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ASE 2016 Taming Android Fragmentation: Characterizing and Detecting Compatibility Issues for Android Apps

The document discusses the challenges posed by Android fragmentation, emphasizing the difficulty of ensuring app compatibility across diverse device models and operating system versions. It identifies common types of compatibility issues, their root causes, and includes a dataset of 27 popular apps to analyze compatibility fixes at the code level. The research highlights the importance of understanding these issues to improve developer practices and testing strategies.

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Taming Android Fragmentation: Characterizing and Detecting Compatibility Issues for Android Apps Lili Wei Yepang Liu This image canno t curre S.C. Cheung The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 05 September 2016
Android: Popular and Fast-Evolving System • Fast-evolving: multiple releases every year 2
Android: Popular and Fast-Evolving System • Fast-evolving: multiple releases every year • Many different system versions in use: 2 KitKat Lollipop Jelly Bean Ice Cream Sandwich Gingerbread Froyo Marshmallow https://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.html
3
Huge Number of Device Models Over 24,000 distinct device models (Aug. 2014 – Aug.2015) http://opensignal.com/reports/2015/08/android-fragmentation/ 4
Fragmented Android Ecosystem 5
Fragmented Android Ecosystem 5
Fragmented Android Ecosystem 5
Ensuring App Compatibility Is Difficult • App developers have to optimize UI of their apps to fit diversified screen sizes 6
Ensuring App Compatibility is Difficult • App developers have to optimize UI of their apps to fit diversified screen sizes • An app behaves differently across devices 6http://gameovenstudios.com/bounden-on-android-delayed/
Ensuring App Compatibility is Difficult • App developers have to optimize UI of their apps to fit diversified screen sizes • An app behaves differently across devices 6 Fragmentation-induced compatibility issues http://gameovenstudios.com/bounden-on-android-delayed/
Testing Compatibility Issues • To fully test compatibility issues is difficult with huge search space • Combination of three dimensions 7
Testing Compatibility Issues • To fully test compatibility issues is difficult with huge search space • Combination of three dimensions 7 Device Model
Testing Compatibility Issues • To fully test compatibility issues is difficult with huge search space • Combination of three dimensions 7 APILevel Device Model
Testing Compatibility Issues • To fully test compatibility issues is difficult with huge search space • Combination of three dimensions 7 APILevel Device Model
APILevel Device Model Testing Compatibility Issues • To fully test compatibility issues is difficult with huge search space • Combination of three dimensions 7
Existing Work • Understanding Android fragmentation • D. Han et al. [WCRE’ 2012] • T. McDonnell et al. [ICSM’ 2013] • Prioritize devices to test on: • H. Khalid et al. [FSE’ 2014] • X. Lu et al. [ICSE’ 2016] 8
Existing Work 8 None of the existing studies dug into the code level: • To understand compatibility issues • To detect compatibility issues • Understanding Android fragmentation • D. Han et al. [WCRE’ 2012] • T. McDonnell et al. [ICSM’ 2013] • Prioritize devices to test on: • H. Khalid et al. [FSE’ 2014] • X. Lu et al. [ICSE’ 2016]
Our Goal Understand compatibility issues at code level 9
Our Goal Understand compatibility issues at code level Detect compatibility issues 9
Research Questions • RQ1: Issue type and root cause • What are the common types of compatibility issues in Android apps? What are their root causes? 9
Research Questions • RQ1: Issue type and root cause • What are the common types of compatibility issues in Android apps? What are their root causes? • RQ2: Issue fixing • How do Android developers fix compatibility issues in practice? Are there any common patterns? 9
Dataset Collection 27 popular, large-scale, well-maintained candidate apps, which have public issue tracking systems 10
Dataset Collection 27 popular, large-scale, well-maintained candidate apps, which have public issue tracking systems 10 Apps satisfying these criterion are: • More likely to be affected by different kinds of compatibility issues • With traceable issue fix and discussions to study
Keyword Search device compatible compatibility samsung lge sony moto lenovo asus zte google htc huawei xiaomi android.os.build 11
VLC r-8e31d57: Blind fix for mountpoint issues with some Samsung devices if(line.contains("vfat") || line.contains("exfat") || - line.contains("/mnt") || line.contains("/Removable")) { + line.contains("sdcardfs") || line.contains("/mnt") || + line.contains("/Removable")) { Keyword Search device compatible compatibility samsung lge sony moto lenovo asus zte google htc huawei xiaomi android.os.build 11
