- LM- lamina lucida & densa is thicker than in EM
probably because, stains also react part with
subepithelial connective tissue
- Pemphigoid, mucosa blisters- antibodies attack
specific components of basal lamina i.e bullous
pemphigoid antigen, collagen XVII of basal lamina
- Mutation in laminin 5 or integrin gene- causes
blistering- causes seperation of epithelium from
connective tissue at the level of lamina lucida
30.
31.
32. Functions of basement membrane:
Promotes differentiation
Promotes peripheral nerve regeneration and growth
They tend to prevent metastases
33. LAMINA PROPRIA
Connective tissue of variable thickness that
supports the epithelium
Theoretically, 2 layers:-
Papillary- associated with the epithelial ridges
Reticular- b/w papillary layer & the underlyng
structures. Net like fibre arrangement
Basic difference-
Papillary- collagen fibres are thin & loosely
arranged; many capillary loops are present
Reticular- collagen is arranged in thicker bundles.
Lie parallel to the surface plane
34.
35.
36. SUBMUCOSA
Consists of connective
tissue of varying thickness
and density
Attaches mucous
membrane to underlying
structures
Glands, blood vessels,
nerves & adipose tissue are
present in this layer
37. BASIC COMPONENTS
Cells + extracellular matrix
protein fibres + ground substance
collagen OR elastic- most resistant
part of stroma
Cells
cells that belong to the immune
system- e.g.macrophages & mast
cells; plasma cells; white blood
cells.
Cells that are intrinsic components
of connective tissue.
E.g. fibroblasts, undifferentiated
mesenchymal cells, pigment cells,
fat cells
38.
39.
40. FIBROBLAST
Most common cell of connective
tissue.
Functions-
- Synthesize-
- collagen & elastin
- glycosaminoglycans
- proteoglycans
- glycoproteins
- growth factors
2 types based on the activity-
fibroblast-active cell
fibrocyte- quiescent cell
41. FIBROBLAST FIBROCYTE
1. cell- larger in
size
Smaller in size.
Elongated, spindle
shaped
2. cytoplasm-
abundant,
irregularly
branched
Thin, fewer
cytoplasmic
extensions
3. Nucleus- large,
ovoid, pale staining
Fine chromatin
Prominent
nucleolus
Smaller, darker
elongated nucleus
Condensed
chromatin
4. Organelles-
RER & golgi
complex abundant
& well developed
Less amount of
RER & golgi
apparatus
42. Present in close relation to
collagen fibres.
Fixed cells- not mobile
Fibroblasts- fibroblasts; not
other types of cells
Myofibroblasts- morphology:
fibroblast
- Behavior like smooth
muscle
- cell- actin+ myosin–
wound
- contraction
43.
44. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Regenerative capacity- very high
Main cell- FIBROBLAST
Inflammation, trauma, surgical incision- connective
tissue is formed- SCAR
45. UNDIFFERENTIATED MESENCHYMAL CELLS
Small cells
oval nucleus
prominent nucleoli
fine chromatin
thin cytoplasmic processes
Function- gives rise to other
types of cells (totipotent in
nature)
46. PIGMENT CELLS
Brown pigment in cytoplasm- MELANIN
Most abundant- skin, iris & choroid of
eyeball
Cells that synthesize melanin-
melanocytes (neural crest origin)
Melanophores/chromatophores- modified
fibroblasts. Cells that do not produce but
engulf in melanin released by other cells-
stellate shape
Function- prevent light from reaching
other cells
48. On the basis of number of fat
globules classified as-
Monolocular adipocytes/
White fat tissue-cell
In these cells single large
and central fat globule is
present.
Cytoplasm is peripheral &
less.
Due to compression of fat
globule, nucleus is flattened
in shape & peripheral
49. Multilocular adipocytes/
Brown fat tissue cell
2-3 fat globules seen in the
cytoplasm around nucleus
Cytoplasm is more in
quantity.
Nucleus is rounded & found
in the centre
These adipocytes form
Brown Fat.
50. LEUKOCYTES/WBC
6000-10000/µl- normal
range in blood
According to the type of
granules in their
cytoplasm and the shape
of their nuclei, divided into
two groups:
Granulocytes- neutrophil,
eosinophil & basophil
Agranulocytes- monocyte,
lymphocyte
51. Granulocytes- terminal non-
dividing cells
2 types of granules:
Specific granules- bind
neutral, basic, or acidic
components of the dye
mixture and have specific
functions.
Azurophilic granules- Stain
purple and are lysosomes.
Golgi complex, RER &
mitochondria- poorly
developed.
52. Agranulocytes-
Do not have specific granules
But contain azurophilic
granules (lysosomes).
Nucleus is round or indented.
Includes lymphocytes &
monocytes
53. Function- Cellular and humoral
defence.
DIAPEDESIS- the process in which
WBC’s leave the venules & capillaries
by passing between endothelial cells
and penetrating the connective tissue.
(Gr. dia, through; pedesis, to leap)
Diapedesis is increased in infection &
inflammation
CHEMOTAXIS- The attraction of
specific cells by chemical mediators.
Significant event in inflammation
through which leukocytes rapidly
concentrate in places where their
defensive properties are needed
54. NEUTROPHILS
60% to 65% leukocytes; actively motile
5000/µl of blood
12-15µm in diameter
Consists of a characteristic dense nucleus
2-5 lobes
Pale cytoplasm
Contains numerous fine violet – pink granules
55. Granules are of two types:
Primary or
azurophilic
granules
Secondary
specific
granules
Smaller
More numerous
Contain :
1. lysozyme, type4
collagenase, lactoferrin
2. Alkaline phosphatese
3. Plasminogen activator
4. Leucocyte adhesion
molecules
Larger, coarser
Contain-
1.
