The effects associated with waste vary widely and are influenced by the substances or chemicals found in waste and how they are managed. Although data do not exist to directly link trends in waste with effects on human health and the environment, the management of waste may result in waste and chemicals in waste entering the environment.

1. s ground water contamination, methane gas formation and migration, and
disease vector hazards.
Effects
The effects associated with waste vary widely and are influenced by the
substances or chemicals found in waste and how they are managed. Although
data do not exist to directly link trends in waste with effects on human health and
the environment, the management of waste may result in waste and chemicals in
waste entering the environment.
 Hazardous waste, by definition, has the potential to negatively affect
human health and the environment, which is why it is so strictly regulated.
Hazardous wastes are either specifically listed as hazardous by EPA or a
state, or exhibit one or more of the following characteristics: ignitability,
corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity. Generation and management of
hazardous wastes can contaminate land, air, and water and negatively
affect human health and environmental conditions.
 Chemical wastes, as reported to EPA’s Toxics Release Inventory (TRI),
may or may not also be considered RCRA hazardous waste, but they are
toxic chemicals. TRI reporting is based on how chemicals are used and not
on the characteristics of the wastes generated. While the quantity of TRI
chemicals released to the air, water, or land does not indicate their health
risks, the information can be used as a starting point to evaluate the
potential for human exposure to TRI chemicals and whether their releases
may pose risks to human health and the environment.
 Municipal solid waste landfills are the third-largest source of human-related
methane emissions in the U.S., accounting for approximately 16 percent of
these emissions in 2016.2
Methane is one of several non-CO2 gases that
contribute to global climate change. Methane gas is released as wastes
decompose, and emissions are a function of the total amount and makeup
of the wastes as well as management facility location, design, and
practices.3
EPA is interested because gas emissions can be affected by
recyclingand changing product use. For example, recyclingofficepaper or
aluminum can reduce environmental effects (e.g., by reducing the need to
harvest trees or mine bauxite to produce aluminum), and it will also create
positive environmental benefits, such as reductions in energy consumption
and greenhouse gases (e.g., emissions associated with the production of
products from virgin materials).4
ROE Indicators

2. The ROE presents three indicators to provide information on trends in waste
generation and management: RCRA Hazardous Waste, Toxic Chemicals in
Wastes, and Municipal Solid Waste. These indicators measure trends in the
national generation and management of certain types of waste. The Hazardous
Waste and Municipal Solid Waste indicators also show trends in the intensity of
certain types of waste generation (i.e., the rate at which natural resources are
bWastes
Indicators
 RCRA Hazardous Waste
 Toxic Chemicals in Wastes
 Municipal Solid Waste
Related Links
 Land, Waste, and Cleanup Topics
 Chemicals and Toxics Topics
 Sustainable Materials Management
What are the trends in wastes and their effects
on human health and the environment?
 Waste Generation
 Waste Management
 Effects
 ROE Indicators
Waste Generation
Virtually every resident, organization, and human activity in the U.S. generates
some type of waste. Many different types of waste are generated, including
municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, industrial non-hazardous waste,
agricultural and animal waste, medical waste, radioactive waste, construction
and demolition debris, extraction and mining waste, oil and gas production waste,
fossil fuel combustion waste, and sewage sludge (see Glossary for detailed
descriptions of these wastes).
The amount of waste produced is influenced by economic activity, consumption,
and population growth. Developed societies, such as the U.S., generally produce
large amounts of municipal solid waste (e.g., food wastes, packaged goods,
disposable goods, used electronics) and commercial and industrial wastes (e.g.,
demolition debris, incineration residues, refinery sludges). Among industrialized
nations, the U.S. is one of the largest generators of municipal solid waste per
person on a daily basis.1

