Action research

1. An illustrative example
• How to systematize writing a Research
from Problem identification to
presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of data?
ECCerado
05/03/2023

2. Problem identification
• MTB-MLE has been implemented for several
years already in Abakada Integrated School.
Many teachers in Grades 1 to 3 are complaining
regarding the relevance of the undertaking.
Some teachers are assigned to teach the subject
despite their being non-native speaker of such
adopted MT in school. Currently, many
instructional materials dedicated to the subject
are claimed as not responsive to actual needs. It
is also observed that pupils are somewhat
confused about the social and cultural
significance of the program.
ECCerado
05/03/2023

3. Problem identification
• This condition prompts the researcher to carry
out this inquiry considering that she is one of
the Mother Tongue concerned teachers who is
directly experiencing the challenge, thus,
professionally affected. This study will basically
assess the Mother Tongue Based-Multilingual
Education (MTB-MLE) Program and its
consequences to the academic performance
and socio-cultural awareness of Grade 3 pupils
in Abakada Integrated School.
ECCerado
05/03/2023

4. Example
Implementation of Mother Tongue
Based-Multilingual Education (MTB-
MLE) Program and its Implication to the
Academic Performance and Socio-
cultural Awareness of Grade 3 Pupils
Think of a good title.
ECCerado
05/03/2023

5. Write the general objective
• Primarily, this study intends to assess the
implementation of the Mother Tongue Based-
Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) Program
and the academic performance and socio-
cultural awareness of Grade 3 pupils in
Abakada Integrated School.
ECCerado
05/03/2023

6. Identify major variables
• Primarily, this study aims to assess the
implementation of the Mother Tongue Based-
Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) Program
and the academic performance and socio-
cultural awareness of Grade 3 pupils in
Abakada Integrated School.
ECCerado
05/03/2023

7. Formulate the conceptual framework
MTB-MLE
ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE
SOCIO-CULTURAL
AWARENESS
ECCerado
05/03/2023

8. Review literature to come up with an enhanced
framework…
Mother Tongue-Based
Multilingual Education
• Instructional materials
• Teaching strategies and
techniques
• Capacity building
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
• Academic proficiency levels of pupils in
mother tongue subject area
• Reading levels of pupils in Filipino
SOCIO-CULTURAL AWARENESS
• Awareness of pupils on the ethnicity of
their parents/guardians
• Awareness of pupils on the use of the
mother tongue at home
• Awareness of pupils on the use of the
mother tongue in their respective
community/school
• Awareness of pupils on the use of the
mother tongue at home in school
ECCerado
05/03/2023

9. Formulate specific problems - SOP
This study aims to assess the Implementation of Mother Tongue Based-
Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) Program and implication to academic
performance and socio-cultural awareness of Grade 3 pupils in Abakada
Integrated School.
Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the extent of implementation of MTB-MLE in terms of:
1.1. instructional materials;
1.2. teaching strategies and techniques; and,
1.3. capacity building?
2. What is the level of academic performance of Grade 3 pupils in MTBMLE
in terms of:
2.1. academic proficiency levels of pupils in mother tongue subject area;
and,
2.2. reading levels of pupils in Filipino?
ECCerado
05/03/2023

10. Formulate specific problem - SOP
3. What is the level of socio-cultural awareness of Grade 3 pupils in
MTB-MLE in terms of:
3.1. awareness of pupils on the ethnicity of their parents/guardians;
3.2. awareness of pupils on the use of the mother tongue at home;
3.3. awareness of pupils on the use of the mother tongue in their
respective community/school; and,
3.4. awareness of pupils on the use of the mother tongue at home in
school?
4. Is there a significant relationship in the extent of implementation of
MTBMLE program in the levels of academic performance and socio-
cultural awareness of Grade 3 pupils?
5. What are the perspectives of parents in the implementation of MTB-
MLE?
ECCerado
05/03/2023

11. Think of data gathering tools
ECCerado
05/03/2023
Research
Problems
Tool
SOP 1 Survey Questionnaires
SOP 2 Secondary Data (Report Card,
Phil-IRI)
SOP 3 Survey Questionnaires
SOP 4 Relational problem
SOP 5 Open-ended
questionnaire/interview

12. Decide what statistical tool is necessary
for each SOP.
SOP 1 – Mean, SD
SOP 2 – Mean, SD or frequency and
percentage
SOP 3 - Mean, SD
SOP 4 – Correlation/Pearson r
SOP 5 – thematic analysis (qualitative)
ECCerado
05/03/2023