myeloperoxidase
2. hydrolases-
lysozymes,
elastase,
proteinase
56. Life span- 4-8 hours in blood and 4-5 days in tissue
Functions of neutrophils :
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis
Killing of microorganism- oxygen dependent &
independent pathways
57. EOSINOPHILS
2-3% of WBCs
12-15 µm in diameter
150/µl of blood
Usually 2 nuclear lobes
Cytoplasm- coarse, deep red
staining granules
Granules- contain basic proteins,
cell adhesion molecules and
cytokines
Life span- 4-8 hours in blood and
4-5 days in tissue
58. Functions :
Mild phagocytosis
Produces major basic protein –
kill larvae of parasite- protection
against parasitic infection
Secretes aryl sulphate B which
inactivates slow reacting
substances released from the
mast cells – prevents anaphylaxis
Secretes enzyme histaminase –
destroys local hormone histamine
– anti allergic response
59. BASOPHILS
0.5-1%
30 cells/µl
Coarse intensely basophilic granules
Granules contain- Heparin, histamine & 5-HT
In tissues- mast cells
Life span- 4-8 hours in blood and 4-5 days in tissue
60. MAST CELLS
Also called mastocytes or
histaminocytes
Round/oval shape
10-13µm in dia
Small, spherical centrally
located nucleus
61. • Cytoplasm- basophilic secretory
granules (0.3-2µm in diameter)
• Granules- metachromatic
• METACHROMASIA- property of certain
molecules to change the color of some
basic dyes
• Granules contain- heparin
- histamine
- neutral proteases
- eosinophil chemotactic
factor of anaphylaxis
• Release- leukotrienes
- slow reacting substance of
anaphylaxis
• PARACRINE SECRETION
62. 2 populations
Connective tissue mast cell Mucosal mast cell
- Skin & peritoneal cavity - intestinal mucosa &
lungs
- Larger in size - smaller
- Contain heparin - chondroitin sulfate
Surface- IgE receptors
Function- storage of chemical mediators of the
inflammatory response
63. Some of the stains used for mast cells-
PAS
Toludine blue
Azure A
Thionin
Alcian blue
Aldehyde fuchsin
Chlorocacetate esterase
64. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Release of chemical mediators stored in mast cells-
IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSIVITY. E.g anaphylactic
shock
65. MACROPHAGES & MONONUCLEAR
PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM
Described as fixed if they
are attached to fibers
10-30µm in size
Oval/kidney shaped
nucleus- eccentrically
located
EM: irregular surface with
pleats, protrusions &
indentations.
Well developed golgi
complex, RER, lysosomes
66. Monocytes & macrophages- same
cells in different stages of
maturation
Function-
- phagocytosis
- production of cytokines,
chemotactic factors- CELL
MEDIATED RESISTANCE
- antigen processing & presentation
- removal of damaged extracellular
components during physiological
involution process
70. MONOCYTES
Comprise 2-8 % of the blood
leukocytes
No.- 350 cells/µl of blood
12-20µm in dia
Agranulocytes
71. Nucleus ranges from being a deeply indented ovoid
shaped or roughly kidney shaped
Fine reticulated chromatin network
Cytoplasm- stains a pale grayish blue color
Fine pinkish purple azurophilic granules can sometimes
be seen in the cytoplasm
72. Functions:
Serve as immediate precursors
for macrophages
Phagocytosis
Antigen presenting cells
As mediator of inflammation
they are involved in the release
of prostaglandins
73. PLASMA CELLS
B-Cells- on stimulation-
plasma cells
Produce antibodies
Usually seen in areas of
chronic inflammation; often
perivascularly
74. Large ovoid cells
Cytoplasm is basophilic- RER
Eccentrically placed spherical nucleus
Coarse, compact heterochromatin (numerals of a clock)
alternating with light areas- Clock face appearance or cart
wheel appearance
75. Life span- short- 10-20
days
Mature plasma cells
contain Russell bodies
76. LYMPHOCYTES
Non-granular leukocytes
20% to 30% of the blood
leukocytes
2000-4000/µl
Large aggregations-
lymphoid tissues
Small lymphocytes- 9-12µm
in dia.
Large lymphocytes- 12-
16µm in dia
Small>large
77. Spherical cells
large round/indented nuclei
only a thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm
Life span- Few days or even years
78. Functionally of 3 types-
B lymphocytes- mature in bone marrow itself- HUMORAL
IMMUNITY
T lymphocytes- mature in thymus- CELL MEDIATED
IMMUNITY
- CD4+- Helper T-Cells
- CD8+- Cytotoxic T-Cells
NK cells- morphologically similar to lymphocytes but
functionally different- INNATE IMMUNITY
Attacks virus-infected cells and cancer cells without
previous stimulation
79. PERICYTES
Pale staining connective
tissue cells
Long slender cytoplasmic
processes
Lie immediately external to
the endothelium of blood
capillaries and small
venules.
Called pericytes because of
their perivascular position
Role in connective tissue
repair- neovascularisation
(formation of new blood
vessels): give rise to smooth
muscle cells OR fibroblasts
80. ENDOTHELIAL CELL
Normally associated with a basal lamina
Lines vascular channels throughout the lamina
propria
Contains numerous pinocytic vesicles
81. Functions :
Mild phagocytosis
Produce major basic protein – kill larvae of
parasite- protection against parasitic infection
Secretes aryl sulphate B which inactivates slow
reacting substances released from the mast cells –
prevents anaphylaxis
Secretes enzyme histaminase – destroys local
hormone histamine – anti allergic response
82. FIBRES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Collagen fibres-
Most abundant protein in human body
30% of dry weight
Thin, elongated structure
20-90nm in dia
EM- characteristic transverse striations at 64
nm periodicity)
Staining charateristics-
gross- white
H&E- light pink
Van gieson- pink
masson’s trichome- blue
Ag impregnation- brown
83. Physical properties-
Resist tensile forces
Polarized light- split into 2
beams & refracted in
different directions-
BIREFRINGENCE
Weak acid or alkali- swells &
softens
Strong acids- destroyed
84. Collagen in the lamina propria is primarily type 1
and type 3
Type 4 and type7 occur as part of basal lamina
Type 5 maybe present in inflamed tissue
85. SYNTHESIS OF COLLAGEN
By fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, odontoblasts
Principal amino acids making up collagen-
- GLYCINE (33.5%)
- PROLINE (12%)
- HYDROXYPROLINE (10%)
- HYDROXYLYSINE
Tropocollagen collagen
Tropocollagen- length: 280nm
- width: 1.5nm
3 subunit polypeptide chains- triple helix
polymerises
86.
87. Type I, II, III- tropocollagen
microfibrils (3.5nm in dia)
fibrils (20-200nm in dia)
fibres (1-12µm in dia)
Hydrogen bonds+
hydrophobic
interactions
Cross-links- lysyl
oxidase
88. RETICULAR FIBRES
Type of collagen- type III; loosely packed
Thin- 0.5-2µm in diameter
PAS +ve- high sugar content
High affinity for Ag salts- ARGYROPHILLIC
89. Type I Type III
Coarser Finer
Evenly thickened Uneven in thickness
Forms bundles
No branching seen
Form a network (reticulum)
Branching & anastamosis
No bundles
Can be stained with H&E Not visible in H&E
Ag impregnation- black
Less hexoses-1% More carbohydrates-6-12%
Difference between type I & type III collagen
90.
91. ELASTIC FIBRES
Single, no bundles
Branch & anastomose
Thinner than collagen- 0.1-
0.2µm
3 types of fibres-
- OXYTALAN
- ELAUNIN
- ELASTIC
Development is in 3
successive stages.