3. Waste generation, in most cases, represents inefficient use of materials. Tracking
trends in the quantity, composition, and effects of these materials provides insight
into the efficiency with which the nation uses (and reuses) materials and
resources and provides a means to better understand the effects of wastes on
human health and ecological condition.
Waste Management
Once generated, wastes must be managed through reuse, recycling, storage,
treatment, energy recovery, and/or disposal or other releases to the environment.
Most municipal solid wastes and hazardous wastes are managed in land disposal
units. For hazardous and industrial wastes, land disposal includes landfills,
surface impoundments, land treatment, land farming, and underground injection.
Modern landfill facilities are engineered with containment systems and monitoring
programs. Waste management practices prior to Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations left legacies of contaminated lands
(see Contaminated Land).
Current approaches to waste management evolved primarily due to health
concerns and the need to control odors. In the past, waste often was deposited
on land just outside developed areas. Land disposal created problems such
aeing consumed to support the needs of the U.S. population and economy).
While numerous waste-related data collection efforts exist at the local, state, and
national levels (including the Hazardous Waste Biennial Report, which reports on
the nature, quantities, and disposition of hazardous waste and the Toxics
Release Inventory), the availability of indicators on how materials are generated,
used, and managed is constrained by the existing data on non-hazardous waste
management.
 The types of waste addressed in the indicators represent a portion of the
total amount of waste generated in the U.S.—the national amounts and
percentage of total waste are not known.
 Over the past 35 years, the paradigm has shifted from a “waste
management” approach to “sustainable materials management” focusing
on resource, environmental, and human health impacts over the entire life
cycle of materials. EPA is interested in better understanding the trends in
the use and management of materials.
aeing consumed to support the needs of the U.S. population and economy).
While numerous waste-related data collection efforts exist at the local, state, and
national levels (including the Hazardous Waste Biennial Report, which reports on
the nature, quantities, and disposition of hazardous waste and the Toxics
Release Inventory), the availability of indicators on how materials are generated,

4. used, and managed is constrained by the existing data on non-hazardous waste
management.
 The types of waste addressed in the indicators represent a portion of the
total amount of waste generated in the U.S.—the national amounts and
percentage of total waste are not known.
 Over the past 35 years, the paradigm has shifted from a “waste
management” approach to “sustainable materials management” focusing
on resource, environmental, and human health impacts over the entire life
cycle of materials. EPA is interested in better understanding the trends in
the use and management of materials.
The amount of waste generated and managed may describe ambient conditions
in terms of wastes in the environment, but does not provide any indication of the
effects on human health or environmental condition. There have been changes in
the management of wastes over the past few decades, designed to reduce
potential exposures, but data that more concretely measure the overall exposure
(and thus effects on human health and the environment caused by wastes and
waste management practices) are still lacking.
References
[1]
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
2021. Municipal waste, Generation and Treatment: Municipal Waste Generated
Per CapitaEXITEXIT EPA WEBSITE. OECD.StatExtracts.
[2]
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2020. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse
Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2018. EPA 430-R-18-003. See also: Landfill
Methane Outreach Program.
[3]
More information on air emissions related to waste management practices,
including emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and air toxics, is
included in Air.
[4]
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. Solid Waste Management and
Greenhouse Gases: A life-Cycle Assessment of Emissions and Sinks. Third
edition. Washington, DC.
Wastes
Indicators
 RCRA Hazardous Waste
 Toxic Chemicals in Wastes
 Municipal Solid Waste
Related Links

5.  Land, Waste, and Cleanup Topics
 Chemicals and Toxics Topics
 Sustainable Materials Management
What are the trends in wastes and their effects
on human health and the environment?
 Waste Generation
 Waste Management
 Effects
 ROE Indicators
Waste Generation
Virtually every resident, organization, and human activity in the U.S. generates
some type of waste. Many different types of waste are generated, including
municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, industrial non-hazardous waste,
agricultural and animal waste, medical waste, radioactive waste, construction
and demolition debris, extraction and mining waste, oil and gas production waste,
fossil fuel combustion waste, and sewage sludge (see Glossary for detailed
descriptions of these wastes).
The amount of waste produced is influenced by economic activity, consumption,
and population growth. Developed societies, such as the U.S., generally produce
large amounts of municipal solid waste (e.g., food wastes, packaged goods,
disposable goods, used electronics) and commercial and industrial wastes (e.g.,
demolition debris, incineration residues, refinery sludges). Among industrialized
nations, the U.S. is one of the largest generators of municipal solid waste per
person on a daily basis.1
Waste generation, in most cases, represents inefficient use of materials. Tracking
trends in the quantity, composition, and effects of these materials provides insight
into the efficiency with which the nation uses (and reuses) materials and
resources and provides a means to better understand the effects of wastes on
human health and ecological condition.
Waste Management
Once generated, wastes must be managed through reuse, recycling, storage,
treatment, energy recovery, and/or disposal or other releases to the environment.
Most municipal solid wastes and hazardous wastes are managed in land disposal
units. For hazardous and industrial wastes, land disposal includes landfills,
surface impoundments, land treatment, land farming, and underground injection.

