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‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬:.
‫أﻣﺎم‬ ‫ت‬
‫وﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬.
‫ﻟﻮك‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬)‫ق‬17-18(‫واﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدر‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره‬
‫وﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
.
‫إن‬/
‫أﻓﻌﺎل‬.
..
‫ﺟﻮل‬J. Lachelier‫وﻗﺎرة‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫أن‬.
:.
.‫اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎﺗﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪو‬ ،‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺔ‬.
.
Schopenhauer
.
.
.‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮء‬ ‫ن‬
‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻋﻮارض‬.
)..(
Mounier
.:
.‫ﺧ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫إن‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬
:
...""
"‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎر‬""."
.
.
‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬
‫إﻃﺎر‬
‫إﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬
‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬‫ﻣﺪى‬‫وﺣﺪة‬
‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎره‬‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬‫و‬ ً‫اﻷﻧﺎ‬ ً
‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺮ‬)(‫ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ؟‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺠﺪ‬‫ﻛﺎﻧﻂ‬
.‫ﻓﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬
‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬.
‫و‬‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬
..
‫ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫أﻣﺎ‬
‫واﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﺪوره‬...
‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮاﺟﺐ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﺜﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬.
‫راوﻟﺰ‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬Rawls.J،.
‫واﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪأي‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬.–‫راوﻟﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬–
:،‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺲ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﻼك‬
.
.‫ﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎح‬
.
‫ﻏﻮﺳﺪورف‬ ‫ﺟﻮرج‬Gusdorf.G،.
.
–‫ﻏﻮﺳﺪورف‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻘﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬–
..‫ﻣﺠﺮد‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻻ‬
.
‫أﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻼب‬‫اﻟﻀﺮورة‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻲء‬ ‫أو‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬
‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﻓﻼﺳﻔﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻀﺮورة‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬
Mounier.
personnalisation‫واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺬات‬.
.:
...
،‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬.
.‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
.
.
.
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬.
...‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﺣﺪه‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ف‬
.
‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫وراء‬.
‫ﺗﺮﻏﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ذواﺗﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬.
‫اﻷﻣﺮ‬.
‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬.
‫ﻛﺘﺨ‬
..‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻼوة‬
...
.
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫ﻮﺿﻊ‬‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬:.
‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺎ‬.‫واﻋﺘﻤﺪ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎرف‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮروث‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻓﺾ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬...‫ﻓﻮﺟﻮد‬
:‫اﻟﺸﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫إن‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺖ‬...
.
‫وﻗﺪ‬
.
..‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫واﻋﺘﺮاف‬
..
.
‫ﺳﺎرﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﺎن‬
:‫وﻟﻜ‬ ً
.
‫إﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬
.
‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬
‫ﺮ؟‬
))
."‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬"
".‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮد‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬
): (‫أي‬
.:‫إدراك‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻵﺧﺮ‬
.
.
eMalebranch.N‫أن‬
‫واﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬.‫ﺑﻞ‬‫أ‬
.‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﻄ‬.
.
.
‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫إﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﺗﻲ‬".
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬
.
‫و‬Scheler.M)(،
‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬.
.
)‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫أو‬(.
‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬:
‫ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ؟‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻﺮاع‬
‫ﺻﺮاع‬...
‫وﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﻮل‬ ‫وﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻗﺼﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ‬..
1‫اﻟﺼﺪاﻗﺔ‬:
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدل‬..
‫واﻻﺣﺘﺮام‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺐ‬.
‫اﻟﺤﺐ‬ ‫أو‬.
‫أﻓﻼﻃـﻮن‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬‫وﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻊ‬‫د‬
‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬‫اﻟﺒﺤ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬‫ﺚ‬...
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻜﻤﺎل‬
.
.
‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬‫أرﺳﻄـﻮ‬,‫ﺑﻞ‬‫ﺛﻼﺛ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬‫ﺔ‬
.‫ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻤﻄﺎن‬‫ا‬‫ﻷوﻻن‬)‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ‬/‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ‬(
‫واﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮد‬
,.‫واﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬)(‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻘﺔ‬
.‫إﻃﺎ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻠﺔ‬‫واﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ‬
.‫ﻂ‬‫ﻧﺎدر‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺪاﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﻮﺟﻮد‬.
‫اﺣﺘﺎﺟﻮا‬‫اﻟﻌﺪاﻟ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬‫ﺔ‬.
2‫اﻟﻐﺮاﺑﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺮاﺋﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺬر‬
J.Kristeva.
‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬.
.
"‫ﻧﺤﻦ‬"
.""‫ﺳﻨﻜﻒ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺬه‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬.
Kojève.A"
‫واﻟﻌﺒﺪ‬.".
..
‫اﻟﻤﻮت‬..
.
‫ﺿﻌﻲ‬‫أوﻏﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻧﺖ‬A.Comte
.
.‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎ‬ ‫وﺻﻮل‬ ‫إن‬
.‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬
.
.
.
‫ا‬
.
)‫وﺑﻌﺪه‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬(
.
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬
1.
‫اﻹﻧﺠﺎز‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪرة‬.
.
C.Bernard:
----
----)‫ﺗ‬‫ﺴﺎؤل‬(‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺄﺳﺲ‬‫ﻣﺒﺪأ‬.
----
.
----
.
:
.
.