92. OXYTALAN
Oxys- thin greek
Dermis & basal lamina
Not elastic
No elastin protein
Resistant to pulling forces
Bundle- 10nm microfibrils
Glycoproteins- fibromodulin I, II & fibrillin
ELAUNIN
Irregular deposition of elastin between
oxytalan fibres
Around sweat glands, dermis
ELASTIC FIBRES
Elastin deposits in centre of fibre bundles
surrounded by a thin sheath of microfibrils
Stretch easily in response to tension
93. Present in most regions of oral mucosa
More abundant in lining mucosa
94. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Stretchable
Refractile- shining lines in
unstained preparations
Stretched fibres- birefringence
Fenestrated membranes- non-
fibrillar form- wall of some
blood vessels
95. CHEMICAL NATURE
Protein- elastin (proelastin- fibroblasts
& smooth muscle cells)
Valine+alanine+desmosine+isodesmosi
ne
Weak acids, alkali, boiling- no effect
Elastase- digest
EM- central amorphous core
Outer layer of fibrils- fibrillin
Staining characteristics-
Orcein
Aldehyde fuschin
Verheoff’s method
96. GROUND SUBSTANCE
Colorless, highly hydrated & transparent
Viscous- barrier to penetration by invaders
Fills the spaces between cells & fibres
Lubricant
3 classes- glycosaminoglycans
- proteoglycans
- multiadhesive glycoproteins
97. GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS
GAG’s OR acid mucopolysaccharides- linear
polysaccaharides formed by repeating disaccharide
units- uronic acid (glucuronic acid or iduronic acid)
& hexosamine (glucosamine or galactosamine)
Polysaccaharide chains+protein core-
PROTEOGLYCAN
except HYALURONIC ACID
Intensely hydrophilic- OHˉ, COOHˉ, SO³⁻4
98. PROTEOGLYCANS
Test tube brush- central core- protein & side
bristles- carbohydrates
Proteoglycan- 80-90% carbohydrate
Core- protein; GAGs- dermatan sulfate,
chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate &
heparan sulfate.
Acidic groups+basic groups of collagen
99. Proteoglycans-
Extracellular matrix-
AGGRECAN- dominant
proteoglycan in cartilage
Cell surface proteoglycans-
mainly epithelial cells-
SYNDECAN,
FIBROGLYCAN
Functions-
Anchors cell to the matrix
Bind with growth factors
100. BLOOD SUPPLY
More rich & profuse arrangement than that of skin
Blood flow greater than that of skin at normal temp;
maximum in gingiva
Heals more rapidly than skin- no arteriovenous
shunts but has rich anastomoses of arterioles &
capillaries
Blood supply is derived from arteries that run
parallel to the surface in the submucosa
101. When the submucosa is absent, in the deep part of
the reticular layer
These vessels give off progressively smaller
branches that anastamose with adjacent vessels in
reticular layer before forming an extensive capillary
network in the papillary layer just subjacent to basal
epithelial cells
103. ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPPLY TO ORAL MUCOSA
Oral region Sub terminal branches
Upper lip Superior labial artery
Upper Gingiva
anterior Anterior superior alveolar artery
lingual Major palatine artery
buccal Buccal artery
posterior Posterior superior alveolar artery
Hard palate Major palatine artery
Nasopalatine artery
Sphenopalatine artery
Soft palate Minor palatine artery
cheek Buccal artery
Terminal branches of facial artery
Posterior alveolar artery
Infraorbital artery
104. Oral region Sub terminal branches
Lower lip Inferior labial artery
Mental artery
Branch of inferior alveolar artery
Lower Gingiva
anterior buccal Mental artery
anterior lingual Incisive and sublingual artery
posterior lingual Inferior alveolar and sublingual
artery
posterior buccal Inferior alveolar and buccal artery
Floor of mouth Sublingual artery
Branch of lingual artery
tongue
anterior 2/3rds Deep lingual artery
Posterior third Dorsal lingual artery
105. Micrographs showing the relationship between capillaries in lamina propria and
overlying epithelium
106. NERVE SUPPLY
Rich sensory nerve supply
Primary sensations perceived in the oral cavity –
warmth, cold, touch, pain & taste
Density of sensory receptors – more in anterior regions
than posterior part of the mouth
Greatest density- connective tissue papillae are most
prominent
Touch sensation- most acute in ant.part of tongue &
hard palate
Touch receptors in soft palate & oropharynx- swallowing,
gagging & retching
Temp sensation- more acute in vermillion border of lip,
tongue tip & ant.hard palate
Sensory nerves terminate in free and organised nerve
endings
107. Within the lamina propria organized nerve endings
are found in papillary region
They consist of groups of coiled fibers surrounded
by a connective tissue capsule
They include - meissners corpuscles
- ruffinis corpuscles
- krause bulbs
- mucocutaneous end organs
109. PRINCIPLE SENSORY NERVE FIBERS SUPPLYING
ORAL MUCOSA
Oral region innervation
Upper lip and vestibule Twigs from intra orbital branch of
maxillary nerve
Upper gingivae Anterior , posterior, middle superior
alveolar branches of maxillary nerve
Hard palate Greater, lesser and sphenopalatine
branches of maxillary nerve
Soft palate Lesser palatine branch of maxillary
nerve, tonsillar branch of
Glossopharyngeal nerve, nerve of
pterygoid canal
cheek Twigs from infra orbital branch of
maxillary nerve, superior alveolar
branch of maxillary nerve, buccal
branch of mandibular nerve, some
terminal branches of facial nerve
110. Oral region innervation
Lower lip and vestibule Mental branch of inferior alveolar
nerve, buccal branch of mandibular
nerve
Lower gingivae buccal and lingual Inferior alveolar branch of
mandibular nerve, buccal branch of
mandibular nerve, sublingual branch
of lingual nerve
Anterior 2/3rds of tongue Lingual branch of mandibular nerve
provide fibers carried in lingual
nerve but originating in facial nerve
and passing by way of chorda
tympani to lingual nerve
Posterior third of tongue Glossopharyngeal nerve
113. Epidermal/epithelial cells
that secrete keratin
Shows intermediate filament
protein
Undergoes: cell division,
maturation and finally
desquamate.
Increase in volume: from
basal tosuperficial.
Function : The primary
function of keratinocytes is
the formation of a barrier
against environmental
damage such as pathogens
bacteria fungi viruses heat
UV radiation and waterloss
KERATINOCYTES
114. Features unique to epithelial cells
1. Presence of keratin tonofilaments as component of
cytoskeleton
2. Intercellular attachment in the form of Desmosomes
115. • Single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells that
rest on basement membrane
• Basal and parabasal cells synthesize DNA & undergo
mitosis. So these cell layers are also called as
Proliferative or Germinative layer.
• Basal cells have basophilic cytoplasm and centrally
placed nucleus, which is hyperchromatic and relatively
large.
• Nucleus is arranged perpendicular to basement
membrane
STRATUM BASALE
116. • Nucleus occupies 1/3rd of cells with evenly distributed
chromatin and 2-3 nucleoli
• Basal cells show ribosomes, mitochondria, golgi
complex, elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum
and few lysosomes indicative of protein synthesizing
activity.