6. Modern landfill facilities are engineered with containment systems and monitoring
programs. Waste management practices prior to Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations left legacies of contaminated lands
(see Contaminated Land).
Current approaches to waste management evolved primarily due to health
concerns and the need to control odors. In the past, waste often was deposited
on land just outside developed areas. Land disposal created problems such as
ground water contamination, methane gas formation and migration, and disease
vector hazards.
Effects
The effects associated with waste vary widely and are influenced by the
substances or chemicals found in waste and how they are managed. Although
data do not exist to directly link trends in waste with effects on human health and
the environment, the management of waste may result in waste and chemicals in
waste entering the environment.
 Hazardous waste, by definition, has the potential to negatively affect
human health and the environment, which is why it is so strictly regulated.
Hazardous wastes are either specifically listed as hazardous by EPA or a
state, or exhibit one or more of the following characteristics: ignitability,
corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity. Generation and management of
hazardous wastes can contaminate land, air, and water and negatively
affect human health and environmental conditions.
 Chemical wastes, as reported to EPA’s Toxics Release Inventory (TRI),
may or may not also be considered RCRA hazardous waste, but they are
toxic chemicals. TRI reporting is based on how chemicals are used and not
on the characteristics of the wastes generated. While the quantity of TRI
chemicals released to the air, water, or land does not indicate their health
risks, the information can be used as a starting point to evaluate the
potential for human exposure to TRI chemicals and whether their releases
may pose risks to human health and the environment.
 Municipal solid waste landfills are the third-largest source of human-related
methane emissions in the U.S., accounting for approximately 16 percent of
these emissions in 2016.2
Methane is one of several non-CO2 gases that
contribute to global climate change. Methane gas is released as wastes
decompose, and emissions are a function of the total amount and makeup
of the wastes as well as management facility location, design, and
practices.3
EPA is interested because gas emissions can be affected by
recyclingand changing product use. For example, recyclingofficepaper or
aluminum can reduce environmental effects (e.g., by reducing the need to
harvest trees or mine bauxite to produce aluminum), and it will also create

7. positive environmental benefits, such as reductions in energy consumption
and greenhouse gases (e.g., emissions associated with the production of
products from virgin materials).4
ROE Indicators
The ROE presents three indicators to provide information on trends in waste
generation and management: RCRA Hazardous Waste, Toxic Chemicals in
Wastes, and Municipal Solid Waste. These indicators measure trends in the
national generation and management of certain types of waste. The Hazardous
Waste and Municipal Solid Waste indicators also show trends in the intensity of
certain types of waste generation (i.e., the rate at which natural resources are
being consumed to support the needs of the U.S. population and economy).
While numerous waste-related data collection efforts exist at the local, state, and
national levels (including the Hazardous Waste Biennial Report, which reports on
the nature, quantities, and disposition of hazardous waste and the Toxics
Release Inventory), the availability of indicators on how materials are generated,
used, and managed is constrained by the existing data on non-hazardous waste
management.
 The types of waste addressed in the indicators represent a portion of the
total amount of waste generated in the U.S.—the national amounts and
percentage of total waste are not known.
 Over the past 35 years, the paradigm has shifted from a “waste
management” approach to “sustainable materials management” focusing
on resource, environmental, and human health impacts over the entire life
cycle of materials. EPA is interested in better understanding the trends in
the use and management of materials.
 The amount of waste generated and managed may describe ambient
conditions in terms of wastes in the environment, but does not provide any
indication of the effects on human health or environmental condition. There
have been changes in the management of wastes over the past few
decades, designed to reduce potential exposures, but data that more
concretely measure the overall exposure (and thus effects on human
health and the environment caused by wastes and waste management
practices) are still lacking.
References
[1]
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
2021. Municipal waste, Generation and Treatment: Municipal Waste Generated
Per CapitaEXITEXIT EPA WEBSITE. OECD.StatExtracts.

