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第三章:
词组及词组的类型
一、词组(短语)
• 词和词可以按照一定的语序或依靠一定
的虚词组合起来,构成短语(也称词
组)。
• 其组合不限于两个词,有时是三个或多
个词。如:中学语文教材
短语是词和词组合在一起构成短语。
提醒幸福
认真学习
进行合作
天上的街市
我的信念
我和他
按一
定的
语序
借助
虚词
组合
二、词组(短语)的类型
基本类型:
1.并列短语 8.同位短语
2.主谓短语 9.介宾短语
3.动宾短语 10.“的”字短语
4.偏正短语 11.“所”字短语
5.数量短语 12.复杂词组
6.中补短语(补充短语)
7.方位短语
1.并列短语 词和词之间没有轻重主次
之分,是平等的联合
• 结构:名+名
如:报纸杂志 今天或明天
• 结构:动+动
如:调查研究 讨论并通过
类型
• 结构:形+形
如:雄伟壮丽 漂亮聪明
• 结构:代+代
如:我和他 这样那样
类型
• 并列短语一般要求词性相同,但个别也
有不同
如:姐姐和我 (名词+代词)
2、主谓短语
• 由主语和谓语两部分构成。主语表示陈述
的对象,谓语表示陈述的内容。
• 主语可以回答谓语“谁”、“什么”;
谓语可以回答主语“做什么”“怎么样” 。
• 主语一般由名词、代词来充当;而谓语由
动词、形容词来充当。
2.主谓短语
如: 我们学习 思想解放
阳光灿烂 心情舒畅
特殊主谓短语:名词做谓语。
如:今天星期三
明天国庆节
他中等身材
结构:名词(代词)+动词(形容词)
3、动宾短语
• 由动词和它的宾语组成。宾语是受动词支
配的对象。
• 宾语是回答动词“谁”、“什么”、“哪
儿”的。
例:吃饭,去学校,见他,看医生、吃一个
• 宾语一般由名词、代词或数量词来充当。
• V+宾语(名词、代词、数量词)
4.偏正短语
前偏后正:“偏”修饰、
限制“正”
• 结构:定+中(名、代)---定中短语
如:(祖国)大地 (老)顾客
(可爱的)人 (我的)老师
• 结构:状+中(动、形)----状中短
语
如: [独立]思考 [很]好看
[完全]相信 [更加]坚强
“的”是定语的标志;“地”是状语
的标志。 “得”是补语的标志
5、数量短语
数量短语由词或指示代词加上数量
词组成。因此,具有两种:
5.1 数量短语
一个、二斤、四
里、三次、一回、
三只、一碗、两
包
5.2 指量短语
这种、那种、
这堆、这次、
那回。
6、中补短语(补充短语)
• 由动词或形容词与它们后边的补语构
成。补语起补充说明的作用。
• 动补短语
• 例如: 填〈满〉 吓〈跑〉 洗得
〈干净〉 睡〈在床上〉
• 形补短语
• 例如: 暗得〈很〉 大得〈多〉
冻得〈麻木〉
6.中补短语
起补充说明作用的成分是
补语
• 动补短语:动+补
如:看<清楚>
去<一趟>
打量<一番>
拿<起来>
吓<跑>
盛<满>
结构助词“得”是补语的标志
如:跑得快、机灵得很、密得不透气
• 形补短语:形+补
如:好<极了>
热<死了>
强得<多>
暗得<很>
冻得<麻木>
结构助词“得”是补语的标志
如:跑得快、机灵得很、密得不透气
7、方位短语
• 方位短语是名词或动词后面带上
方位名词。
• 山上、月光下、他们之间(名词)
• 吃饭以前、改革中、回收之间(动词)
• 树林东边、操场上(处所)
• 六十分以下、三十岁以上(范围)
8、同位短语(复指短语)
1.由两部分组成,两部分所指内容相同,意义
上有复指关系,结构上是同位关系,在句中做
同一成分。
例:首都北京、厂长老王、他自己、咱们
学生、母子二人、美丽这个词、春秋两季、
我们每一个人
8、同位短语(复指短语)
2、复指短语都是名词性的,中间一
般不能加入虚词;加后意义有变化。
例:我们渔民。
我们的渔民(x)
8、同位短语(复指短语)
3、一些复指短语中间可以加入指量
短语。
例:我们渔民
我们这些渔民
介宾短语 表示时间、处所、方
位、对象等等
结构:介+名 介+代 介+名词短语
如: 为人民(服务)
对大家(说)
从现在(起)
关于学习(的问题)
沿着河岸(走)
按规定(办理)
把大门(推开)
10.“的”字短语 定语用结构助词
“的”名词短语
• 结构:名词+的
如:这本书是哥哥的。
• 结构:代词+的
如:这本书是我的。
类型
• 结构:动词+的
如:吃的、穿的、在冰场上滑冰的
• 结构:形容词+的
如:红的是花、绿的是草
11.“所”字短语
是“所”字加在动词前,组成名
词性短语。
例如:所思、所想、所忆、所
需、所认识、所见、所闻、所
作、所为、所有、所图、所谓
ngữ pháp ( tuần 11).pdf

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ngữ pháp ( tuần 11).pdf