•
117. i) Serrated- heavily packed with tonofilaments
which are adaptations for attachment.
ii) Non-serrated – stem cells – slowly dividing
cells which serve to protect genetic information of
the tissue and provide cells for maturing
compartment
118. Basal cells are attached to basal lamina by
hemidesmosomes.
Epithelial cell-cell contact is made through
desmosomes - macula adherens. These are
anchored intracellularly by tonofibrils.
119. STRATUM SPINOSUM OR PRICKLE CELL
LAYER:
• Seen above basal layer and composed of
several rows of large irregular polyhedral cells
• Show first sign of maturation.
• The intercellular spaces of the prickle layer are
large and distended, with more prominent
desmosomes
120. • cells are large and have centrally placed round or ovoid
nucleus.
• N/C ratio is 1:6
• Cytoplasm is rich in organelles for protein synthesis
• protein synthesized are Fibrillar proteins k/as
cytokeratin
• The concentration of tonofilaments increases and gets
arranged to form bundles.
121. Cells attached by desmosomes ( number and width is
more)
• This layer is also c/as Prickle cell layer because in
histological sections, cells have a spiny or prickly
appearance.
• Odland bodies are present in upper part of this layer
122. STRATUM GRANULOSUM
Flatter & wider & nuclei show signs of degeneration &
pyknosis.
Nucleus is flattened with long axis parallel to the outer
surface of epithelium.
123. Active in protein synthesis.
Involucrin - soluble precursor protein of the
cornified envelope appears first in the spinosum.
Protein synthesis rate progressively gets
diminished as cell approaches stratum corneum.
124. KERATOHYALINE GRANULES :
The cytoplasm of cells is filled with basophilic granules
Size 0.1-1.5 microns
Size and number increases as the cell moves through
the granular layer
Angular or irregular and associated with ribosomes
Contain sulphur rich proteins fillagrin and loricrin which
provide an embedding matrix for the tonofilaments
125. KERATINOSOME OR ODLAND BODIES OR MEMBRANE CONTAINING GRANULES
OR CYTOPLASMIC LAMELLATED BODIES
Modified lysosomes
0.25µm in length.
Rich in phospholipids.
Structure - layers of parallel lamellae consisting of
alternate electron lucent and dense bonds, probably
originating from golgi apparatus.
Lamellar granules discharge their contents -
permeability barrier.
126. STRATUM CORNEUM
Other name is cornified layer and horny layer.
Made up of keratinised squamae, which are larger &
flatter than the granular cells.
Nuclei & other organelles disappear.
The cells are densely packed with filaments
127. Cell surfaces in this layer are more regular &
more closely adapted to adjacent cell surfaces.
The filaggrin a non fibrous inter-filamentous
matrix protien helps in this close adaptation.
128. TYPES OF KERATINIZED EPITHELIUM
Parakeratinized Epithelium :The superficial cells
are dead but retain the pyknotic nucleus
Orthokeratinized Epithelium : The nuclei are lost
in epithelium
129.
130. NONKERATINIZED EPITHELIUM
They do not producea
cornified surface layer.
The cells in nonkeratinizing
epithelium are called as basal,
intermediate, and superficial
layer. ( stratum basale ,
stratum intermediate,
stratum superficiale.)
The cells of stratum
intermedium are largerthan
cells of larger than cells of
stratum spinosum.
There is no stratum
granulosum / nor thereis
stratumcorneum.
131. NON-KERATINOCYTES IN ORAL EPITHELIUM
Constitute about 10% of epithelial cell population. Three major cells which are
all clear cells with a halo around their nuclei.
1. Langerhans cells: found on stratum spinosum (suprabasal) and function in
antigen trapping and processing. Dendritic cells. No desmosomes or
tonofilaments.
2. Merkel cell: Located in basal cell layer (mostly in gingiva). Function as
touch
receptors. Nondendritic. Sparse desmosomes and tonofilaments.
3. Melanocytes: Found in basal cells. Melanin-producing cells (mostly in
gingiva).
Dendritic. Presence of melanin granules (melanosome).
4. Lymphocytes and leukocytes: Inflammatory cells that are not clear cells.
Associated with inflammatory response in oral mucosa
132. Melanocytes are melanin-
producing cells located in the
bottom layer (the stratum
basale).
embryological neural crestand
migrate intoepithelium
establishes contactthrough
dendritic processes
appearclear in H and E stains,
hence called as clear cells or
dendriticcells.
Function: Melanin production
MELANOCYTES
133. Langerhans cells are dendriticcells
(antigen-presenting immune cells)
o
fthe skin and mucosa, and
contain large granules called
Birbeck granules.
Hematopoietic inorigin.
Free of melanin, do notgive
dopa reaction.
presents antigen to Tcells.
Function:
Contact hypersensitivity
Anti tumour immunity
Graft rejection
LANGERHANS CELLS
134. Merkel cells are found inthe
stratum basale.
Specialized neural pressure-
sensitive receptorcell.
Commonly seen in masticatory
mucosa.
Non dendritic
Migrate from the neuralcrest.
MERKEL CELL
135.
136. DIFFERENCE
Keratinized
Layers - basal, spinosum,
granular, cornified layer.
Produce a cornified
surface layer.
Prickly appearance.
Nonkeratinized
Layers-basal,intermediate,
surface layer.
Do not produce a cornified
surface layer.
Intercellular spaces not
obvious-no prickly
appearance.
137. No nuclei-orthokeratinised
Pyknotic nuclei-
parakeratinised
Filaggrin present.
Numerous
tonofilaments,keratohyaline
granules present.
Lack filaggrin,but contain
involucrin.
Less developed and
dispersed tonofilments,lack
keratohyaline granules.
STRATUM SUPERFICIALE
CONTAINS NUCLEATED
CELLS
144. MASTICATORY MUCOSA
• The epith. is moderately thick and may be
orthokeratinized or parakeratinized .
• B.M. is convoluted (numerous elongated papillae).
• The lamina propria is thick
• It covers immobile structures (e.g. palate and alveolar
process).
• Bound firmly to the periosteum
145. GINGIVA
Surrounds the neck of the teeth and extends to the alveolar
mucosa.
It is made up of st. squ. epith. which may be orthokeratinized (15%)
, nonkeratinized (10%) , or parakeratinized (75%).
The gingiva is limited on the outer surface by the mucogingival
junction which separates it from the alveolar mucosa.
On the inner surface of the lower jaw a line of demarcation is found
between the gingiva and the mucosa on the floor of the mouth
On the palate the distinction between the gingiva and the peripheral
palatal mucosa is not so sharp.