8. [2]
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2020. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse
Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2018. EPA 430-R-18-003. See also: Landfill
Methane Outreach Program.
[3]
More information on air emissions related to waste management practices,
including emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and air toxics, is
included in Air.
[4]
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. Solid Waste Management and
Greenhouse Gases: A life-Cycle Assessment of Emissions and Sinks. Third
edition. Washington, DC.
waste disposal
Print Cite Share More
By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica • Edit History
landfill
See all media
Related Topics:
solid-waste management hazardous-waste management composting toilet plasma arc
gasification sewerage system
See all related content →
waste disposal, the collection, processing, and recycling or deposition of the waste
materials of human society. Waste is classified by source and composition. Broadly
speaking, waste materials are either liquid or solid in form, and their components
may be either hazardous or inert in their effects on health and the environment. The

9. term waste is typically applied to solid waste, sewage (wastewater), hazardous waste,
and electronic waste.
In industrialized countries, municipal liquid waste is funneled through sewage
systems, where it undergoes wastewater treatment, or sewage treatment. This
process removes most or all of the impurities from wastewater, or sewage, before
they can reach groundwater aquifers or surface waters such as rivers, lakes, estuaries,
and oceans. (For more information on sewage systems and treatment, see wastewater
treatment.
wastewater-treatment plant
Wastewater-treament plants remove chemical or biologicalwaste from water.
© huimin/Fotolia

10. READ MORE ON THIS TOPIC
solid-waste management: Early waste disposal
In ancient cities, wastes were thrown onto unpaved streets and roadways,
where they were left to accumulate. It was not until 320 bce...
Refuse, or municipal solid waste (MSW), is nonhazardous solid waste from
a community that requires collection and transport to a processing or disposal site.
Refuse includes garbage and rubbish. Garbage is mostly decomposable food waste,
and rubbish is mostly dry material such as glass, paper, cloth, or wood. Garbage is
highly putrescible or decomposable, whereas rubbish is not. Trash is rubbish that
includes bulky items such as old refrigerators, couches, large tree stumps,
or construction and demolition waste (e.g., wood, drywall, bricks, concrete, and rebar
[a steel rod with ridges for use in reinforced concrete]), all of which often require
special collection and handling. Refuse is often deposited in sanitary landfills—that
is, pits or other sites sealed with impermeable synthetic bottom liners where waste is
isolated from the rest of the environment. (For more information on the treatment of
solid wastes, see solid-waste management.)
sanitary landfill

11. Bulldozer spreading a layer of refuse within a sanitary landfill. Refuse includes garbage and
rubbish. Garbage is mostly decomposable foodwaste, and rubbish is mostly dry material such as
glass, paper, cloth, or wood.
© picsfive/Fotolia
Some forms of solid and liquid waste are classified as hazardous because they are
harmful to human health and the environment. Hazardous wastes include materials
that are toxic, reactive, ignitable, corrosive, infectious, or radioactive. Toxic waste is
essentially chemical waste from industrial, chemical, or biological processes that can
cause injury or death when it is either ingested or absorbed by the skin. Reactive
wastes are chemically unstable and react violently or explosively
with air or water. Infectious wastes (such as used bandages, hypodermic needles, and
other materials from medical and research facilities) are materials that may contain
pathogens. Radioactive wastes (such as spent fuel rods containing fissionable
materials used in nuclear power generation and isotopes of cobalt and iodine used
in cancer treatment and other medical applications) emit ionizing energy that can
harm living organisms. Hazardous wastes pose special handling, storage, and
disposal challenges that vary according the nature of the material. (For more
information on how these materials are treated, see hazardous-waste management.)
hazardous-waste landfill
Schematic diagram of a secure hazardous-waste landfill with a double leachate collectionsystem.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Electronic waste, or e-waste, is electronic equipment that has ceased to be of value to
users or that no longer satisfies its original purpose as a result of either redundancy,
replacement, or breakage. Electronic waste includes both “white goods” such as
refrigerators, washing machines, and microwave ovens and “brown goods” such
as televisions, radios, computers, and cellular telephones. E-waste differs from
traditional municipal waste. Although e-waste contains complex combinations of
highly toxic substances (such as lead and cadmium in computers and cellular
telephones) that pose a danger to health and the environment, which should be
treated as hazardous materials with respect to their disposal, it also contains
nonrecyclable parts that enter the municipal solid waste stream. Electronic devices