‫ﺗﻮم‬ ‫روﻧﻲ‬Thom.R
.)‫ﺗﻮم‬ ‫روﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻘﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬(
‫ﺮ‬.
...
.
‫إﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬
‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬
2.
‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬‫إﻧﺸﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬،‫ﺔ‬
--"‫أزﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬")...‫إﻟﺦ‬(
.
.
‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬"")(‫ﻊ‬
.
""
).(
‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬‫ئ‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬ ،‫وأﻓﻜﺎر‬
‫ﺻﺪق‬ ‫ﻹﺛﺒﺎت‬.
‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻼر‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺳﺘﻮن‬ ‫ﺣﺎول‬G.Bachelad–-
.
)‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬(.
‫أﺻﺒﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ،‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫وﻋﻲ‬ ‫إﻃﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻌﺪ‬
..
‫إذن‬"‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬‫واﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
.
:
:
.
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬
.
‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬.
‫إن‬
.
.‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬.‫إن‬
.
.
.
.
.
.‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬‫أﺧﻄﺎء‬.
1234
5678
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬
3.
‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬""
‫ﺔ‬‫ﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ق‬.
‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬:"
"
#
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬‫ﺑﻮﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎرل‬‫ﻛﻮﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬""..
"
‫ﻛﺎذﺑﺔ‬.
#
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ب‬
‫ﻦ‬:
‫ﻦ‬‫ﻦ‬
‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎداﻣﺖ‬
‫ﻲ‬
.
"
".
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻼر‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺳﺘﻮن‬:
"‫ﺣﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻠﻲ‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮد‬":
.
–‫ﺑﺎﺷﻼر‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬-ruptures.‫ﺷﺄن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺎن‬
.
1.‫اﻟﺤﻘ‬
"‫اﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺴﺢ‬"
.
.
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻼر‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺳﺘﻮن‬Bachelard.G:‫ا‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺴﺎق‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ‬
.–‫ﺑﺎﺷﻼر‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻘﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬-
.
#
Leibniz.
.
.
.
.
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬
.
2.
"‫اﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻲ‬":‫ﺔ‬‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
:‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻲ‬
""
‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬;.
‫ﻟﻮك‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬""
‫ﺻﻨﻔﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاس‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻌﺎرف‬:1–:‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬
.2–:‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت‬
.
‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬:.
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬
;
:""‫ﻣﺎداﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺔ‬
""
"
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬"‫ﺎ‬"
:‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮرا‬‫ل‬:"
"‫ﺑﺸﻼر‬:.
‫إﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬:‫ﻦ‬
3.
‫أن‬
.
:"‫ﺣﺮام‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺬب‬ ‫و‬ ‫واﺟﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫إن‬"
.
.
‫إﻻ‬‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻏﻤﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫أن‬)‫اﻟﻨﻔﻌﻲ‬)‫ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮة‬ ‫ﻔﺔ‬
‫أن‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻷﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ف‬
.
‫و‬‫أﻓﻼﻃﻮن‬ ‫أﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬‫ﻣﺤﺎو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻘﺮاط‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺸـﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳـﺎﺋﻞ‬‫ﺗﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻹﺟﻤﺎع‬
.‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫إن‬ ،‫ﺑﻞ‬
.
..
‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬1.
‫ﻟﻮﺟﻮد؟‬
‫ﻟﻮك‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬.‫وﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮى‬‫اﻵﺧﺮة‬.
‫اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬
.‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬‫أن‬
.
.
‫ﺻﻮاب‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬.
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#
‫ﻠﻜﺎت‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎص‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬""‫و‬"‫ﺻﺎرﻣﺔ‬"
"""‫اﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺮب‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬"
.
‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬:
.
‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬2.
‫ﻣﺎ‬
Machiavel
.
‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ،‫واﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫واﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ‬
.
‫ذﻛﺮه‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻮء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎص‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎس‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬.)(
‫اﻻﻧﺨﺪاع‬...
Touraine.A.
.
.
‫اﻟﺤﺮة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎدرة‬.‫ﻣﺤﺎرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.
...
‫ﻨﺔ‬..
.
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬.
‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬
3.
Weber.M
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬‫ﻌﻨﻒ‬.
‫اﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ‬.
‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺔ‬ ‫دون‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬ ‫أي‬.
.
‫أﻣﺎ‬Ricoeur.P
‫واﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬.:.‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬
.‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
..
‫اﻟﺤﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﺮاد‬.
.
‫ﺗﺆﻛﺪ‬Russ.J‫واﻗﻌﺎ‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫دوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮدا‬.
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬.‫ا‬ ‫ﻷن‬‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬)(.‫إذن‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬"‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻞ‬
"‫و‬"‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﻣﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺨﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫دوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ‬:‫وﻓﺼﻞ‬ ،‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻄ‬‫ﺔ‬.".‫ﻣﺴﺘ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫إﺣﻘﺎق‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬‫اﻟﺴﻠﻄ‬‫ﺔ‬
)‫اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬.(
‫اﻟﺤ‬ ‫دوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬‫ﻖ‬:
‫اﻟ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬
.
.
.
.
‫ﺘﺄﺳﺲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻤﺎء‬.
‫واﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬
1.
Hobbes‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫أن‬
..
‫ﻓﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬??)"‫ﺣﺮب‬
‫اﻟ‬‫اﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﻜﻞ‬.("
.