148. 1. The gingiva is divided into:
2. The free gingiva.
3. The attached gingiva.
4. The interdental papilla.
Marginal gingiva (free gingiva)
Unattached portion of gingiva that
surrounds the teeth in a collar like
fashion.
Follows a scalloped line on the
facial and lingual surfaces of the
teeth.
149. Attached gingiva: the firm, resilient immobile portion of
the gingiva which is tightly bound to the alveolar bone
Extends from free gingival groove to mucogingival
junction
Width is about 4-6mm. (maxilla 3.5-4.5mm, mandible
3.3-3.9mm)
Surface has orange peel appearance created by
elevation and depressions (stippling)
150. Free gingival groove: between the free gingiva
and the attached gingival (0.5 – 1.5 mm at or apical
to the botton of the nonkeratinized gingival sulcus)
The gingival surface appears stippled (due to epith.
ridges and numerous collagen bundles attaching
the tissue to periosteum)
The gingiva appears depressed between adjacent
teeth (between the eminence of the socket) and
form slight vertical folds called interdental
grooves
153. THE INTERDENTAL PAPILLA
Part of gingiva that fills the space
between two adjacent teeth
Triangular when viewed from the
vestibular aspect.
In a 3 dimensional view, it is pyramidal between the
ant. teeth and tent shaped between post. teeth.
The central part is concave (below the contact eara) and
is called the gingival col which is covered by thin
nonkeratinized epith.
Col is more vulnerable to periodontal disease
154. THE INTERDENTAL PAPILLA
Part of gingiva that fills the space
between two adjacent teeth
Triangular when viewed from the
vestibular aspect.
In a 3 dimensional view, it is pyramidal between
the ant. teeth and tent shaped between post.
teeth.
The central part is concave (below the contact
area) and is called the GINGIVAL COL which is
covered by thin nonkeratinized epith.
Col is more vulnerable to periodontal disease
155. GINGIVA – MACRO-ANATOMY
Free gingiva
Free
gingival
groove
attached
gingiva
pale
pink
Gingival
stippling
”col region “
157. HISTOLOGY
Epithelium: gingiva composed of stratified squamous
epithelium.
It is parakeratinized in 75%, orthokeratinized in 15% and
nonkeratinized in 10% of population.
epithelium lining the oral region of gingiva is keratinized
st sq epithelium.
Free gingival groove is represented as a shallow V
shaped notch on surface corresponding to a heavy
epithelial ridge.
158. Stippling on the attached gingiva is reflected by
alternate rounded protuberances and depressions on
the surface.
The depression corresponds to center of heavy
epithelial ridges.
The epithelium and C.T interface is irregular with
numerous long narrow rete ridges interdigitating with
long C.T papillae.
This extensive interdigitation increases the strength to
withstand the masticatory stresses.
159. lamina propria of gingiva consists of dense bundles of
collagen fibers, which maintains the integrity of the
supporting apparatus of the tooth. These fibers are
referred to as the secondary fibers of periodontal
ligament or gingival ligament or gingival fibers of
periodontal ligament.
Few elastic fibers and oxytalan fibers are also present in
the gingiva.
160. MELANIN PIGMENT IS PRESENT IN THE
GINGIVAL EPITH.
Elaborated by melanocytes (basal layer).
Can be studied by dopa reaction or silver
staining techniques.
The number of melanocytes is constant
(no difference in their no. in blacks or
whites).
161. Melanin pigment is present in the gingival epith.
Elaborated by melanocytes (basal layer)
Can be studied by dopa reaction or silver staining
techniques.
The number of melanocytes is constant (no difference in
their no. in blacks or whites).
174. • Nonkeratinized stratified
squamous epith.
• Thinner than epith. of
gingiva.
• Lacks epithelial ridges
i.e. has smooth interface
with lamina propria.
• Continuous with gingival
epith. & attachement
epith.
• All three epithelia have a
continuous basal lamina
GINGIVAL SULCUS
176. JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM
The part of the gingival epithelium that is attached to
the cervical part of the tooth (forms junction between
the tooth and the gingiva)
It is st sq epithelium composed of flattened cells which
are arranged parallel to the tooth surface.
Traingular shape with 15-30 cell layer thickness at the
cervical portion and 3-4 cell layer at the apical margin.
177. Less desmosomal
junction and more
intercellular spaces
(helps in migration of
PMNLs into epithelium
and sulcus.
The epithelium and C.T
interface is flat.
Basal lamina is present
on both sides.
178. HARD PALATE
• it is immovable.
• Pink in color.
• The lamina propria is thicker anteriorly and has
numerous long papillae.
• Various regions can be distinguished because
of varying structures of the submucous layer.
179.
180. These regions are:
Gingival region (adjacent to the teeth).
1. palatine raphe (extending from incisive papilla
posteriorly).
2. Anterolateral area (fatty zone)between the raphe and
gingiva.
Posterolateral area (glandular zone) between the
raphe and gingiva.
The peripheral zones (palatine gingiva) do
not have a submucosa (identical with the
gingiva and palatine raphae)
181. incissive papilla: oval prominence at the extreme
anterior region of the palate
Palatine rugae: irregular transverse ridges radiating
outwards from the raphae in the anterior region
Fovia palatina: elongated depression in post part of
palate on sither side of midline
183. HISTOLOGY
the epithelium is keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium with long regular reteridges interdigitating
with C.T papillae.
To bear masticatory stresses, the cells show more
dense tonofilaments, increased number and length of
desmosomes.
Lamina propria is dense (thicker in anterior compared to
posterior)
184. SUBMUCOSA:
Absent in peripheral zone of palate ( gingival zone and
midpalatine raphae)
Thicker in posterior region than anterior region
Anterior part is filled with adipose tissue (FATTY ZONE)
Posterior part with mucous glands (GLANDULAR
ZONE)
185. dense bundles of collagen fibers divide the submucosa
into compartments and are arranged at right angle to
surface.
The wedge shaped area where the alveolar process
joins to the horizontal plate of hard palate contains loose
C.T
Rugae and incissive papilla are composed of dense C.T.
186. Palate : dense lamina propria with fat in some regions of the
submucosa
188. VERMILLION ZONE OF LIP
The transitional zone between the skin of the lip and the
mucous membrane of the lip is the red zone or
vermillion zone.
The skin on outer surface of lip is covered by a
moderately thick keratinized epithelium.
C.T papillae are few and short
Many sebaceous glands, hair follicles and sweat glands
are present
189. the transitional region is characterised by a thicker but
mildly keratinized epithelium and numerous densely
arranged long papillae of the lamina propria, reaching
deep into the epithelium and carrying large capillary
loops. (red color to lips)
The labial mucosa is lined by nonkeratinized epithelium
and C.T shows minor salivary glands.
The central most region of lip shows orbicularis oris
muscle.
190.
191. LINING MUCOSA
The epithelium of lining mucosa is thicker and is non -
keratinized. The surface is thus flexible and is able to
withstand stretching.