12. also contain recoverable parts made of gold, silver, platinum, and other valuable
materials, as well as recyclable materials (such as plastics and copper), that can be
used to make new electronic items. For more information on e-waste, see electronic
waste.
electronic waste
Electronic waste, or e-waste, encompassesvariousforms of electric and electronic equipment
that have ceasedto be of value to users or that no longer satisfy their original purpose as a result
of redundancy, replacement, or breakage.
AdstockRF
The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThis article was most recently revised and updated
by John P. Rafferty.
What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to
2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on solid waste
management from technical and operational trends to environmental and
social impacts. The topics covered in the publication include waste
generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal, financing
models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid

13. Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on

14. solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities.

16. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to
2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on solid waste
management from technical and operational trends to environmental and
social impacts. The topics covered in the publication include waste
generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal, financing
models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities.

17. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to
2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on solid waste
management from technical and operational trends to environmental and
social impacts. The topics covered in the publication include waste
generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal, financing
models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities.

18. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to
2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on solid waste
management from technical and operational trends to environmental and
social impacts. The topics covered in the publication include waste
generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal, financing
models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities.

20. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to
2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on solid waste
management from technical and operational trends to environmental and
social impacts. The topics covered in the publication include waste
generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal, financing
models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities.
What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to
2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on solid waste
management from technical and operational trends to environmental and

21. social impacts. The topics covered in the publication include waste
generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal, financing
models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities.
What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to
2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on solid waste
management from technical and operational trends to environmental and
social impacts. The topics covered in the publication include waste
generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal, financing
models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,

22. environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
Waste Management to 2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on
solid waste management from technical and operational trends to
environmental and social impacts. The topics covered in the publication
include waste generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
financing models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities.
What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to
2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on solid waste
management from technical and operational trends to environmental and
social impacts. The topics covered in the publication include waste
generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal, financing
models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities.
What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to
2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on solid waste
management from technical and operational trends to environmental and
social impacts. The topics covered in the publication include waste
generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal, financing
models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities.

23. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to
2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on solid waste
management from technical and operational trends to environmental and
social impacts. The topics covered in the publication include waste
generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal, financing
models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities.
What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to
2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on solid waste
management from technical and operational trends to environmental and
social impacts. The topics covered in the publication include waste
generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal, financing
models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities.
What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to
2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on solid waste
management from technical and operational trends to environmental and
social impacts. The topics covered in the publication include waste
generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal, financing
models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities.

24. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to
2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on solid waste
management from technical and operational trends to environmental and
social impacts. The topics covered in the publication include waste
generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal, financing
models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities.
What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to
2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on solid waste
management from technical and operational trends to environmental and
social impacts. The topics covered in the publication include waste
generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal, financing
models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities.
What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to
2050 includes global, regional, and urban trends on solid waste
management from technical and operational trends to environmental and
social impacts. The topics covered in the publication include waste
generation, waste collection, waste treatment and disposal, financing
models, operational models, technologies, citizen engagement,
environmental impact, and informal sector impact. The database linked with
this website includes information on 217 countries and economies as well
as more than 360 cities.