./
"‫اﻟﺒﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﺣﺐ‬"
"."
‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ن‬"‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬
"‫ﻣﺎ‬
."")
("‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ‬."
‫أﻣﺎن‬""‫؟‬‫و‬ ‫وﺣﺪه‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻀﻮع‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬
..
#
‫روﺳﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﺎك‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬
."."
:.،‫ﺛﻤﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬
)
‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫ﺑﺰوال‬ ‫ﺗﺰول‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺄﺳﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫إن‬ ،‫آﺧﺮ‬.(
.
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬:
.
‫واﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬
2.‫ﻟﻠﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﺄﺳﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬
‫أﻻن‬Alain
.:‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎ‬.‫وﻣﻊ‬
.
.
‫ﻞ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة‬
#
::
‫اﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬ ‫إﺣﻘﺎق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻲ‬=)‫اﻹﻧﺼﺎف‬(‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬
.
‫ﻦ‬
":"
)
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻂ‬(
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬:
.
‫واﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬
3.
.
.
.
‫راوﻟﺰ‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬Rawls.J
‫اﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة‬ ‫وﺗﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدﻟﺔ‬.
‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬.
.‫اﻟﻤﻔ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫دون‬."‫إﻧ‬‫ﺼﺎف‬"‫اﻟﻜﻔﺎءات‬
"‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة‬".
‫واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻦ‬.
""Agora
.
9101112
13141516
‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬1.‫واﻹﻛﺮاه‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬
‫ﻋ‬.
.
.
.‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ،‫ﺛﻤﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬
.
..
،‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺧﻼف‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬Hume:
.).(...‫أﻣﺎ‬
.
‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬
.
‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬:
‫اﻟﻤﻤﻨﻮع‬..
‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬2.‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬.‫ﻓﻄﺮي‬ ‫وﻋﻲ‬ ،‫إذن‬ ،‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬.
.
.
:
.
.
،‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫وﻋﻜﺲ‬
..
..
"."
)‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺎ‬(
‫ﺳ‬/.
‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮازع‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬)‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺎ‬(
‫ﻣﺠﺰ‬‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫وءة‬‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬3.‫واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬
Durkheim
.
.
..."‫اﻵﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ‬"
‫اﻟﻤﺠ‬
"‫ﺟﻤﻌﻲ‬ ‫وﻋﻲ‬".
‫ﺑﺮﻏﺴﻮن‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬.
:.
..‫وﻟﻜﻲ‬
.
.‫ﺛﻤﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬
‫ن‬
.
.
:
،‫ﺣﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻮن‬
‫اﺗﺨﺎذ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﺪ‬ ‫أم‬‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ؟‬
"‫أرﺳﻄﻮ‬"‫ﻖ‬
‫وﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ﺔ‬.
"‫راوﻟﺲ‬"‫اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺄﺳﺲ‬‫م‬‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻦ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة‬‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺒﺎت‬.
‫ﻣﺠﺰوءةاﻷﺧﻼﻗﺎﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬‫اﻹﻛﺮاه‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬:
"‫ﻛﺎﻧﻂ‬"
،‫ﺳﻠﻮك‬
"‫ج‬."‫ﻧﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺪرة‬‫ﻧﺴﺎ‬‫ن‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬‫واﺟﺒﺎ‬.
‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬:
‫اﻹﺣﺴﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮاﺟﺒﺎت؟‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬‫اﺣﺘﺮا‬ ‫ﺑﻀﺮورة‬‫م‬‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ؟‬
"‫ج‬.‫ج‬.‫روﺳﻮ‬"‫اﻹﺣﺴﺎس‬‫إن‬ ،‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﺣﺘﺮام‬ ‫ﺑﻀﺮورة‬
.
""‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬‫ﻣﺼﺪره‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺣﺘﺮام‬‫ﺔ‬)‫اﻟﻘﺮض‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬(
‫ﺑﺈرﺟﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬‫ع‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺧﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬.
‫واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬:
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ‬‫اﻻﻟﺘﺰا‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬‫م‬
‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻞ‬‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ؟‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬
""‫اﺣﺘﺮام‬‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪره‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮاﺟﺒﺎت‬.
"‫ﺑﺮﻏﺴﻮن‬"‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤ‬ ‫اﻧﻐﻼق‬‫ﻊ‬.
‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬.1:
‫ﻧﺴ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن؟‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
.‫ﻟﻮ‬
.
.
‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬‫ﻧﻂ‬
.
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ‬
‫وأن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮس‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎق‬
.
‫ﻏﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫اﻹرادة‬.‫ﻓﺮد‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬
.
..
‫ﻓﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮة‬ ‫اﻹرادة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫وإﻧﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺾ‬.
‫دواﺗﻨﺎ‬.
‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬2.:
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ‬.:
.
.
.
‫اﻟﻮﺟﻮد‬"‫ﺣﺮ،ﻗﺪ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫إن‬‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻜﻮم‬ ، ‫ﺣﺮا‬
."
–‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬‫ﺳﺎرﺗﺮ‬-.
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎع‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻲء‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.
‫ا‬
‫وأﻃﺎﺣﺖ‬ ،‫واﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ‬ ‫واﻟﺸﻔﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻷرﻗﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ‬ ‫وأﻛﺜﺮ‬superman" " .–‫اﻷول‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬–‫ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺴﺪة‬
‫ﻮن‬"‫ﺣﺮة‬ ‫روﺣﺎ‬".‫اﻋﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬
"‫اﻷورﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬"
.
