· Week 3: Crime Analysis: Burglary/Robbery · Read: Cozens, P. M., Saville, G., & Hillier, D. (2005). Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): A review and modern bibliography. Property Management, 23(5), 328-356. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/213402232?accountid=8289 Famega, C. N., Frank, J., & Mazerolle, L. (2005). Managing police patrol time: The role of supervisor directives. Justice Quarterly : JQ, 22(4), 540-559. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/228177475?accountid=8289 Zhang, C., Gholami, S., Kar, D., Sinha, A., Jain, M., Goyal, R., & Tambe, M. (2016). Keeping pace with criminals: An extended study of designing patrol allocation against adaptive opportunistic criminals. Games, 7(3), 15. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/10.3390/g7030015 Lesson Introduction After reading this week’s materials, you will be able to define the role of police patrol and its importance as applied to law enforcement intelligence.  Lesson Objectives ●             Outline and discuss early police and patrol procedures ●             Evaluate modern patrol allocations Course Objectives that apply to this lesson: CO: (3) Demonstrate an understanding of the history of police patrol procedures from the days of early policing to modern day policing allocations. Patrol There are many ways to determine the best way to allocate patrol resources in a community.  Some of them are covered in our studies but that is not the whole story.  Keep in mind that it is more likely to be a combination of models as well as a sensitivity to specific to regional and demographic considerations. It is important to take many variables into consideration when determining how best to utilize patrols.  At the same time, we must remember to expect the unexpected and be as prepared as possible to respond.  No two situations, weeks, months, or years will ever be exactly the same.  This is part of what makes a career in criminal justice such a challenge and also so rewarding. In the early 1900’s and before the work of August Vollmer, there was not much information concerning police allocation.  Vollmer created a list of police functions such as crime prevention, criminal investigation, traffic control, and patrol.  In the early deployment allocation models, the police were distributed based on calls for service and officer workloads.  Although what appeared to be effective at the time, more research began to see potential issues with this model such as police saturation may cause a higher number of arrests.  Other departments in this time frame distributed patrol units evenly without taking into account other factors such as crimes, population, distance, or number of personnel. Preventative Patrol As police operations moved forward, other methods of deployment emerged.  In the 1960’s, law enforcement professional started to shift focus on preventative patrol methods.  As discussed in previous lessons, t ...

1. · Week 3: Crime Analysis: Burglary/Robbery
· Read:
Cozens, P. M., Saville, G., & Hillier, D. (2005). Crime
prevention through environmental design (CPTED): A review
and modern bibliography. Property Management, 23(5), 328-
356. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-
com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/213402232?accountid=8289
Famega, C. N., Frank, J., & Mazerolle, L. (2005). Managing
police patrol time: The role of supervisor directives. Justice
Quarterly : JQ, 22(4), 540-559. Retrieved from https://search-
proquest-
com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/228177475?accountid=8289
Zhang, C., Gholami, S., Kar, D., Sinha, A., Jain, M., Goyal, R.,
& Tambe, M. (2016). Keeping pace with criminals: An extended
study of designing patrol allocation against adaptive
opportunistic criminals. Games, 7(3), 15.
doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/10.3390/g7030015
Lesson Introduction
After reading this week’s materials, you will be able to define
the role of police patrol and its importance as applied to law
enforcement intelligence.
Lesson Objectives
● Outline and discuss early police and patrol procedures
● Evaluate modern patrol allocations
Course Objectives that apply to this lesson:
CO: (3) Demonstrate an understanding of the history of police
patrol procedures from the days of early policing to modern day
policing allocations.
Patrol
There are many ways to determine the best way to allocate
patrol resources in a community. Some of them are covered in
our studies but that is not the whole story. Keep in mind that it
is more likely to be a combination of models as well as a
sensitivity to specific to regional and demographic

2. considerations.
It is important to take many variables into consideration when
determining how best to utilize patrols. At the same time, we
must remember to expect the unexpected and be as prepared as
possible to respond. No two situations, weeks, months, or years
will ever be exactly the same. This is part of what makes a
career in criminal justice such a challenge and also so
rewarding.
In the early 1900’s and before the work of August Vollmer,
there was not much information concerning police allocation.
Vollmer created a list of police functions such as crime
prevention, criminal investigation, traffic control, and patr ol.
In the early deployment allocation models, the police were
distributed based on calls for service and officer workloads.
Although what appeared to be effective at the time, more
research began to see potential issues with this model such as
police saturation may cause a higher number of arrests. Other
departments in this time frame distributed patrol units evenly
without taking into account other factors such as crimes,
population, distance, or number of personnel.
Preventative Patrol
As police operations moved forward, other methods of
deployment emerged. In the 1960’s, law enforcement
professional started to shift focus on preventative patrol
methods. As discussed in previous lessons, the Kansas City
Preventative Patrol Experiment in 1972 sought to determine the
effect of random patrol and in the end it showed that random
patrol was not effective.
Other patrol methodologies include patrolling by geography
which consists of assigning patrol units based upon square
miles. This method deploys officers evenly throughout their
jurisdiction. Forward thinking departments started to look for
other methods of deployment such as deploying by hazard
which entails gathering data concerning hazards, assigning a
weighted score to hazards and using this mathematical score to
allocate resources based upon the finding. Of course this too

3. came under scrutiny based on the accuracy of the math and not
including other data to allocate personnel. This led to querying
models which combined the subjective nature of the geography
and hazard models with predictive analysis using past incidents
to help predict future crimes in a given area. Police
departments broke down the data into area, time of day, severity
of the crime, response times, seasonality, etc…. By using past
data to predict future crimes, this appeared to be a good model.
In essence the querying model based allocation on wait times of
calls or those waiting in que to be serviced. Those districts
with the highest number of calls waiting to be dispatched would
receive more personnel. There were issues with this model such
as uncommitted patrol time was not taken into account,
averaging the time of patrol officers is not specific, rapid
changes in crime could alter the deployment of assets to
increase the number of officers unjustly, and finally, there was
no priority assessed to the calls for service inputted into the
model.
Preventative models such as the simulation model tried to blend
the previous models with the probability of crimes in progress
and the ability of crimes intercepted by police. The models
focused on travel time and the ability to intercept the crime.
However, this model was more subjective rather than
mathematical. Unlike the above models, the Patrol Car
Allocation Model was developed to analyze and optimize
dispatch and patrol responses. It did not try to spread the calls
for service out over watches or districts.
These models are sometimes still used, but in the early 1990’s,
the Patrol Allocation Model emerged. This model was
discussed last week, but it should be emphasized this week as
well. This model takes into account several objectives such as
visibility of officers, response time, call priorities, and officer
availability. From the Patrol Allocation Model came the
Allocation Model of Policing (AMP) and the Model for the
Allocation of Patrol Personnel (MAPP). The AMP was similar
to the Patrol Allocation Model, but was based on Microsoft

4. Excel and a change in one criteria automatically changed the
final analysis. The MAPP is comprehensive in deploying
assets, but the analysis can also be used by managers in
justifying personnel or other resources. The outcomes show
reduces response times, more time for proactive enforcement,
and increased visibility.
Reference
Baker, T. (2005). Introductory criminal analysis: Crime
prevention and intervention strategies. Upper Saddle River,
N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.