VLC r-8e31d57: Blind fix for mountpoint issues with some Samsung devices if(line.contains("vfat") || line.contains("exfat") || - line.contains("/mnt") || line.contains("/Removable")) { + line.contains("sdcardfs") || line.contains("/mnt") || + line.contains("/Removable")) { Keyword Search device compatible compatibility samsung lge sony moto lenovo asus zte google htc huawei xiaomi android.os.build 11 CSipSimple r-af0ceea: Fixes issue 498. + //HTC evo 4G + if(android.os.Build.PRODUCT.equalsIgnoreCase("htc_supersonic")) + return true;
Dataset Collection 12 27 popular, large-scale, well-maintained candidate apps, which have public issue tracking systems All 27 apps contain potential revisions related to compatibility issues
Dataset Collection Five apps with top number of potential issue-related code revisions 12 27 popular, large-scale, well-maintained candidate apps, which have public issue tracking systems
Dataset Collection Five apps with top number of potential issue-related code revisions 12 Over 1800 code revisions found in the five apps need to be manually inspected 27 popular, large-scale, well-maintained candidate apps, which have public issue tracking systems
Dataset Collection 191 compatibility issues Five apps with top number of potential issue-related code revisions (>1800 revisions) 12 27 popular, large-scale, well-maintained candidate apps, which have public issue tracking systems
Selected Apps App Name Category Rating Downloads KLOC #Revisions CSipSimple Communication 4.3/5.0 1M - 5M 59.2 1,778 AnkiDroid Education 4.5/5.0 1M - 5M 58.1 8,282 K-9 Mail Communication 4.3/5.0 5M - 10M 86.7 6,116 VLC Media & Video 4.3/5.0 10M - 50M 28.3 6,868 AnySoftKeyboard Tools 4.3/5.0 1M - 5M 70.7 2,788 13
Data Analysis API Identified the issue-inducing APIs 14
Data Analysis API Identified the issue-inducing APIs Recovered links between revisions and reports 14
Data Analysis API Identified the issue-inducing APIs Recovered links between revisions and reports Collected related discussions from online forums 14
RQ1: Issue Type and Root Cause 15
RQ1: Issue Type and Root Cause 15 59%41% Device-specific issues Can only be triggered on certain device models Non-device-specific issues Can be triggered under certain API level
Device-Specific Issue 16 Device-specific Issue 59% Driver Implementation 29% OS Customization 19% Hardware Composition 11%
Device-Specific Issues • Problematic driver implementation • Different driver implementation can cause inconsistent app behavior across devices. 17
Device-Specific Issues • Problematic driver implementation • Different driver implementation can cause inconsistent app behavior across devices. • OS customization • Manufacturer-customized systems may not fully comply with the official specifications and thus cause compatibility issues 17
Device-Specific Issues • Problematic driver implementation • Different driver implementation can cause inconsistent app behavior across devices. • OS customization • Manufacturer-customized systems may not fully comply with the official specifications and thus cause compatibility issues • Hardware composition • Diversified hardware composition of different device models can cause compatibility issues 17
Device-Specific Issues • Problematic driver implementation • Different driver implementation can cause inconsistent app behavior across devices. Proximity sensor: Report the distance between device and its surrounding object 18
Device-Specific Issues 19 CSipSimple: An Android client app for internet calls Proximity sensor in CSipSimple: Used to detect the distance between user’s face and the device.
Device-Specific Issues 19 Near CSipSimple: An Android client app for internet calls Proximity sensor in CSipSimple: Used to detect the distance between user’s face and the device.
Device-Specific Issues CSipSimple issue 353: Samsung SPH-M900’s proximity sensor API reports a value inversely proportional to the real distance 19 CSipSimple: An Android client app for internet calls Proximity sensor in CSipSimple: Used to detect the distance between user’s face and the device.
Device-Specific Issues CSipSimple issue 353: Samsung SPH-M900’s proximity sensor API reports a value inversely proportional to the real distance 19 CSipSimple: An Android client app for internet calls Proximity sensor in CSipSimple: Used to detect the distance between user’s face and the device.
Device-Specific Issues CSipSimple issue 353: Samsung SPH-M900’s proximity sensor API reports a value inversely proportional to the real distance 19 CSipSimple: An Android client app for internet calls Proximity sensor in CSipSimple: Used to detect the distance between user’s face and the device.
Device-Specific Issues CSipSimple issue 353: Samsung SPH-M900’s proximity sensor API reports a value inversely proportional to the real distance 19 CSipSimple: An Android client app for internet calls Proximity sensor in CSipSimple: Used to detect the distance between user’s face and the device.
