1) The document provides an overview of food defense training covering incidents of intentional food contamination, government policy and preparedness response, and the CARVER+Shock risk assessment tool. 2) It describes incidents where food products were intentionally contaminated for economic gain or to influence elections, causing illnesses and some deaths. 3) The Food Safety Modernization Act aims to improve food protection through rules focused on mitigation strategies, foreign supplier verification, and preventative controls for human and animal food.

1. FOOD DEFENSE
TRAINING
FOOD PROTECTION TASK FORCE & RAPID RESPONSE TEAM
MEETING
Brandon Sauceda, MPH
RRT Program Manager
Georgia Department of Agriculture
Overview Incidents Policy Response Preparedness CARVER+Shock Exercise
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2. Overview
Food Defense:
protection from
contamination
• Biological, chemical,
physical, radiological
agents
Food Security: access to sufficient
quantity / quality of nutritious food
Food Safety: protection
from
contamination
• Agents likely to occur
in food supply
unintentional
intentional
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3. Accidents
Disgruntled Employee
Terrorism
Economically Motivated
Adulteration
Mother Nature
Overview
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4. Overview
- “Figure 2: Confirmed malicious contaminations of food around the world.” Frederickson, N.R. (2014). Chapter 36: Food Security:
Biosecurity. In Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems (Vol. 3 pp. 311-323)
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5. Economically Motivated Adulteration
• aka “Food Fraud”
• Definition: “surreptitious addition of non-authentic substances,
unwarranted substitution of ingredients, or mislabeling of food
products to gain inequitable financial advantage”
—Frederickson, N.R. (2014). Chapter 36: Food Security: Biosecurity. In Encyclopedia of
Agriculture and Food Systems (Vol. 3 pp. 311-323)
• As opposed to other intentional contamination events
(terrorism), EMA is not intended to be discovered
• As a result, EMA can maintain longevity
• Fish / Seafood is most often adulterated for economic gain
Overview
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6. Incidents of Intentional Contamination
• 1981, Spain
• Cooking oil adulterated with industrial rapeseed triggered toxic oil
syndrome
• 20,000 illnesses
• 800 deaths
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http://www.thegrocer.co.uk/fmcg/rapeseed-oil-at-tipping-point-as-it-woos-olive-oil-fans/351716.article

7. Incidents of Intentional Contamination
• 1984, Oregon USA
• Salmonella typhimurium introduced into 10 salad bars by Rajneeshee
cult
• Aiming to influence a local election
• 751 illnesses
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https://people.uwec.edu/piercech/bio/Rajneeshee%20Cult.htm

8. Incidents of Intentional Contamination
• 2008-2009, China
• Melamine illegally added to milk products to falsify protein content
• 300,000 illnesses
• 6 deaths
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http://www.investigativescience.com/CON-290408p1.html

9. Incidents of Intentional Contamination
• October, 2012, New Jersey USA
• Cheaper ketchup repackaged into bottles for more expensive ketchup
• None made it to market
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http://abcnewsradioonline.com/business-news/hundreds-of-fake-heinz-ketchup-bottles-discovered-in-new-jer.html

10. Incidents of Intentional Contamination
• October 2013, Japan
• Malathion added to frozen foods by disgruntled production line
employee
• ≤ 2,800 illnesses
• Major Recall
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http://www.medicaldaily.com/over-1000-sick-after-eating-contaminated-food-japans-largest-seafood-
producer-266606

11. • Designed to improve global food protection and prevent
foodborne illness
• Ratified 2011, rule-making process underway
• Updated previous policy (1938) to reflect more high-tech and
complex food industry
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12. • Proposed Rules:
• Focused mitigation strategies to protect food against intentional
adulteration (IA)
• Foreign supplier verification
• Preventative controls for
• Human food
• Animal feed
• Standards for produce safety
• Accreditation of 3rd party auditors
• Sanitary transportation of human and animal food
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13. Food Defense Plan Builder
• Food defense plan – written document recording practices
implemented to control and/or minimize the risk of
intentional contamination
• Available through FDA
• Incorporates:
• Broad mitigation strategies
• Vulnerability assessment
• Focused mitigation strategies
• Emergency contact network
• Action plans
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14. Food Defense Preparedness System
Based on Presidential Policy Directive 8
1. Prevent
2. Protect
3. Mitigate
4. Respond
5. Recover
Overview Incidents Policy Response Preparedness
Comprehensive food defense
strategy incorporates all 5
frameworks
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15. Food Defense Preparedness System
• Prevention
Adversary does not attempt to adulterate food
• How do we eliminate the opportunity to adulterate?
• How do we remove the motivation to adulterate?
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16. Food Defense Preparedness System
• Protection
Block the adversary’s attempt
• What needs securing?
• How do we vigilantly look for anomalies?
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17. Food Defense Preparedness System
• Mitigation
Minimize the adverse health and economic effects
• What can we do to lessen the impact?
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18. Food Defense Preparedness System
• Response
Stop the spread of adverse effects, provide care to
those affected
• What response actions are needed?
• How do we inform / instruct the public?
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19. Food Defense Preparedness System
• Recovery
Return to normal commerce, better prepared
• How do we return to normal?
• How do we gather lessons learned and adapt?
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20. CARVER+Shock
• Risk Assessment tool – vulnerability assessment:
• Criticality – degree of public health or economic consequence
• Accessibility – ability of adversary to access / egress point of contamination
• Recuperability – delay required to bring system back into recovery
• Vulnerability – potential for successful attack – ability to introduce enough of
agent to survive control steps and cause harm to consumer.
• Effect – direct loss from attack, measured in lost production in food system
• Recognizability – ease of target identification
• Shock – combined health, economic, and psychological impacts of attack
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21. CARVER+Shock
• Facility vs. Supply Chain
Overview Incidents Policy Response Preparedness CARVER+Shock
Vulnerability
• Gaps in
defense
Threat
• Adversary’s
resources and
capacities
Consequence
• Human & economic
impact of attack
RISK
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22. CARVER+Shock Exercise
• Study the flow-map of the Frozen Pizza Plant
• Consider the following: environment, location, timing,
equipment, barriers, worker observation, etc.
• For each station (#1-#15) score for Vulnerability and for
Accessibility
• There is no wrong answer, use your professional
judgment
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Overview Incidents Policy Response Preparedness CARVER+Shock Exercise

24. References
• Slides adapted from the National Center for Food Protection and Defense’s “Food
Defense Training” slides from the Food Defense Conference (September 17,2014) and
Jon Woody / USDA’s “Vulnerability Assessment” slides (same date / location).
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