‫ﻣﺠﺰوء‬‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ة‬.3:
.‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺟﺪ‬
.
‫ﻹﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﻲ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬...‫ﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫إذ‬
‫ﻹﺣﺮاز‬
‫ﻹﻃﻼق‬.
‫اﻟﺴ‬.‫ﺳﺘﺘﻌﺮض‬
.
.
‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬‫،وﺗﻘﺘﺮن‬ ‫واﻟﺪﻻﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬
.
.
tArend
.)(
.
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت‬
.
‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬:
.
‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
-
.
‫أﻧﺎ‬".
‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬
‫إ‬).(
)
...‫اﻟﺦ‬()‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎون‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ‬ ،‫ﺼﺪاﻗﺔ‬...‫اﻟﺦ‬.(
)...‫اﻟﺦ‬.(
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮف‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬.
‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬.
.:
"")‫اﻟﻼﺣﻖ‬ ‫أﻧﻈﺮ‬(،
‫ﻟ‬ ‫إﻗﺼﺎء‬--.
:
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬
.
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬
.‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻧﻄﻲ‬:
+
+
+
+
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺼﻒ‬.
‫إذا‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺠﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻧﺎ‬"‫ﻻﻻﻧﺪ‬"] :)‫اﻟﻘﻮل‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄـﺎﺑﻖ‬(
].
)‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬(‫اﻟﻜﻼم‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﺎب‬ ‫و‬)).
‫ﻟﻜـﻦ‬
:
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬
‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬
..‫إﻟﺦ‬.‫ﻓﻲ‬
.
.‫ﻹﺛﺎرة‬ ‫وﻟﺔ‬
:
‫واﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬
‫أﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬.
.‫ﻃﺮح‬
:
‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬
.
:
‫اﻟ‬""‫أو‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﻮي‬ ‫ﺷﻌﻮر‬.
:
‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫إن‬.
.
.‫اﻟﺘﻔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻻ‬
.
‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫أوﻟﻲ‬)(:
‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬
"‫ﻟﻮك‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬"‫اﻹدراك‬ ‫إن‬
‫اﻟﺸﻌﻮر‬.
""‫اﻟﻨﺎس‬ ‫واﺧﺘﻼف‬ ،‫اﻹرادة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺄﺳﺲ‬‫ﺎ‬.
"‫ﻛﺎﻧﻂ‬"‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺒﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬.
"‫ﻏﻮﺳﺪورف‬"‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬‫ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬.
"‫ج‬.‫ب‬.‫ﺳﺎرﺗﺮ‬"‫اﻹﻧﺴ‬‫ن‬
.
""
‫اﻟﺘﺤﺮر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﻀ‬‫ﻐﻮﻃﺎت‬.
:
""‫وﺟﻮد‬
‫إﻧﺴﺎن‬.
"‫ج‬.‫ب‬.‫ﺳﺎرﺗﺮ‬"‫ى‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮ‬ ‫وﺗﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ‬‫أو‬ ‫ﺷﻲء‬ ‫د‬ٍ‫ﺪ‬ْ‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﻋ‬.
:
""‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬‫ﺶ‬
.
""‫ﺗﺘﺄﺳﺲ‬‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺮ‬.
:
""‫اﻟﺼﺪاﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬.
"‫ﻛﻮﻧﺖ‬ ‫أوﻏﺴﺖ‬"‫اﻷﺧ‬ ‫أﺟﻞ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎس‬.
‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
"‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎرد‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮد‬"‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫دور‬‫ﺔ‬)‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
‫ﺔ‬).
"‫ﻃﻮم‬ ‫روﻧﻲ‬"‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
.
""‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬‫ئ‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬ ،‫وأﻓﻜﺎر‬‫ﺻﺪق‬ ‫ﻹﺛﺒﺎت‬
.
"‫ﺑﺎﺷﻼر‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺳﺘﻮن‬"‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬‫واﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
.
""‫ﺗﻌﺪد‬‫ﻧﺴﺠﺎ‬‫م‬
‫ﻟﻤﺒﺪأ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻀﻊ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬‫ﻲ‬.
"‫ﺑﻮﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎرل‬"‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬‫ﺔ‬
.
:
""
‫ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬‫ﻖ‬.
"‫ﺑﺎﺷﻼر‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺳﺘﻮن‬"‫اﻟﺮأي‬‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬‫ﻟﻤ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻓﻮق‬.
:
""
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬‫ﺔ‬.
""‫اﻟﺨﻄ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻨﺐ‬‫ﺄ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻲء‬.
:
""‫اﻧﺤﺮاف‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬
‫اﻷﻓﻜﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻘﺔ‬‫ء‬.
""‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮأي‬ ‫واﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪاد‬-
‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬
‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬
:
""‫ﺑﻞ‬ ،‫واﻹﺧﻀﺎع‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪاد‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬
.
""‫ﺑﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم‬.
:
""‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫غ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬.
"‫ﺧﻠﺪون‬ ‫اﺑﻦ‬"‫اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫اﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬.
:
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
""‫اﻟﺪوﻟ‬‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻹﺧﻀﺎع‬‫س‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﺎ‬.