Device-Specific Issues • Peculiar hardware composition SD card variations 20
Device-Specific Issues • Peculiar hardware composition SD card variations 20
Device-Specific Issues • Peculiar hardware composition SD card variations 20
Device-Specific Issues • Peculiar hardware composition SD card variations 20
Device-Specific Issues • Peculiar hardware composition SD card variations Mount points vary across devices 20
Device-Specific Issues VLC: A popular Android video player 21 SD card in VLC: VLC can play videos stored in the SD card
Device-Specific Issues VLC: A popular Android video player 21 SD card in VLC: VLC can play videos stored in the SD card VLC specifically handle the SD card variations to ensure support of different device models
Non-Device-Specific Issue 22 Non-Device- Specific Issue 41% API Evolution 35% Original System Bug 6%
Non-Device-Specific Issues • Android platform API evolution • Evolving Android system with API introduction, deprecation and behavior modification causes compatibility issues 23
Non-Device-Specific Issues • Android platform API evolution • Evolving Android system with API introduction, deprecation and behavior modification causes compatibility issues • Original Android system bugs • Bugs in the system got fixed in newer version while still existing in older versions can cause compatibility issues. 23
Non-Device-Specific Issues AnkiDroid pull request 130 24 API (Added in API Level 16): SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging()
Non-Device-Specific Issues AnkiDroid pull request 130 24 API (Added in API Level 16): SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() API Level < 16
Non-Device-Specific Issues AnkiDroid pull request 130 24 API (Added in API Level 16): SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() API Level < 16
RQ2: Issue Fixing • Patch Complexity • Common Patching Patterns 25
RQ2: Issue Fixing • Patch Complexity • Simple • Small 26 if (android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 16) { sqLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } 1. + 2. 3. +
RQ2: Issue Fixing • Patch Complexity • To debug and find a valid fix is not easy CSipSimple issue 2436: “HTC has closed source this contact/call log app which makes things almost impossible to debug for me." 27
RQ2: Issue Fixing • Common patching patterns • Check device information (71.7%) 28
RQ2: Issue Fixing • Common patching patterns • Check device information (71.7%) • Check availability of software and hardware components (7.3%) 28
RQ2: Issue Fixing • Common patching patterns • Check device information (71.7%) • Check availability of software and hardware components (7.3%) • App-specific workarounds 28
RQ2: Issue Fixing • Common patching patterns • Check device information (71.7%) • Check availability of software and hardware components (7.3%) • App-specific workarounds Locating the root cause of compatibility issues is difficult. Whereas, issue fixes are usually simple and demonstrate common patterns. 28
Applications of the Empirical Findings • Prioritize testing efforts APILevel Device Model 29
APILevel Device Model Applications of the Empirical Findings • Prioritize testing effortsDriver-relatedAPI 29
APILevel Device Model Applications of the Empirical Findings • Prioritize testing effortsDriver-relatedAPI 29
APILevel Device Model Applications of the Empirical Findings • Detect compatibility issues 30
API-Context Pair Model • Common compatibility issue pattern 31 Compatibility issues are triggered by the improper use of an Android API (issue-inducing API) in a problematic software or hardware environment (issue-triggering context)
API-Context Pair Model • Common compatibility issue pattern 32 API-Context Pair Model: Each pattern of compatibility issue is modeled as a pair of issue-inducing API and issue-triggering context
API-Context Pair Model • Common compatibility issue pattern 32 Context: conjunction of device model, device brand or API level, etc. API-Context Pair Model: Each pattern of compatibility issue is modeled as a pair of issue-inducing API and issue-triggering context
API-Context Pair Model • Common compatibility issue pattern API-Context Pair Model: Each pattern of compatibility issue is modeled as a pair of issue-inducing API and issue-triggering context 32 API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD"
FicFinder: Detecting Compatibility Issues 33 FicFinder: Fragmentation-Induced Compatibility Issue Finder
FicFinder: Detecting Compatibility Issues Android app (.apk or .class) List of API-context pairs 33 Analysis Report
FicFinder: Detecting Compatibility Issues Android app (.apk or .class) List of API-context pairs Backward slicing analysis Implemented on top of Soot 25 selected API-context pairs 33 Analysis Report
Example 34 void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD"
Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" 34
Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" 34
Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() 34
Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() 34
Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() 34
Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() 34
Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase() 34
Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase() 34
Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } if (isJellyBeanOrLater() || isNookHD) { db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } } AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> boolean isJellyBeanOrLater() { return android.os.Build.SDK_VERSION >= 16; } boolean isNookHD { return android.os.Build.BRAND.equals("NOOK") && android.os.Build.PRODUCT.equals("HDplus") && android.os.Build.DEVICE.equals("ovation"); } API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase() 34
