Dermal exposure science: it’s not skin-deep
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A keynote lecture given at the BOHS OH2023 conference in Leeds, UK.
![skin deep
also skin-deep
ADJECTIVE [usually verb-link ADJECTIVE]
Something that is only skin deep is not
a major or important feature of
something, although it may appear to be.
Beauty is only skin deep.
He denies that racism is just skin-deep.
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Dermal exposure science: it’s not skin-deep
- 1. INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE . Edinburgh . UK www.iom-world.org Dermal exposure science: it’s not skin-deep John Cherrie
- 2. skin deep also skin-deep ADJECTIVE [usually verb-link ADJECTIVE] Something that is only skin deep is not a major or important feature of something, although it may appear to be. Beauty is only skin deep. He denies that racism is just skin-deep. https://www.collinsdictionary.com
- 5. 𝐸 = 𝐶. 𝑡
- 6. 𝐸 = 𝐶. 𝑡 8
- 8. Two seminal papers… • Published in 1993 in the Annals
- 9. Dermal exposure papers published in the Annals
- 10. Fenske described the state-of-the-art… • Interception • The mass of chemical that lands on the skin over the sampling time (integrated flux) • Removal • The mass of contaminant left on the skin • Fluorescent tracers • The mass of a surrogate compound retained on the skin
- 12. A simple experiment… Interception Removal
- 13. SysDEA… Kasiotis et al. (2020) Comparison of Measurement Methods for Dermal Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals at the Workplace: The SysDEA Project. Ann Work Expo Health; 64: 55-70.
- 14. Local and systemic effects… Tibaldi et al. (2013) Dermal Absorption of Chemicals: Estimation by IH SkinPerm. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine; 11: 19-31. Sumi Rajan, 2007
- 15. Particles and nanoparticles… Larese Filon F, Bello D, Cherrie JW, Sleeuwenhoek A, Spaan S, Brouwer DH. (2016) Occupational dermal exposure to nanoparticles and nano-enabled products: Part I-Factors affecting skin absorption. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health; 219: 536-44. • Molecules >500 Dalton do not diffuse through skin (about 5nm) Zinc oxide nanoparticles
- 16. Example of dermal exposure research… McClean MD, Rinehart RD, Ngo L, Eisen EA, Kelsey KT, Herrick RF: Inhalation and dermal exposure among asphalt paving workers. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 2004, 48(8):663-671.
- 17. Example of dermal exposure research… McClean MD, Rinehart RD, Ngo L, Eisen EA, Kelsey KT, Herrick RF: Inhalation and dermal exposure among asphalt paving workers. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 2004, 48(8):663-671. RAP = recycled asphalt product
- 18. A better approach to measurement… • An interception sampler to assess uptake • with a diffusion membrane chosen to mimic the skin • adsorbent material • impervious backing Cherrie J, Robertson A (1995) Biologically relevant assessment of dermal exposure. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 39(3):387-392. Lindsay et al. (2006) Development of a biologically relevant dermal sampler. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene; 50: 85-94.
- 19. A better approach to measurement… Cherrie J, Robertson A (1995) Biologically relevant assessment of dermal exposure. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 39(3):387-392. Lindsay et al. (2006) Development of a biologically relevant dermal sampler. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene; 50: 85-94. • It was difficult to get a membrane with a permeation rate similar to the stratum coreum • Sampler was easily saturated and • It responded to vapour
- 20. Theory… Surface contamination layer Air compartment Clothing outer layer Skin contamination layer Source Clothing inner layer Schneider et al. (1999) Conceptual model for assessment of dermal exposure. Occup Environ Med . 56(11): 765-73.
- 21. van Wendel et al. (2003) DREAM: A method for semi-quantitative dermal exposure assessment. Ann Occup Hyg; 47: 71-87. • DREAM develops estimates from task descriptive information • Estimates are reproducible between assessors • Estimates exposure in “Dream Units” - DU • Validation study showed reasonable correlation with measurement data DREAM…
- 22. Gorman et al. (2022) GuLF DREAM... Ann Work Expo Health; 66: i218–i33. • GuLF DREAM developed for Deep Water Horizon study • Updated algorithm and made more specific to oil clean-up • Attempted to validate with data from asphalt pavers and heavy fuel oil workers More DREAMs…
- 23. Behaviour is important… • Dermal exposure is dominated by behaviour • Touching surfaces • Habitual touching skin • Care in undertaking tasks • Diligence in use of protective clothing • Handwashing Creely KS, Cherrie J. (2001) A novel method of assessing the effectiveness of protective gloves - Results from a pilot study. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene; 45: 137-43. PF=32 PF=220 PF=450 Stewart-Taylor AJ, Cherrie J. (1998) Does risk perception affect behaviour and exposure? A pilot study amongst asbestos workers. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene; 42: 565-69.