5. • 1st event cause
of 2nd event
• natural process,
hypothesis –
explain
evidence
• Argument –
Normally
happen
• Not scientific
proof
tomorrow
POST HOC
REASONING
Ex.
Sea food – ill
ABDUCTIVE
REASONING
Ex. Artificial
Intelligence
6. MLA FORMAT
OUTLINE
(demand, Integral part of paper as a road map)
Good structure
Major Headings (upper-case roman numerals I, II)
Subdivided A,B; 1,2; a,b; i,ii.
TIPS Word Processing Program, Keep
copies
APA WRITING FORMAT
Most used in academic papers
MARGIN 1 ½ - 1
FONT SIXE AND TYPE 12-pt. Times New
Roman
SPACING Double space
TEXT ALIGNMENT AND INDENTATION
Flush left or aligned
RUNNING HEAD AND SHORT TITLE (Doc.
For actual release or publication 50 characters)
7. APA WRITING
STYLE
THE
EVOLUTION
OF APA
WRITING
STYLE
FORMAL APA
WRITING STYLE
( slangs,
contractions)
TERMINOLOGY
(NEUTRAL) (neutral,
pejorative terms)
APA CITATIONS
(quote, plagiarism,
author date method)
SUMMARY OR
PARAPHRASE
Reference author,
date of publication
CAPITALIZATION
(A. Smith)
author names, title
ITALICS
(longer works)
SHORT
QUOTATIONS
(Author, year of
publication, page
number)
Clayton, 2000, p.28
LONG
QUOTATIONS
(40 words)
free - standing
block, omit
quotation, mark,
new line, 5 spaces
8. REFERENCE
LIST (Protect
from plagiarism)
Label Top of
page,
Unformatted
Spacing Double -
Spaced
Indentation half-
inch left margin
Entries Alphabetical
Order
Multiple authors, last
name
Single author/Multiple
author, year of
publication
Journals, Books, articles,
Web pages, Capitalize 1st
letter
MLA
Writing
Format
Margin 1 inch
Font Size and Type 12-pt.
Spacing Double - spaced
Text Indentation 1st line/ each
paragraph left margin
Order of Pages and
Pagination number all pages,
upper right corner
Endnotes “Notes” centered,
unformatted
9. MLA
TITLE PAGE
Name, Instructors Name, Course, Date
Title of Paper, Capitalization or Quotation Marks
SECTION HEADINGS
Numbered Headings
Unnumbered Headings
BODY
Extra spaces between paragraphs
Text Citations
MLA CITATIONS
Source info in parentheses
Work Cited page
IN – TEXT CITATIONS
Author’s last name, page reference, Not repeat info, End of sentence
WORK CITED LIST
Alphabetically, Capitalize 1st letter (titles, Subtitles), Shorten publisher’s
name, Multiple authors, use semicolon (&) single work, Pagination
abbreviations, Indentation, left flush
10. GRAMMAR AND PUNCTUATION
Sentence length
15-20 words per sentence
Use commas, correct Capitalization
PERSON AND TENSE
Check to supervisor ( Impersonal tense or Personal Pronouns)
WAFFLING
Slightly shorter focused paper
ONE SIDED
Another viewpoint
READABILIYAND FLOW
Pleasure to read
11. RESEARCH PAPER
FORMAT
APPENDICES
Data, figures
calculations
BACK-UPS
Files on a
disk
HYPOTHESIS
Abstract
and Introduction
(prove)
DRAFTS AND
CHECKING
Input another person
GRAMMARAND
SPELLING
Spell-checkers
GRAPHS
display results
(full page, #)
ILLUSTRATIONSAND
PHOTOGRAPHS
Numbered, graphs,
diagrams/Digital camera
KEYWORDS
10 – 15 keywords,
phrases
LAYOUT
Font, Size 10 or 12
/Double space
MAP REFERENCES
map co-ordinates of
samples
PASSIVEVOICE
ActiveVoice APA
PRESENTATIONS
Results – knowledge of
report
REFERENCES Books,
Journal articles, Websites.