void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } if (isJellyBeanOrLater() || isNookHD) { db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } } Example AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> boolean isJellyBeanOrLater() { return android.os.Build.SDK_VERSION >= 16; } boolean isNookHD { return android.os.Build.BRAND.equals("NOOK") && android.os.Build.PRODUCT.equals("HDplus") && android.os.Build.DEVICE.equals("ovation"); } API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase() if(isJellyBeanOrLater()||isNookHD) 34
void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } if (isJellyBeanOrLater() || isNookHD) { db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } } Example API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase() if(isJellyBeanOrLater()||isNookHD) return android.os.Build.SDK_VERSION >= 16 return android.os.Build.BRAND.equals("NO OK")&&android.os.Build.PRODUCT.eq uals("HDplus")&&android.os.Build. DEVICE.equals("ovation") boolean isJellyBeanOrLater() { return android.os.Build.SDK_VERSION >= 16; } boolean isNookHD { return android.os.Build.BRAND.equals("NOOK") && android.os.Build.PRODUCT.equals("HDplus") && android.os.Build.DEVICE.equals("ovation"); } 34
void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } if (isJellyBeanOrLater() || isNookHD) { db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } } Example API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase() if(isJellyBeanOrLater()||isNookHD) return android.os.Build.SDK_VERSION >= 16 return android.os.Build.BRAND.equals("NO OK")&&android.os.Build.PRODUCT.eq uals("HDplus")&&android.os.Build. DEVICE.equals("ovation") boolean isJellyBeanOrLater() { return android.os.Build.SDK_VERSION >= 16; } boolean isNookHD { return android.os.Build.BRAND.equals("NOOK") && android.os.Build.PRODUCT.equals("HDplus") && android.os.Build.DEVICE.equals("ovation"); } 34
void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } if (isJellyBeanOrLater() || isNookHD) { db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } } Example API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase() if(isJellyBeanOrLater()||isNookHD) return android.os.Build.SDK_VERSION >= 16 return android.os.Build.BRAND.equals("NO OK")&&android.os.Build.PRODUCT.eq uals("HDplus")&&android.os.Build. DEVICE.equals("ovation") boolean isJellyBeanOrLater() { return android.os.Build.SDK_VERSION >= 16; } boolean isNookHD { return android.os.Build.BRAND.equals("NOOK") && android.os.Build.PRODUCT.equals("HDplus") && android.os.Build.DEVICE.equals("ovation"); } 34
Evaluation • Subject apps: latest version of 27 popular, actively-maintained Android apps • Covering 10 different categories • At least 5K downloads App name Category KLOC Rating Downloads ConnectBot Communication 23.0 4.6 1M – 5M AntennaPod Media & Video 65.0 4.5 100K – 500K c:geo Entertainment 78.8 4.4 1M – 5M AnySoftKeyboard Tools 70.7 4.4 1M – 5M … … … … … 35
Effectiveness of FicFinder • Configure FicFinder to report both warnings and good practices 36
Effectiveness of FicFinder • Configure FicFinder to report both warnings and good practices • FicFinder reported 51 warnings and 79 good practices 36
Effectiveness of FicFinder • Configure FicFinder to report both warnings and good practices • FicFinder reported 51 warnings and 79 good practices 46 of the 51 warnings are true positives (Precision: 90.2%) 36
Effectiveness of FicFinder • Submitted 14 bug reports • Bug reports included issue-related discussions, API guides and possible fixes in the bug reports to help developers diagnose the issues 37
Effectiveness of FicFinder • Submitted 14 bug reports • Bug reports included issue-related discussions, API guides and possible fixes in the bug reports to help developers diagnose the issues 8 of the 14 bug reports were acknowledged by app developers. 5 issues were quickly fixed. 37
Usefulness of FicFinder • Knowledge of API-context pairs extracted from our empirical study can be transferred across different apps 38 AnySoftKeyboard Issue 639: Rule originally extracted from K9 Mail K9 Mail Issue 1237: Rule originally extracted from CSipSimple
Usefulness of FicFinder • 4 of the 5 fixed issues were fixed by adopting our suggested fixes. Thanks, we will do it as you proposed in out next release. :) Please let us know if you found more of these issues. iSsO (1Sheeld developer) 39
Usefulness of FicFinder • 4 of the 5 fixed issues were fixed by adopting our suggested fixes. • The other issue was fixed with an alternative patch, which was semantically equivalent to our suggested one. Thanks, we will do it as you proposed in out next release. :) Please let us know if you found more of these issues. iSsO (1Sheeld developer) 39
Conclusion • First large-scale empirical study of Android compatibility issues at code level • API-context pair to model compatibility issues • A static analysis tool, FicFinder, to detect fragmentation-induced compatibility issues 40
Future Work • Automate API-context pair extraction • Continue to improve the effectiveness of FicFinder 41
Thank you! More information can be found in our paper Or visit FicFinder’s homepage: http://sccpu2.cse.ust.hk/ficfinder/ 41

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ASE 2016 Taming Android Fragmentation: Characterizing and Detecting Compatibility Issues for Android Apps

  • 1.
    Taming Android Fragmentation: Characterizingand Detecting Compatibility Issues for Android Apps Lili Wei Yepang Liu This image canno t curre S.C. Cheung The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 05 September 2016
  • 2.
    Android: Popular andFast-Evolving System • Fast-evolving: multiple releases every year 2
  • 3.
    Android: Popular andFast-Evolving System • Fast-evolving: multiple releases every year • Many different system versions in use: 2 KitKat Lollipop Jelly Bean Ice Cream Sandwich Gingerbread Froyo Marshmallow https://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.html
  • 4.
  • 5.