The interface with connective tissue is relatively smooth,
although slender connective tissue papillae often
penetrate into the epithelium.
The lamina propria is generally thicker than in
masticatory mucosa and contains fewer collagen fibers,
which follow a more irregular course between anchoring
points. Thus, the mucosa can be stretched to a certain
extent before these fibers become taut and limit further
distention.
192. Associated with the collagen fibers are elastic fibers
that tend to control the extensibility of the mucosa.
Where lining mucosa covers muscle, it is attached
by a mixture of collagen and elastic fibers.
As the mucosa becomes slack during masticatory
movements, the elastic fibers retract the mucosa
toward the muscle and so prevent it from bulging
between the teeth and being bitten.
193. Soft palate –
Mucous membrane on oral surface is highly
vascularized (well developed capillary network) and
reddish in color
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
C.T is thick with numerous short papillae
Elastic fibres forming an elastic lamina
Submucosa has diffuse tissue containing numerous
minor salivary glands
194. Labial and buccal mucosa-
Epithelium: Very thick (500 μ m), non - keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium
lamina propria: short irregular papillae, dense fibrous
connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers
Rich vascular supply
Submucosa- Dense collagenous connective tissue with fat,
mixed minor salivary glands
Dense collagenous connective tissue limits the mobility of the
mucous membrane, holding it to musculature and preventing
its elevation into folds. This prevents the mucous membrane
of lips and cheeks from lodging between the the biting
surfaces of teeth during mastication.
195. The submucosa connects the lamina propria to the
thin fascia of the muscles
Lips : orbicularis oris and Cheek: Buccinator
The cheek, lateral to the corner of the mouth, may
contain isolated sebaceous glands called Fordyce
spots.
196. Ventral surface of tongue –
Mucous membrane is smooth and relatively thin
Thin, non - keratinized, stratified squamous
epithelium
Lamina propria is thin with numerous short papillae
and some elastic fibers
Few minor salivary glands
Capillary network in subpapillary layer
Reticular layer relatively avascular
Submucosa- thin and irregular, may contain fat and
small vessels
If absent, mucosa is bound to connective tissue
surrounding tongue musculature
197. Floor of mouth-
Mucous membrane is thin and loosely attached to the
underlying structures to allow for the free mobility of the
tongue.
Epithelium: Very thin (100 μ m), non - keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina propria: Short papillae, some elastic fibers
Extensive vascular supply with short anastomosing
capillary loops
Submucosa- loose fibrous connective tissue containing
fat and minor salivary glands
198. Alveolar mucosa-
Epithelium: Thin, non – keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium
Lamina propria: Short papillae, connective tissue
containing many elastic fibers
Capillary loops close to the surface supplied by
vessels running superficial to the periosteum
Submucosa- loose connective tissue containing
thick elastic fibers, minor salivary glands
199. Vestibular fornix
The mucosa is loosely connected to the underlying
structures, and so the necessary movements of the
lips and cheeks are permitted.
The median and lateral labial frenula are folds of
the mucous membrane containing loose C.T.
No muscle fibers are found in these folds.
201. DORSAL SURFACE OF TONGUE
TONGUE
ROOT APEX BODY
DORSUM INFERIOR
•ORAL PART
•PHARYNGEAL PART
202.
203. ORAL(PRESULCAL) PART
located in floor of oral cavity
Apex touching the incisor teeth, a
margin in contact with the gums
and teeth and a superior surface
related to hard and soft palate
On each side in front of
palatoglossal arch there are four
or five vertical folds - foliate
papillae
Dorsal mucosa - covered by
filiform, fungiform and
circumvallate papillae
Inferior surface – lingual
frenulum, lingual vein, plica
fimbriata
204. PHARYNGEAL(POSTSULCAL) PART
Behind palatoglossal arches
and sulcus terminalis.
No papillae
Lymphoid follicles –lingual
tonsil
Connected to epiglottis by
three folds of mucous
membrane
-median glossoepiglottic
fold and
-right and left lateral
glossoepiglottic fold
205. Dorsal surface has both a masticatory and a
specialized type of mucosa present
Masticatory is orthokeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium; generally covers surface
Specialized found on lingual papillae has both
ortho- and para- keratinized epithelium
206. LINGUAL PAPILLAE
Projections of mucosa covering dorsal surface
Limited to presulcal part
Four types -
Filiform
Fungiform
Foliate
Circumvallate
207. FILIFORM PAPILLAE
minute conical or cylindrical projections
Cover most of the presulcal dorsal area
Most abundant
Cone shaped structures with a core of CT covered
by a thick keratinised epithelium
No taste buds
Appear to increase the friction between the tongue
and food
208. FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE
Single fungiform papillae
scattered between numerous
filiform papillae at tip of tongue
Appear red high vascular CT
core visible through a thin
nonkeratinised covering
epithelium
Larger, rounded and deep red
in color
Each usually bears one or
more taste buds on its apical
surface
Blue arrow – filiform papillae
Red arrow – fungiform papillae
209. LARGE PAPILLAE – FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE
SMALL PAPILLAE – FILIFORM PAPILLAE
210. FOLIATE PAPILLAE
Leaf - like
4-11 parallel ridges that
alternate with deep
grooves in mucos
Taste buds in
epithelium of lateral
walls of ridges
Located on extreme
postero –lateral surface
of tongue
Mistaken for tumors or
inflammatory diseases
Bilaterally symmetrical
211. CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLAE
Largest
Least in number,8-12
Forms a V-shaped row
immediately in front of sulcus
terminalis
Large structures surrounded by
deep circular groove
Ducts of von Ebner glands open
into these grooves
Have a CT core covered superiorly
by keratinised epithelium
Epithelium of lateral walls is non
keratinised, contains taste buds
Blue arrow – circumvallate
papillae
A – trench
Green arrow – taste buds
212. STRUCTURE OF TASTE
BUD
Barrel shaped structure
composed of 30-80 spindle
shaped cells
80µm in height and 40µm thick
Cells separated from underlying
CT by basement membrane
Apically , terminates just below
the epithelial surface in a taste
pit that communicates with
surface through a taste pore
3 types of cells:
Type I- light, most common
Type II- dark, contain vesicles,
adj to intra epithelial nerves
Type III-intermediate
213. TASTE DISCRIMINATION
Mainly four types -
- salty
- sweet
- sour
- bitter
metallic and umami
(monosodium glutamate)
Classic theory of taste –
perception of taste reserved
to specific areas
Modern theory – perception
possible in whole surface
214. SWEET Tip of the
tongue
Fungiform
papillae
Chorda
tympani
SALT Lateral border
of the tongue
Fungiform
papillae
Chorda
tympani
SOUR Palate and
posterior part
of tongue
Foliate
papillae
Glosso-
pharyngeal
BITTER Palate and
posterior part
of tongue
Circum-vallate
papillae
Glosso-
pharyngeal
215.
