This document provides an overview of volcanoes. It begins with definitions of a volcano and how they are formed through the movement of tectonic plates and separation of plates. It describes the typical parts of a volcano including the magmatic chamber, volcanic chimney, crater, volcanic cone and secondary cones. It lists some key features of volcanoes such as the slow formation process and varied materials. It also identifies different types of volcanoes and describes volcanic eruptions. Finally, it lists some of the most famous volcanoes worldwide and provides instructions for a homemade volcanic eruption experiment.

1. Volcanoes

2. Table of
contents
01
04
02
05
03
06
What is a volcano?
How are volcanoes formed?
Types of volcanoes
Volcanic eruptions
Features of volcanoes
The most famous volcanoes

3. What is a volcano?
A volcano is a crack, opening or hole that occurs in the
earth’s crust, which allows lava or magma to be
expelled from there along with ash, gases, rocky
material and liquid at high temperature, among other
things found deep in the earth’s crust

4. How are volcanoes formed?
Volcanoes can also form in places where the plates, instead of colliding,
separate. Because of this, the lithosphere weakens and allows magma to appear
in the earth’s interior
Volcanoes can be formed by the constant movement of tectonic plates on the
earth, which promote the origin of the volcano when a collision occurs between
these plates where one of them emerges. This gives rise to the hot liquid in
specific areas of the earth
Tectonic plate separation
Movement of tectonic plates

5. Parts of a volcano
● Magmatic chamber: is a deposit of molten rock or magma that lies beneath the earth’s
crust at high pressure
● Volcanic chimney: is the space that communicates the magmatic chamber with the
exterior. Its length may vary according to the shape of the volcano
● Crater: it is the hole or opening of the volcano, it is the contact between the chimney and
the exterior surface, from where the magma will be expelled from the interior of the earth
● Volcanic cone: the various liquid, solid and gaseous materials expelled by the volcano from
the earth’s interior
● Secondary cones: in the event that fissures are created by the pressure exerted by the
gases during the eruption, the various materials will also be expelled through them

6. Features of volcanoes
1. The formation of a volcano can take thousands of years. It is a very slow process
2. There are different forms of volcanoes, but most of them have in common the opening from
where they expel different liquid, solid and gaseous materials
3. The materials that form the volcano can be varied since this will depend on the terrestrial
crust where it is produced
4. The fact that a volcano is inactive does not guarantee that it will not be able to start a
volcanic eruption process
5. The temperature of the lava expelled by the volcano can reach up to 1000 °C
6. Volcanoes are also in space, as they are formed on planets and satellites

7. Types of volcanoes
There are different types of volcanoes, which depend
on the place where they originated, their shape and
size, and even the materials they expel. The best
known are: composite volcanoes or stratovolcanoes,
cinder or scoria cones, shield volcanoes, calderas and
submarine volcanoes

8. Volcanic eruptions
Volcanic eruption is the violent expulsion of different liquid,
solid and gaseous materials (lava, magma, gases, rocks, etc.)
from the interior of the earth’s crust to the earth’s surface. This
occurs when the temperature inside the earth rises, and an
internal explosion occurs

9. The most famous volcanoes
The most important volcanoes worldwide according to their size, activity and age are:
Name of the volcano Location
01 Kilimanjaro Tanzania
02 Popocatépetl Mexico
03 Mauna Loa Hawaii
04 Etna Sicily (Italy)
05 Vesuvius Italy
06 Teide Tenerife (Spain)
07 Lanín Argentina

10. Volcanic experiment: materials
Step by step to create your own homemade volcano
Materials
01 Cardboard 07 Sodium bicarbonate
02 Scissors 08 Liquid dish detergent
03 Adhesive tape 09 Plate
04 Funnel 10 Pencil
05 Empty 1 or 1.5 L plastic bottle 11 Soup spoon and dessert spoon
06 Vinegar 12 Coloring - optional

11. Volcanic experiment: steps
01
Draw the silhouette of a volcano, taking into account the neck of the bottle, on the
cardboard. It should be big enough to cover the bottle and go down to half the
height of the bottle
02 Cut out the silhouette and fold it into a cone shape
03
Cut the bottle into two pieces. One will go from the neck of it to ⅓ of the length of
the container. The second will be the base area
04 Tape the two pieces together to make a shorter bottle
05
Add newspaper to the shape of the bottle and, to finish shaping the volcano, place
the cardboard cone. Paint the color of your choice on your volcano

12. Volcanic experiment: steps
06 In a bowl, mix the baking soda, food coloring and a little detergent
07 Stir the elements until well blended
08 Pour the mixture inside the volcano
09
Finally, pour through the mouth of the bottle, with the help of a funnel, a good
splash of vinegar. Remove the funnel and observe the reaction
Source of the experiment: https://saposyprincesas.elmundo.es/ocio-en-casa/experimentos/experimento-
un-volcan-en-erupcion/

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