    Huge Number ofDevice Models Over 24,000 distinct device models (Aug. 2014 – Aug.2015) http://opensignal.com/reports/2015/08/android-fragmentation/ 4
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
    Ensuring App CompatibilityIs Difficult • App developers have to optimize UI of their apps to fit diversified screen sizes 6
  • 10.
    Ensuring App Compatibilityis Difficult • App developers have to optimize UI of their apps to fit diversified screen sizes • An app behaves differently across devices 6http://gameovenstudios.com/bounden-on-android-delayed/
  • 11.
    Ensuring App Compatibilityis Difficult • App developers have to optimize UI of their apps to fit diversified screen sizes • An app behaves differently across devices 6 Fragmentation-induced compatibility issues http://gameovenstudios.com/bounden-on-android-delayed/
  • 12.
    Testing Compatibility Issues •To fully test compatibility issues is difficult with huge search space • Combination of three dimensions 7
  • 13.
    Testing Compatibility Issues •To fully test compatibility issues is difficult with huge search space • Combination of three dimensions 7 Device Model
  • 14.
    Testing Compatibility Issues •To fully test compatibility issues is difficult with huge search space • Combination of three dimensions 7 APILevel Device Model
  • 15.
    Testing Compatibility Issues •To fully test compatibility issues is difficult with huge search space • Combination of three dimensions 7 APILevel Device Model
  • 16.
    APILevel Device Model Testing CompatibilityIssues • To fully test compatibility issues is difficult with huge search space • Combination of three dimensions 7
  • 17.
    Existing Work • UnderstandingAndroid fragmentation • D. Han et al. [WCRE’ 2012] • T. McDonnell et al. [ICSM’ 2013] • Prioritize devices to test on: • H. Khalid et al. [FSE’ 2014] • X. Lu et al. [ICSE’ 2016] 8
  • 18.
    Existing Work 8 None ofthe existing studies dug into the code level: • To understand compatibility issues • To detect compatibility issues • Understanding Android fragmentation • D. Han et al. [WCRE’ 2012] • T. McDonnell et al. [ICSM’ 2013] • Prioritize devices to test on: • H. Khalid et al. [FSE’ 2014] • X. Lu et al. [ICSE’ 2016]
  • 19.
  • 20.
    Our Goal Understand compatibility issuesat code level Detect compatibility issues 9
  • 21.
    Research Questions • RQ1:Issue type and root cause • What are the common types of compatibility issues in Android apps? What are their root causes? 9
  • 22.
    Research Questions • RQ1:Issue type and root cause • What are the common types of compatibility issues in Android apps? What are their root causes? • RQ2: Issue fixing • How do Android developers fix compatibility issues in practice? Are there any common patterns? 9
  • 23.
    Dataset Collection 27 popular,large-scale, well-maintained candidate apps, which have public issue tracking systems 10
  • 24.
    Dataset Collection 27 popular,large-scale, well-maintained candidate apps, which have public issue tracking systems 10 Apps satisfying these criterion are: • More likely to be affected by different kinds of compatibility issues • With traceable issue fix and discussions to study
  • 25.
    Keyword Search device compatiblecompatibility samsung lge sony moto lenovo asus zte google htc huawei xiaomi android.os.build 11
  • 26.
    VLC r-8e31d57: Blind fixfor mountpoint issues with some Samsung devices if(line.contains("vfat") || line.contains("exfat") || - line.contains("/mnt") || line.contains("/Removable")) { + line.contains("sdcardfs") || line.contains("/mnt") || + line.contains("/Removable")) { Keyword Search device compatible compatibility samsung lge sony moto lenovo asus zte google htc huawei xiaomi android.os.build 11
  • 27.
    VLC r-8e31d57: Blind fixfor mountpoint issues with some Samsung devices if(line.contains("vfat") || line.contains("exfat") || - line.contains("/mnt") || line.contains("/Removable")) { + line.contains("sdcardfs") || line.contains("/mnt") || + line.contains("/Removable")) { Keyword Search device compatible compatibility samsung lge sony moto lenovo asus zte google htc huawei xiaomi android.os.build 11 CSipSimple r-af0ceea: Fixes issue 498. + //HTC evo 4G + if(android.os.Build.PRODUCT.equalsIgnoreCase("htc_supersonic")) + return true;
  • 28.
    Dataset Collection 12 27 popular,large-scale, well-maintained candidate apps, which have public issue tracking systems All 27 apps contain potential revisions related to compatibility issues
  • 29.
    Dataset Collection Five appswith top number of potential issue-related code revisions 12 27 popular, large-scale, well-maintained candidate apps, which have public issue tracking systems
  • 30.
    Dataset Collection Five appswith top number of potential issue-related code revisions 12 Over 1800 code revisions found in the five apps need to be manually inspected 27 popular, large-scale, well-maintained candidate apps, which have public issue tracking systems
  • 31.