216. FUNCTIONS OF TONGUE
Prehension And Ingestion
Suckling
Swallowing
Perception
Phonation
Respiration
Jaw development
Symbolic functions
218. MUCOCUTANEOUS JUNCTION
The skin with hair follicles and sebaceous and
sweat glands is continuous with the oral mucosa at
the lips
Epithelium keratinised, with thin long CT papillae
containing capillary loops
This brings blood close to the surface and gives
strong red coloration called red /vermillion zone
The line separating vermillion zone from skin of lip
called vermillion border.
In young persons, this border demarcated sharply,
later becomes diffuse
219. Vermillion zone lacks salivary glands, contains only
a few sebaceous glands, it tends to dry out,
becomes cracked and sore in cold weather
Between vermillion zone and thicker non
keratinised labial mucosa is an intermediate zone
covered by parakeratinised epithelium
In infants this region is thickened and more
opalescent: suckling pa
220. MUCOGINGIVAL JUNCTION
Although masticatory mucosa meets lining mucosa
at more than 1 site, most abrupt is between
attached gingiva and alveolar mucosa
Identified clinically by indentation called
mucogingival groove and by change from bright
pink of alveolar mucosa to paler pink of gingiva
Epithelium of attached gingiva is keratinised or
parakeratinised
Lamina propria contains numerous coarse collagen
bundles attaching tissue to periosteum; reflected
clinically as stippling
221. The structure of mucosa changes at mucogingival
junction where alveolar mucosa has thicker
nonkeratinised epithelium over loose lamina propria
with numerous elastic fibres extending into thick
submucosa
222. DENTOGINGIVAL JUNCTION
Region where oral mucosa meets surface of tooth
Important because it represents a potential
weakness in the otherwise continuous epithelial
lining
Principal seal between epithelium and enamel
In germ free animals and in strictly healthy plaque
free gingivae, sulcus is absent and gingival margin
corresponds to coronal extent of junctional
epithelium
In avg human mouth, gingival sulcus has a depth of
0.5-3 m with an avg of 1.8 mm
223. THE GINGIVAL SULCUS
is an area of potential space between
a tooth and the surrounding gingival
tissue.
It is lined by two entities:
-Apically by the gingival fibers of
connective tissue attachment .
_Coronally by free gingival margin .
224. THE GINGIVAL SULCUS
Under normal conditions the depth
of the sulcus is variable.45% of all
measured sulci are below 0.5 mm
,the average sulcus is 1.8mm
the shallower sulcus is the more
likely that the gingival margin is
not inflamed
225.
226. THE SULCULAR EPITHELIUM
Its stratified squamous
epithelium ,non keratinized .
Para keratinized that is
continuous with the oral
epithelium and lines the
lateral surface of the sulcus .
Its lacks epithelial ridges so
forms a smooth contact with
lamina properia
227. THE SULCULAR
EPITHELIUM
Apically it overlaps the
coronal border of the
junctional epithelium
this epithelium shares many
of the characteristics of oral
including good
epithelium
resistance to
forces and
mechanical
relative
impermeability to fluid and
cells
228.
229. THE JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM
Its the stratified non keratinizing
epithelium that surround the tooth like a
collar.
its attached by one broad surface to the
tooth and by the other to the gingival
connective tissue
The junctional epithelium has two
basal lamina:
oOne that faces the tooth (internal basal
lamina )
oThe other faces connective tissue
(external basal lamina)
230. THE JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM
shedding
The desquamative
surface of the junctional epithelium
is located at its coronal end which
also forms the bottom of the
gingival sulcus
The junctional epithelium is more
permeable than
epithelium It
perferential route for the passage
oral or sulcular
serves as the
of
bacterial products from the sulcus in
to connective tissue into the sulcus
231.
232. THE SULCULAR EPITHELIUM THE JUNCTION EPITHELIUM
1. It is continuous with the oral
epithelium and lines the lateral
surface of the sulcus .
2. It characterized by good
resistance to mechanical forces
and relative impermeability to
fluid and cells
1. It is epithelium that surround
the tooth like acollar .
2. It is more permeable than oral or
sulcular epithelium It serves as
the perferential route for the
passage of bacterial products from
the sulcus in to connective tissue
and fluid and cells from C.T into
the sulcus
233. DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUNCTIOANAL EPITHELIUM
As the erupting tooth approaches the
overlying epithelium, the external
enamel
cells of the reduced
epithelium proliferate, causing the
epithelial covering of the enamel to
thicken.
234. DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUNCTIOANAL EPITHELIUM
Proliferation of the externel cells
of the reduced enamel epithelium
begins around the cusp tips and
slowly progresses toward the
cervix of the tooth
235. DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUNCTIOANAL EPITHELIUM
proliferating cells eventually displace
any remaining reduced ameloblasts, thus
replacing the relatively inert reduced
with an epithelial
enamel epithelium
collar of cells with a high turnover
rate. This collar of cells with a high
turnover rate is the early junctional
epithelium.
Eventually, the entire reduced enamel
epithelium will become replaced by
junctional epithelium.
236.
237. DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUNCTIOANAL EPITHELIUM
After accomplishing of amelogenesis
(protective stage) the ameloblast secrete or leave
structure less material on enamel surface primary
enamel cuticle.
The enamel organ becomes reduced in thickness
(reduced enamel epithelium ) and function as
aprotection against contact with connective tissue ,to
inhibit cementum deposition or enamel resorption
The reduced enamel epi thelium
consists of two layers
1the reduced ameloblast
2 remnant of the dental organ
238. DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUNCTIOANAL EPITHELIUM
The ameloblast develop hemidesmosomes
to attach the reduced enamel epithelium to
the surface of the enamel at the time of
eruption the reduced enamel
enzymes
secrete desmolytic
degenerating of the of the
epithelium
causing
c.t present
between it and the oral mucosa (desmolytic
stage of amelo blasts)
The outer the reduced enamel
layer of
and the cells of the oral
epithelium
epithelium proliferate into the degenerated
c.t. to form amass of cells over the erupting
tooth the epithelialplug.
239.
240. DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUNCTIOANAL EPITHELIUM
Cell death inth middle portion of plug cause formation of epithelial lined canal
through which tooth will eruptwith out hemorrhage
Once the tip of the crown appear in the oral cavity reduced enamel epithelium will be
called primary attachedepithelium
groove present between the tooth and the gingiva is called
And the the shallow
GINGIVAL SULCUS
The cells of primary attached epithelium (PAE) originate from reduced enamel
epithelium and attached to tooth by primary enamel cuticle
When primary attachment epithelium is replaced by oral epithelium its called
secondary attached epithelium that attaches by secondary enamel cuticle.