"‫اﻟﻌﺮوي‬ ‫اﷲ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬"‫ﻛﻞ‬‫واﻟﻌﻨ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮة‬‫ﻒ‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرا‬‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ،.
‫واﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬.
:
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪره‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أم‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
""‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬
‫ﻓﻀﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ‬‫اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬،‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬
"‫ج‬.‫ج‬.‫روﺳﻮ‬"‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ث‬‫ﻣﺼﺪرا‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﺎء‬
‫ﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬.
‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬:
""‫إﻃﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎرج‬‫ر‬
.
"‫آﻻن‬"‫اﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬‫ﻲ‬
.
17
18
1920
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 دروس-الفلسفة-كلها-في-أربع-صفحات-رائعة-جدا
 دروس-الفلسفة-كلها-في-أربع-صفحات-رائعة-جدا

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كل قواعد رياضيات 2 bac
 

دروس-الفلسفة-كلها-في-أربع-صفحات-رائعة-جدا

  • 1. ‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬:. ‫أﻣﺎم‬ ‫ت‬ ‫وﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬. ‫ﻟﻮك‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬)‫ق‬17-18(‫واﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدر‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره‬ ‫وﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ . ‫إن‬/ ‫أﻓﻌﺎل‬. .. ‫ﺟﻮل‬J. Lachelier‫وﻗﺎرة‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫أن‬. :. .‫اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎﺗﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪو‬ ،‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬. . Schopenhauer . . .‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮء‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻋﻮارض‬. )..( Mounier .: .‫ﺧ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫إن‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ : ..."" "‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎر‬""." . . ‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫إﻃﺎر‬ ‫إﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬‫ﻣﺪى‬‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎره‬‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬‫و‬ ً‫اﻷﻧﺎ‬ ً ‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬)(‫ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ؟‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺠﺪ‬‫ﻛﺎﻧﻂ‬ .‫ﻓﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬. ‫و‬‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ .. ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﺪوره‬... ‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮاﺟﺐ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﺜﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬. ‫راوﻟﺰ‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬Rawls.J،. ‫واﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪأي‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬.–‫راوﻟﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬– :،‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺲ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﻼك‬ . .‫ﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎح‬ . ‫ﻏﻮﺳﺪورف‬ ‫ﺟﻮرج‬Gusdorf.G،. . –‫ﻏﻮﺳﺪورف‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻘﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬– ..‫ﻣﺠﺮد‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻻ‬ . ‫أﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻼب‬‫اﻟﻀﺮورة‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻲء‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﻼﺳﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺮورة‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬ Mounier. personnalisation‫واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺬات‬. .: ... ،‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬. .‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ . . . ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬. ...‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﺣﺪه‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ف‬ . ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫وراء‬. ‫ﺗﺮﻏﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ذواﺗﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬. ‫اﻷﻣﺮ‬. ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬. ‫ﻛﺘﺨ‬ ..‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻼوة‬ ... . ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫ﻮﺿﻊ‬‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬:. ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺎ‬.‫واﻋﺘﻤﺪ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎرف‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮروث‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻓﺾ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬...‫ﻓﻮﺟﻮد‬ :‫اﻟﺸﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺖ‬... . ‫وﻗﺪ‬ . ..‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫واﻋﺘﺮاف‬ .. . ‫ﺳﺎرﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﺎن‬ :‫وﻟﻜ‬ ً . ‫إﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ . ‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﺮ؟‬ )) ."‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬" ".‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮد‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ): (‫أي‬ .:‫إدراك‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻵﺧﺮ‬ . . eMalebranch.N‫أن‬ ‫واﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬.‫ﺑﻞ‬‫أ‬ .‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﻄ‬. . . ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫إﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﺗﻲ‬". ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬ . ‫و‬Scheler.M)(، ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬. . )‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫أو‬(. ‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬: ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ؟‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻﺮاع‬ ‫ﺻﺮاع‬... ‫وﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﻮل‬ ‫وﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻗﺼﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ‬.. 1‫اﻟﺼﺪاﻗﺔ‬: ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدل‬.. ‫واﻻﺣﺘﺮام‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺐ‬. ‫اﻟﺤﺐ‬ ‫أو‬. ‫أﻓﻼﻃـﻮن‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬‫وﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻊ‬‫د‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬‫اﻟﺒﺤ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬‫ﺚ‬... ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻜﻤﺎل‬ . . ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬‫أرﺳﻄـﻮ‬,‫ﺑﻞ‬‫ﺛﻼﺛ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬‫ﺔ‬ .‫ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻤﻄﺎن‬‫ا‬‫ﻷوﻻن‬)‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ‬/‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ‬( ‫واﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮد‬ ,.‫واﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬)(‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻘﺔ‬ .‫إﻃﺎ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻠﺔ‬‫واﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ‬ .