    Dataset Collection 191 compatibilityissues Five apps with top number of potential issue-related code revisions (>1800 revisions) 12 27 popular, large-scale, well-maintained candidate apps, which have public issue tracking systems
  • 32.
    Selected Apps App NameCategory Rating Downloads KLOC #Revisions CSipSimple Communication 4.3/5.0 1M - 5M 59.2 1,778 AnkiDroid Education 4.5/5.0 1M - 5M 58.1 8,282 K-9 Mail Communication 4.3/5.0 5M - 10M 86.7 6,116 VLC Media & Video 4.3/5.0 10M - 50M 28.3 6,868 AnySoftKeyboard Tools 4.3/5.0 1M - 5M 70.7 2,788 13
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
    Data Analysis API Identified the issue-inducing APIs Recoveredlinks between revisions and reports Collected related discussions from online forums 14
  • 36.
    RQ1: Issue Typeand Root Cause 15
  • 37.
    RQ1: Issue Typeand Root Cause 15 59%41% Device-specific issues Can only be triggered on certain device models Non-device-specific issues Can be triggered under certain API level
  • 38.
  • 39.
    Device-Specific Issues • Problematicdriver implementation • Different driver implementation can cause inconsistent app behavior across devices. 17
  • 40.
    Device-Specific Issues • Problematicdriver implementation • Different driver implementation can cause inconsistent app behavior across devices. • OS customization • Manufacturer-customized systems may not fully comply with the official specifications and thus cause compatibility issues 17
  • 41.
    Device-Specific Issues • Problematicdriver implementation • Different driver implementation can cause inconsistent app behavior across devices. • OS customization • Manufacturer-customized systems may not fully comply with the official specifications and thus cause compatibility issues • Hardware composition • Diversified hardware composition of different device models can cause compatibility issues 17
  • 42.
    Device-Specific Issues • Problematicdriver implementation • Different driver implementation can cause inconsistent app behavior across devices. Proximity sensor: Report the distance between device and its surrounding object 18
  • 43.
    Device-Specific Issues 19 CSipSimple: An Androidclient app for internet calls Proximity sensor in CSipSimple: Used to detect the distance between user’s face and the device.
  • 44.
    Device-Specific Issues 19 Near CSipSimple: An Androidclient app for internet calls Proximity sensor in CSipSimple: Used to detect the distance between user’s face and the device.
  • 45.
    Device-Specific Issues CSipSimple issue353: Samsung SPH-M900’s proximity sensor API reports a value inversely proportional to the real distance 19 CSipSimple: An Android client app for internet calls Proximity sensor in CSipSimple: Used to detect the distance between user’s face and the device.
  • 46.
    Device-Specific Issues CSipSimple issue353: Samsung SPH-M900’s proximity sensor API reports a value inversely proportional to the real distance 19 CSipSimple: An Android client app for internet calls Proximity sensor in CSipSimple: Used to detect the distance between user’s face and the device.
  • 47.
    Device-Specific Issues CSipSimple issue353: Samsung SPH-M900’s proximity sensor API reports a value inversely proportional to the real distance 19 CSipSimple: An Android client app for internet calls Proximity sensor in CSipSimple: Used to detect the distance between user’s face and the device.
  • 48.
    Device-Specific Issues CSipSimple issue353: Samsung SPH-M900’s proximity sensor API reports a value inversely proportional to the real distance 19 CSipSimple: An Android client app for internet calls Proximity sensor in CSipSimple: Used to detect the distance between user’s face and the device.
  • 49.
    Device-Specific Issues • Peculiarhardware composition SD card variations 20
  • 50.
    Device-Specific Issues • Peculiarhardware composition SD card variations 20
  • 51.
    Device-Specific Issues • Peculiarhardware composition SD card variations 20
  • 52.
    Device-Specific Issues • Peculiarhardware composition SD card variations 20
  • 53.
    Device-Specific Issues • Peculiarhardware composition SD card variations Mount points vary across devices 20
  • 54.
    Device-Specific Issues VLC: A popularAndroid video player 21 SD card in VLC: VLC can play videos stored in the SD card
  • 55.
    Device-Specific Issues VLC: A popularAndroid video player 21 SD card in VLC: VLC can play videos stored in the SD card VLC specifically handle the SD card variations to ensure support of different device models
  • 56.
  • 57.
    Non-Device-Specific Issues • Androidplatform API evolution • Evolving Android system with API introduction, deprecation and behavior modification causes compatibility issues 23
  • 58.
    Non-Device-Specific Issues • Androidplatform API evolution • Evolving Android system with API introduction, deprecation and behavior modification causes compatibility issues • Original Android system bugs • Bugs in the system got fixed in newer version while still existing in older versions can cause compatibility issues. 23
  • 59.
    Non-Device-Specific Issues AnkiDroid pullrequest 130 24 API (Added in API Level 16): SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging()
  • 60.
    Non-Device-Specific Issues AnkiDroid pullrequest 130 24 API (Added in API Level 16): SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() API Level < 16
  • 61.