241. Primary enamelcuticle Secondary enamelcuticle
1. Binds primary attached epithelium
to the enamelsurface
2. It is formed initially at the
protectivestage
1. Binds secondary attached
epithelium to the enamelsurface
2. It is formed finally when theteeth
erupt
Primary attachedepi. Secondary attachedepi.
1. originate from reducedenamel
epithelium
2. attached to tooth by primary
enamel cuticle
1. It is Primary attachment
epithelium replaced by oral
epithelium
2. attached by secondary enamel
cuticle
242. SHIFT OF THE DENTO GINGIVAL JUNCTION
The dentogingival junction is an anatomical
and functional interface between the gingiva
and the toothstructure.
Dento gingival junction is the region where
the tooth is attached to gingival and is form
as soonas the tootherupts in theoral cavity.
It provides attachment of the gingiva tothe
enamel surface viahemidesmosomes
with time the position of the gingiva of the
surfacechange
243. SHIFT OF THE DENTO GINGIVAL JUNCTION
Components
1. Epithelial component is derived from
reduced dental (enamel) epithelium
and oral epithelium.
2. The connective tissue component is
derived from the lamina propria of the
oral mucosa.
The attachment of the functional
epithelium to the tooth is reinforced with
the gingival fibers, which brace the gingival
against the toothsurface.
245. SHIFT OF THE DENTO GINGIVAL JUNCTION
almost entire enamel is covered by
epithelium when the tip of the enamel
first emerge through the mucous
membrane of the oral cavity.
the eruption of teeth continuous until it
reach theplan of occlusion.
the firmness strength of the dentino
junction beacause of connective
attachment of epithelium to
gingival
tissue
enamel is not week as the crown
continuouson totheoral cavity
the attachment separate from theenamel
surfacegradually
246.
247. SHIFT OF THE DENTO GINGIVAL JUNCTION
when the tip of the enamel first emerge through the mucous membrane of
theoral cavity . one third toone fourth of enamel is still covered by thegingiva
The actual movement of teeth towards occlusal plane called acitve
eruption
The separation of primary attached epithelium from the enamel
surface called passiveeruption
248. THE SHIFT OF DENTINO GINGIVAL
JUNCTION INVOLVE
Firststage
Occur in the primary teeth till one year
before shedding in the permanent teeth
20_30.
the bottom of the sulcus present on the
enamel and the apical end of the AE on
the cement enameljunction.
Clinical crown is less than anatomical
crown.
249. THE SHIFT OF DENTINO GINGIVAL
JUNCTION INVOLVE
Second stage
Occur till ageof the 40 oreven later.
The bottom of the sulcus still present
on the enamel and the apical end of the
AE oncementum.
the clinical crown is less than
anatomical crown.
250. THE SHIFT OF DENTINO GINGIVAL
JUNCTION INVOLVE
Third stage
It is unhealthycondition.
The bottom of the sulcus present at the
CEJ and the apical end at cementum.
The clinical crown equal to the
anatomical crown.
251. THE SHIFT OF DENTINO GINGIVAL
JUNCTION INVOLVE
Fourthstage
It is unhealthycondition.
From 60 years later.
and apical
The bottom of the sulcucs
end on thecementum.
than
The clinical crown is longer
anatomical crown
252. DEVELOPMENT OF ORAL MUCOSA
Epithelium of the oral cavity is derived from ectoderm
and endoderm
Anterior part of oral cavity is lined by epithelium derived
from ectoderm
The structures that develop from branchial arches have
their epithelium derived from the endoderm
These include- tongue, epiglottis and pharynx
Originates from mesenchyme (embryonic tissue formed
by mesenchymal cells)- MESODERM
253. The vestibular lamina separates from the primary
epithelial band at about 6 weeks
Degeneration of the cells in the central part of this
process leads to the formation of labial and buccal
sulcus and the delineation of lips and cheeks from
the alveolar mucosa
By 13- 20 weeks differences between keratinised
and non keratinised mucosa becomes apparent
254. Lingual papillae appear early at about 7th week
Circumvallate and folliate papillae appear earlier
than filiform papillae
Can be recognized by 10-12 weeks
In the lamina propria reticular fibers are the first to
appear (6-8 weeks)
Followed by collagen fibers (8-12 weeks)
Elastic fibres appear by 17-20 weeks
255. AGE CHANGES
Smoother & dryer surface
Histologically epithelium thinner
Smoothing of the epithelium- connective interface
due to flattening of epithelial ridges
Dorsum of tongue may show a reduction in the
number filiform papillae
256. Langerhans cells with age
Vascular changes maybe prominent with
development of varicosities
In elderly persons- nodular varicose veins on the
undersurface of the tongue
258. In the lamina propria - decreased cellularity
Increased amount of collagen
Sebaceous glands of lips and cheeks increase with
age
Minor salivary glands show considerable atrophy
Elderly patients post menopausal women – dryness
of mouth burning sensations and abnormal taste
259. CLINICAL CONSIDERATION
The basic considerations in oral mucosa are
variation in tissue colour, dryness, smoothness or
firmness and bleeding tendency of gingiva
Periodontal pocket: It is a pathologically deepened
gingival sulcus as a response to plaque toxins and
subsequent immunologic response.
Restorative dentistry: In young patients, when the
clinical crown is smaller than the anatomic crown, it
is difficult to prepare a tooth for an abutment or
crown. The restoration may require replacement
when the crown is fully exposed
260. Gingival recession: May result in cemental /root
caries and sensitivity of the exposed dentin
Keratinisation of gingiva: Can be achieved by
massage or brushing thus helping in stimulation
and minimising plaque accumulation
Discoloration of gingiva: Metal poisoning by lead or
bismuth causes characteristic discoloration.
Changes of tongue: In scarlet fever, atrophy of
lingual mucosa causes peculiar redness of
Strawberry tongue. Systemic diseases such as
vitamin deficiencies lead to typical changes as
Magenta tongue and beefy red tongue
261. REFERENCES
Ten Cates oral histology, development, structure
and function – 7th edition
Oral anatomy histology embryology – 3rd edition -
Berkovitz , Holland , Moxham
Orbans oral histology and embryology-12th edition
Editor's Notes
2000-7500
At the site of infection the pmns squeez out of the pores of the blood capillary . This is diapedesis
1-6% 40-400 per micro liter
After the half life they leave the blood stream in a random manner
Dense bodies or inclusions which are 2-3 micrmeters in diameter. The plasma cells are engaged in synthetic activity. They produce antibodies that maybe discharged locally may enter the circulation or may be stored within the cell itself in the form of inclusions called russel bodies
Dense bodies or inclusions which are 2-3 micrmeters in diameter. The plasma cells are engaged in synthetic activity. They produce antibodies that maybe discharged locally may enter the circulation or may be stored within the cell itself in the form of inclusions called russel bodies