‫ﻂ‬‫ﻧﺎدر‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺪاﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﻮﺟﻮد‬. ‫اﺣﺘﺎﺟﻮا‬‫اﻟﻌﺪاﻟ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬‫ﺔ‬. 2‫اﻟﻐﺮاﺑﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺋﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺬر‬ J.Kristeva. ‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬. . "‫ﻧﺤﻦ‬" .""‫ﺳﻨﻜﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺬه‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬. Kojève.A" ‫واﻟﻌﺒﺪ‬.". .. ‫اﻟﻤﻮت‬.. . ‫ﺿﻌﻲ‬‫أوﻏﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﺖ‬A.Comte . .‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎ‬ ‫وﺻﻮل‬ ‫إن‬ .‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ . . . ‫ا‬ . )‫وﺑﻌﺪه‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬( . ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬ 1. ‫اﻹﻧﺠﺎز‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪرة‬. . C.Bernard: ---- ----)‫ﺗ‬‫ﺴﺎؤل‬(‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺄﺳﺲ‬‫ﻣﺒﺪأ‬. ---- . ---- . : . . ‫ﺗﻮم‬ ‫روﻧﻲ‬Thom.R .)‫ﺗﻮم‬ ‫روﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻘﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬( ‫ﺮ‬. ... . ‫إﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬ 2. ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬‫إﻧﺸﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬،‫ﺔ‬ --"‫أزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬")...‫إﻟﺦ‬( . . ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬"")(‫ﻊ‬ . "" ).( ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬‫ئ‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬ ،‫وأﻓﻜﺎر‬ ‫ﺻﺪق‬ ‫ﻹﺛﺒﺎت‬. ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻼر‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺳﺘﻮن‬ ‫ﺣﺎول‬G.Bachelad–- . )‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬(. ‫أﺻﺒﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ،‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫وﻋﻲ‬ ‫إﻃﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻌﺪ‬ .. ‫إذن‬"‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬‫واﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ . : : . ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ . ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬. ‫إن‬ . .‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬.‫إن‬ . . . . . .‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬‫أﺧﻄﺎء‬. 1234 5678
  • 2. ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬ 3. ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬"" ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ق‬. ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬:" " # ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬‫ﺑﻮﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎرل‬‫ﻛﻮﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬"".. " ‫ﻛﺎذﺑﺔ‬. # ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻦ‬: ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎداﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ . " ". ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻼر‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺳﺘﻮن‬: "‫ﺣﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻠﻲ‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮد‬": . –‫ﺑﺎﺷﻼر‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬-ruptures.‫ﺷﺄن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺎن‬ . 1.‫اﻟﺤﻘ‬ "‫اﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺴﺢ‬" . . ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻼر‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺳﺘﻮن‬Bachelard.G:‫ا‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺴﺎق‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ‬ .–‫ﺑﺎﺷﻼر‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻘﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬- . # Leibniz. . . . . ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ . 2. "‫اﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻲ‬":‫ﺔ‬‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ :‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ "" ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬;. ‫ﻟﻮك‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬"" ‫ﺻﻨﻔﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاس‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻌﺎرف‬:1–:‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ .2–:‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت‬ . ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬:. ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬ ; :""‫ﻣﺎداﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ "" " ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬"‫ﺎ‬" :‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرا‬‫ل‬:" "‫ﺑﺸﻼر‬:. ‫إﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬:‫ﻦ‬ 3. ‫أن‬ . :"‫ﺣﺮام‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺬب‬ ‫و‬ ‫واﺟﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫إن‬" . . ‫إﻻ‬‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻏﻤﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫أن‬)‫اﻟﻨﻔﻌﻲ‬)‫ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮة‬ ‫ﻔﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ف‬ . ‫و‬‫أﻓﻼﻃﻮن‬ ‫أﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬‫ﻣﺤﺎو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻘﺮاط‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺸـﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳـﺎﺋﻞ‬‫ﺗﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺟﻤﺎع‬ .‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫إن‬ ،‫ﺑﻞ‬ . .. ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬1. ‫ﻟﻮﺟﻮد؟‬ ‫ﻟﻮك‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬.‫وﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮى‬‫اﻵﺧﺮة‬. ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ .‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬‫أن‬ . . ‫ﺻﻮاب‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬. . . . # ‫ﻠﻜﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎص‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬""‫و‬"‫ﺻﺎرﻣﺔ‬" """‫اﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺮب‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬" . ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬: . ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬2. ‫ﻣﺎ‬ Machiavel . ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ،‫واﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫واﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ‬ . ‫ذﻛﺮه‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻮء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎص‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎس‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬.)( ‫اﻻﻧﺨﺪاع‬... Touraine.A. . . ‫اﻟﺤﺮة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎدرة‬.‫ﻣﺤﺎرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ . ... ‫ﻨﺔ‬.. . ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬. ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬ 3. Weber.M ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬‫ﻌﻨﻒ‬. ‫اﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ‬. ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺔ‬ ‫دون‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬ ‫أي‬. . ‫أﻣﺎ‬Ricoeur.P ‫واﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬.:.‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ .‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ .. ‫اﻟﺤﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﺮاد‬. . ‫ﺗﺆﻛﺪ‬Russ.J‫واﻗﻌﺎ‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫دوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮدا‬. ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬.‫ا‬ ‫ﻷن‬‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬)(.‫إذن‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬"‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻞ‬ "‫و‬"‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﻣﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺨﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫دوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ‬:‫وﻓﺼﻞ‬ ،‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻄ‬‫ﺔ‬.".‫ﻣﺴﺘ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫إﺣﻘﺎق‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬‫اﻟﺴﻠﻄ‬‫ﺔ‬ )‫اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬.( ‫اﻟﺤ‬ ‫دوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬‫ﻖ‬: ‫اﻟ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬ . . . . ‫ﺘﺄﺳﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻤﺎء‬. ‫واﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ 1. Hobbes‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫أن‬ .. ‫ﻓﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬??)"‫ﺣﺮب‬ ‫اﻟ‬‫اﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﻜﻞ‬.(" . ./ "‫اﻟﺒﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﺣﺐ‬" "." ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ن‬"‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ "‫ﻣﺎ‬ ."") ("‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ‬." ‫أﻣﺎن‬""‫؟‬‫و‬ ‫وﺣﺪه‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻀﻮع‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ .. # ‫روﺳﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﺎك‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬ ."." :.،‫ﺛﻤﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫ﺑﺰوال‬ ‫ﺗﺰول‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺄﺳﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫إن‬ ،‫آﺧﺮ‬.( . ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬: . ‫واﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ 2.‫ﻟﻠﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﺄﺳﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫أﻻن‬Alain .:‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎ‬.‫وﻣﻊ‬ . . ‫ﻞ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة‬ # :: ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬ ‫إﺣﻘﺎق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻲ‬=)‫اﻹﻧﺼﺎف‬(‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ . ‫ﻦ‬ ":" ) ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻂ‬( ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬: . ‫واﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ 3. . . . ‫راوﻟﺰ‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬Rawls.J ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة‬ ‫وﺗﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدﻟﺔ‬. ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬. .‫اﻟﻤﻔ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫دون‬."‫إﻧ‬‫ﺼﺎف‬"‫اﻟﻜﻔﺎءات‬ "‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة‬". ‫واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻦ‬. ""Agora . 9101112 13141516
  • 3. ‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬1.‫واﻹﻛﺮاه‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﻋ‬. . . .‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ،‫ﺛﻤﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ . .. ،‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺧﻼف‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬Hume: .).(...‫أﻣﺎ‬ . ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ . ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬: ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻨﻮع‬.. ‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬2.‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬.‫ﻓﻄﺮي‬ ‫وﻋﻲ‬ ،‫إذن‬ ،‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬. . . : . . ،‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫وﻋﻜﺲ‬ .. .. "." )‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺎ‬( ‫ﺳ‬/. ‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮازع‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬)‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺎ‬( ‫ﻣﺠﺰ‬‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫وءة‬‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬3.‫واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬ Durkheim . . ..."‫اﻵﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ‬" ‫اﻟﻤﺠ‬ "‫ﺟﻤﻌﻲ‬ ‫وﻋﻲ‬". ‫ﺑﺮﻏﺴﻮن‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬. :. ..‫وﻟﻜﻲ‬ . .‫ﺛﻤﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫ن‬ . . : ،‫ﺣﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻮن‬ ‫اﺗﺨﺎذ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﺪ‬ ‫أم‬‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ؟‬ "‫أرﺳﻄﻮ‬"‫ﻖ‬ ‫وﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ﺔ‬. "‫راوﻟﺲ‬"‫اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺄﺳﺲ‬‫م‬‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة‬‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺒﺎت‬. ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءةاﻷﺧﻼﻗﺎﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬‫اﻹﻛﺮاه‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬: "‫ﻛﺎﻧﻂ‬" ،‫ﺳﻠﻮك‬ "‫ج‬."‫ﻧﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺪرة‬‫ﻧﺴﺎ‬‫ن‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬‫واﺟﺒﺎ‬. ‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬: ‫اﻹﺣﺴﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮاﺟﺒﺎت؟‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬‫اﺣﺘﺮا‬ ‫ﺑﻀﺮورة‬‫م‬‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ؟‬ "‫ج‬.‫ج‬.‫روﺳﻮ‬"‫اﻹﺣﺴﺎس‬‫إن‬ ،‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﺣﺘﺮام‬ ‫ﺑﻀﺮورة‬ . ""‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬‫ﻣﺼﺪره‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺣﺘﺮام‬‫ﺔ‬)‫اﻟﻘﺮض‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬( ‫ﺑﺈرﺟﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬‫ع‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺧﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬. ‫واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬: ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ‬‫اﻻﻟﺘﺰا‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻞ‬‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ؟‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ""‫اﺣﺘﺮام‬‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪره‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮاﺟﺒﺎت‬. "‫ﺑﺮﻏﺴﻮن‬"‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤ‬ ‫اﻧﻐﻼق‬‫ﻊ‬. ‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬.1: ‫ﻧﺴ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن؟‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ .‫ﻟﻮ‬ . . ‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬‫ﻧﻂ‬ . ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫وأن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮس‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎق‬ . ‫ﻏﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻹرادة‬.‫ﻓﺮد‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ . .. ‫ﻓﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮة‬ ‫اﻹرادة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫وإﻧﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺾ‬. ‫دواﺗﻨﺎ‬. ‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬2.: ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ‬.: . . . ‫اﻟﻮﺟﻮد‬"‫ﺣﺮ،ﻗﺪ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫إن‬‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻜﻮم‬ ، ‫ﺣﺮا‬ ." –‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬‫ﺳﺎرﺗﺮ‬-. ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎع‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻲء‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫وأﻃﺎﺣﺖ‬ ،‫واﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ‬ ‫واﻟﺸﻔﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷرﻗﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ‬ ‫وأﻛﺜﺮ‬superman" " .–‫اﻷول‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬–‫ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺴﺪة‬ ‫ﻮن‬"‫ﺣﺮة‬ ‫روﺣﺎ‬".‫اﻋﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ "‫اﻷورﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬" . ‫ﻣﺠﺰوء‬‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ة‬.3: .‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺟﺪ‬ . ‫ﻹﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬...‫ﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫إذ‬ ‫ﻹﺣﺮاز‬ ‫ﻹﻃﻼق‬. ‫اﻟﺴ‬.‫ﺳﺘﺘﻌﺮض‬ . . ‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬‫،وﺗﻘﺘﺮن‬ ‫واﻟﺪﻻﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬ . . tArend .)( . ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت‬ . ‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬: . ‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ - . ‫أﻧﺎ‬". ‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬ ‫إ‬).( ) ...‫اﻟﺦ‬()‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎون‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ‬ ،‫ﺼﺪاﻗﺔ‬...‫اﻟﺦ‬.( )...‫اﻟﺦ‬.( ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮف‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬. ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬. .: "")‫اﻟﻼﺣﻖ‬ ‫أﻧﻈﺮ‬(، ‫ﻟ‬ ‫إﻗﺼﺎء‬--. : ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬ . ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ .‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻧﻄﻲ‬: + + + + ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺼﻒ‬. ‫إذا‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺠﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻧﺎ‬"‫ﻻﻻﻧﺪ‬"] :)‫اﻟﻘﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄـﺎﺑﻖ‬( ]. )‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬(‫اﻟﻜﻼم‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﺎب‬ ‫و‬)). ‫ﻟﻜـﻦ‬ : ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬ ..‫إﻟﺦ‬.‫ﻓﻲ‬ . .‫ﻹﺛﺎرة‬ ‫وﻟﺔ‬ : ‫واﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫أﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬. .‫ﻃﺮح‬ : ‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬ . : ‫اﻟ‬""‫أو‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﻮي‬ ‫ﺷﻌﻮر‬. : ‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫إن‬. . .‫اﻟﺘﻔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻻ‬ . ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫أوﻟﻲ‬)(: ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬ "‫ﻟﻮك‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬"‫اﻹدراك‬ ‫إن‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﻮر‬. ""‫اﻟﻨﺎس‬ ‫واﺧﺘﻼف‬ ،‫اﻹرادة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺄﺳﺲ‬‫ﺎ‬. "‫ﻛﺎﻧﻂ‬"‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺒﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬‫ي‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ‬‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬. "‫ﻏﻮﺳﺪورف‬"‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬. "‫ج‬.‫ب‬.‫ﺳﺎرﺗﺮ‬"‫اﻹﻧﺴ‬‫ن‬ . "" ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺮر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﻀ‬‫ﻐﻮﻃﺎت‬. : ""‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫إﻧﺴﺎن‬. "‫ج‬.‫ب‬.‫ﺳﺎرﺗﺮ‬"‫ى‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮ‬ ‫وﺗﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ‬‫أو‬ ‫ﺷﻲء‬ ‫د‬ٍ‫ﺪ‬ْ‫ﺒ‬َ‫ﻋ‬. : ""‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬‫ﺶ‬ . ""‫ﺗﺘﺄﺳﺲ‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬. : ""‫اﻟﺼﺪاﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬. "‫ﻛﻮﻧﺖ‬ ‫أوﻏﺴﺖ‬"‫اﻷﺧ‬ ‫أﺟﻞ‬‫ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎس‬. ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ "‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎرد‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮد‬"‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫دور‬‫ﺔ‬)‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬). "‫ﻃﻮم‬ ‫روﻧﻲ‬"‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ . ""‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬‫ئ‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬ ،‫وأﻓﻜﺎر‬‫ﺻﺪق‬ ‫ﻹﺛﺒﺎت‬ . "‫ﺑﺎﺷﻼر‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺳﺘﻮن‬"‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬‫واﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ . ""‫ﺗﻌﺪد‬‫ﻧﺴﺠﺎ‬‫م‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺒﺪأ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻀﻊ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬‫ﻲ‬. "‫ﺑﻮﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎرل‬"‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬‫ﺔ‬ . : "" ‫ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬‫ﻖ‬. "‫ﺑﺎﺷﻼر‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺳﺘﻮن‬"‫اﻟﺮأي‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬‫ﻟﻤ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻓﻮق‬. : "" ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬‫ﺔ‬. ""‫اﻟﺨﻄ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻨﺐ‬‫ﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻲء‬. : ""‫اﻧﺤﺮاف‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻜﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻘﺔ‬‫ء‬. ""‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮأي‬ ‫واﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪاد‬- ‫ﻣﺠﺰوءة‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬ : ""‫ﺑﻞ‬ ،‫واﻹﺧﻀﺎع‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪاد‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬ . ""‫ﺑﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم‬. : ""‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫غ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬. "‫ﺧﻠﺪون‬ ‫اﺑﻦ‬"‫اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫اﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﻼق‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬. : ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ""‫اﻟﺪوﻟ‬‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻹﺧﻀﺎع‬‫س‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﺎ‬. "‫اﻟﻌﺮوي‬ ‫اﷲ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬"‫ﻛﻞ‬‫واﻟﻌﻨ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮة‬‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرا‬‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ،. ‫واﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬. : ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪره‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أم‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ""‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ‬‫اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬،‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ "‫ج‬.‫ج‬.‫روﺳﻮ‬"‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ث‬‫ﻣﺼﺪرا‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬. ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬: ""‫إﻃﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎرج‬‫ر‬ . "‫آﻻن‬"‫اﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬‫ﻲ‬ . 17 18 1920 21222324 25