    Non-Device-Specific Issues AnkiDroid pullrequest 130 24 API (Added in API Level 16): SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() API Level < 16
  • 62.
    RQ2: Issue Fixing •Patch Complexity • Common Patching Patterns 25
  • 63.
    RQ2: Issue Fixing •Patch Complexity • Simple • Small 26 if (android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 16) { sqLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } 1. + 2. 3. +
  • 64.
    RQ2: Issue Fixing •Patch Complexity • To debug and find a valid fix is not easy CSipSimple issue 2436: “HTC has closed source this contact/call log app which makes things almost impossible to debug for me." 27
  • 65.
    RQ2: Issue Fixing •Common patching patterns • Check device information (71.7%) 28
  • 66.
    RQ2: Issue Fixing •Common patching patterns • Check device information (71.7%) • Check availability of software and hardware components (7.3%) 28
  • 67.
    RQ2: Issue Fixing •Common patching patterns • Check device information (71.7%) • Check availability of software and hardware components (7.3%) • App-specific workarounds 28
  • 68.
    RQ2: Issue Fixing •Common patching patterns • Check device information (71.7%) • Check availability of software and hardware components (7.3%) • App-specific workarounds Locating the root cause of compatibility issues is difficult. Whereas, issue fixes are usually simple and demonstrate common patterns. 28
  • 69.
    Applications of theEmpirical Findings • Prioritize testing efforts APILevel Device Model 29
  • 70.
    APILevel Device Model Applications ofthe Empirical Findings • Prioritize testing effortsDriver-relatedAPI 29
  • 71.
    APILevel Device Model Applications ofthe Empirical Findings • Prioritize testing effortsDriver-relatedAPI 29
  • 72.
    APILevel Device Model Applications ofthe Empirical Findings • Detect compatibility issues 30
  • 73.
    API-Context Pair Model •Common compatibility issue pattern 31 Compatibility issues are triggered by the improper use of an Android API (issue-inducing API) in a problematic software or hardware environment (issue-triggering context)
  • 74.
    API-Context Pair Model •Common compatibility issue pattern 32 API-Context Pair Model: Each pattern of compatibility issue is modeled as a pair of issue-inducing API and issue-triggering context
  • 75.
    API-Context Pair Model •Common compatibility issue pattern 32 Context: conjunction of device model, device brand or API level, etc. API-Context Pair Model: Each pattern of compatibility issue is modeled as a pair of issue-inducing API and issue-triggering context
  • 76.
    API-Context Pair Model •Common compatibility issue pattern API-Context Pair Model: Each pattern of compatibility issue is modeled as a pair of issue-inducing API and issue-triggering context 32 API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD"
  • 77.
    FicFinder: Detecting CompatibilityIssues 33 FicFinder: Fragmentation-Induced Compatibility Issue Finder
  • 78.
    FicFinder: Detecting CompatibilityIssues Android app (.apk or .class) List of API-context pairs 33 Analysis Report
  • 79.
    FicFinder: Detecting CompatibilityIssues Android app (.apk or .class) List of API-context pairs Backward slicing analysis Implemented on top of Soot 25 selected API-context pairs 33 Analysis Report
  • 80.
    Example 34 void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabasedb = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD"
  • 81.
    Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabasedb = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" 34
  • 82.
    Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabasedb = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" 34
  • 83.
    Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabasedb = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() 34
  • 84.
    Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabasedb = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() 34
  • 85.
    Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabasedb = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() 34
  • 86.
    Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabasedb = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() 34
  • 87.
    Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabasedb = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase() 34
  • 88.
    Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabasedb = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase() 34
  • 89.
    Example void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabasedb = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } if (isJellyBeanOrLater() || isNookHD) { db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } } AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> boolean isJellyBeanOrLater() { return android.os.Build.SDK_VERSION >= 16; } boolean isNookHD { return android.os.Build.BRAND.equals("NOOK") && android.os.Build.PRODUCT.equals("HDplus") && android.os.Build.DEVICE.equals("ovation"); } API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase() 34
  • 90.
    void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabasedb = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } if (isJellyBeanOrLater() || isNookHD) { db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } } Example AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> boolean isJellyBeanOrLater() { return android.os.Build.SDK_VERSION >= 16; } boolean isNookHD { return android.os.Build.BRAND.equals("NOOK") && android.os.Build.PRODUCT.equals("HDplus") && android.os.Build.DEVICE.equals("ovation"); } API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase() if(isJellyBeanOrLater()||isNookHD) 34
  • 91.
    void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabasedb = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } if (isJellyBeanOrLater() || isNookHD) { db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } } Example API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase() if(isJellyBeanOrLater()||isNookHD) return android.os.Build.SDK_VERSION >= 16 return android.os.Build.BRAND.equals("NO OK")&&android.os.Build.PRODUCT.eq uals("HDplus")&&android.os.Build. DEVICE.equals("ovation") boolean isJellyBeanOrLater() { return android.os.Build.SDK_VERSION >= 16; } boolean isNookHD { return android.os.Build.BRAND.equals("NOOK") && android.os.Build.PRODUCT.equals("HDplus") && android.os.Build.DEVICE.equals("ovation"); } 34
  • 92.
    void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabasedb = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } if (isJellyBeanOrLater() || isNookHD) { db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } } Example API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase() if(isJellyBeanOrLater()||isNookHD) return android.os.Build.SDK_VERSION >= 16 return android.os.Build.BRAND.equals("NO OK")&&android.os.Build.PRODUCT.eq uals("HDplus")&&android.os.Build. DEVICE.equals("ovation") boolean isJellyBeanOrLater() { return android.os.Build.SDK_VERSION >= 16; } boolean isNookHD { return android.os.Build.BRAND.equals("NOOK") && android.os.Build.PRODUCT.equals("HDplus") && android.os.Build.DEVICE.equals("ovation"); } 34
  • 93.
    void disableWAL() { SQLiteDatabasedb = getDatabase(); if (db.inTransaction()) { db.endTransaction(); } if (isJellyBeanOrLater() || isNookHD) { db.disableWriteAheadLogging(); } } Example API: SQLiteDatabase.disableWriteAheadLogging() Context: API_level < 16 ∧ Dev_model != "Nook HD" AndroidManifest.xml <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="15" /> Slice: db.disableWriteAheadLogging() SQLiteDatabase db = getDatabase() if(isJellyBeanOrLater()||isNookHD) return android.os.Build.SDK_VERSION >= 16 return android.os.Build.BRAND.equals("NO OK")&&android.os.Build.PRODUCT.eq uals("HDplus")&&android.os.Build. DEVICE.equals("ovation") boolean isJellyBeanOrLater() { return android.os.Build.SDK_VERSION >= 16; } boolean isNookHD { return android.os.Build.BRAND.equals("NOOK") && android.os.Build.PRODUCT.equals("HDplus") && android.os.Build.DEVICE.equals("ovation"); } 34
  • 94.
    Evaluation • Subject apps:latest version of 27 popular, actively-maintained Android apps • Covering 10 different categories • At least 5K downloads App name Category KLOC Rating Downloads ConnectBot Communication 23.0 4.6 1M – 5M AntennaPod Media & Video 65.0 4.5 100K – 500K c:geo Entertainment 78.8 4.4 1M – 5M AnySoftKeyboard Tools 70.7 4.4 1M – 5M … … … … … 35
  • 95.
    Effectiveness of FicFinder •Configure FicFinder to report both warnings and good practices 36
  • 96.
    Effectiveness of FicFinder •Configure FicFinder to report both warnings and good practices • FicFinder reported 51 warnings and 79 good practices 36
  • 97.
    Effectiveness of FicFinder •Configure FicFinder to report both warnings and good practices • FicFinder reported 51 warnings and 79 good practices 46 of the 51 warnings are true positives (Precision: 90.2%) 36
  • 98.
    Effectiveness of FicFinder •Submitted 14 bug reports • Bug reports included issue-related discussions, API guides and possible fixes in the bug reports to help developers diagnose the issues 37
  • 99.
    Effectiveness of FicFinder •Submitted 14 bug reports • Bug reports included issue-related discussions, API guides and possible fixes in the bug reports to help developers diagnose the issues 8 of the 14 bug reports were acknowledged by app developers. 5 issues were quickly fixed. 37
  • 100.
    Usefulness of FicFinder •Knowledge of API-context pairs extracted from our empirical study can be transferred across different apps 38 AnySoftKeyboard Issue 639: Rule originally extracted from K9 Mail K9 Mail Issue 1237: Rule originally extracted from CSipSimple
  • 101.
    Usefulness of FicFinder •4 of the 5 fixed issues were fixed by adopting our suggested fixes. Thanks, we will do it as you proposed in out next release. :) Please let us know if you found more of these issues. iSsO (1Sheeld developer) 39
  • 102.
    Usefulness of FicFinder •4 of the 5 fixed issues were fixed by adopting our suggested fixes. • The other issue was fixed with an alternative patch, which was semantically equivalent to our suggested one. Thanks, we will do it as you proposed in out next release. :) Please let us know if you found more of these issues. iSsO (1Sheeld developer) 39
  • 103.
    Conclusion • First large-scaleempirical study of Android compatibility issues at code level • API-context pair to model compatibility issues • A static analysis tool, FicFinder, to detect fragmentation-induced compatibility issues 40
  • 104.
    Future Work • AutomateAPI-context pair extraction • Continue to improve the effectiveness of FicFinder 41
  • 105.
    Thank you! More informationcan be found in our paper Or visit FicFinder’s homepage: http://sccpu2.cse.ust.hk/ficfinder/ 41