13. How to EASILY determine
the statistics to use?

14. Decide what presentation technique is
appropriate for your data – table or graph.
• SOP 1 – Table or graph
• SOP 2 – Table or graph
• SOP 3 - Table
• SOP 4 – Table
• SOP 5 – Textual
ECCerado
05/03/2023

15. Make a narrative – Presentation,
Analysis, and Interpretation of data
ECCerado
05/03/2023

16. Formulate specific problems - SOP
1. What is the extent of implementation of MTB-MLE in terms of:
1.1. instructional materials;
1.2. teaching strategies and techniques; and,
1.3. capacity building?
2. What is the level of academic performance of Grade 3 pupils in MTBMLE
in terms of:
2.1. academic proficiency levels of pupils in mother tongue subject area;
and,
2.2. reading levels of pupils in Filipino?
ECCerado
05/03/2023

17. Table 8 presents the ongoing implementation of the Mother
Tongue-based Multilingual Education in Abakada Integrated School
based on the evaluation of the school heads, teachers, parents, and
pupils. As a program, the MTB-MLE is assessed in terms of 3
components, namely: instructional materials, teaching strategies, and
capacity building.
Example
Table 8
Implementation of Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual
Education (MTB-MLE) in Abakada Integrated School
ECCerado
05/03/2023
Factors
Mean
Ratings
SD Qualitative Description
Instructional Materials 4.36 0.23 Always Observed
Teaching Strategies 4.58 0.19 Always Observed
Capacity-building 3.86 0.09 Sometimes Observed
Overall Mean 4.27 0.15 Always Observed
SD 0.37 0.37

18. Generally, the MTB-MLE Program in Abakada Integrated
School is very well implemented (M=4.27, SD=.37) according to
respondents’ observation. This is contrary to the common notion
that the program is problematic and full of challenges. This
means that the district administrators and school heads ensured
that necessary instructional materials, appropriate teaching
techniques and strategies, as well as the capacity building
activities are duly observed or available for use. Moreover, the
result suggests that the high degree of implementation is
observable and primarily attributed by the use of instructional
materials and employment of teaching strategies and techniques
that are all integral in the delivery of instruction. Nonetheless,
what seems to be an area of concern is the capacity building of
teachers that may comprise relevant seminar, workshops and
trainings on MTB-MLE which indicated the lowest rating.
ECCerado
05/03/2023

19. Table 9 presents the academic proficiency level in Mother
Tongue subject of Grade 3 pupils under MTB-MLE. The data were
provided by the respective teachers of the pupils.
Academic Proficiency Levels Frequency Percentage
Advance 39 14.13
Approaching Proficiency 99 35.87
Proficient 94 34.06
Developing 44 15.94
TOTAL 276 100%
05/03/2023 ECCerado
Table 9. Pupils’ Academic Proficiency Level in Mother Tongue Subject

20. The table shows that mostly of the Grade 3 pupils
belonged to the approaching proficiency level (35.87%), followed
by proficient level (34.06%), and developing level (15.94%).
Evidently, few of them are in advance level and developing level.
This means that majority of the pupils or almost 85% have
demonstrated satisfactory academic performance in mother
tongue subject. These are the pupils who are proficient and
better levels.
It can be inferred from the results that majority of the
Grade 3 pupils have shown an average academic performance in
Mother Tongue subject. The current finding supports the claim
of Ricablanca (2014) that pupils’ achievement in the Mother
Tongue-based instruction was relatively higher than the
achievement of those who were in the English instruction.
05/03/2023 ECCerado

21. Quick
Determination
of Statistics in
Action Research

22. Research questions and statistics…
What to
measure?
Research Questions Statistics
Status,
degree,
level,
extent, etc.
of _____
What is the extent of
implementation of MTB-MLE
with respect to instructional
materials?
Mean and standard
deviation
What is the level of students’
perception towards the use
of technology in
Mathematics?
Mean and standard
deviation
To what extent is the
academic achievement of
Grade 8 students in Science?
Mean and standard
deviation
05/03/2023 ECCerado

23. Research questions and statistics…
What to
measure?
Research Questions Statistics
Relationship Is the students’ motivation level
related to their emotional
quotient?
Correlation
Is there a significant relationship
between students’ use of social
media and Mathematics
achievement?
Simple Regression
Is the academic achievement in
Mathematics of Grade 7 students
related to their gender, IQ, and
subject preference?
Multiple
Regression
05/03/2023 ECCerado

24. Research questions and statistics…
What to
measure?
Research Questions Statistics
Differences Is there a significant
difference between the Grade
10 students’ performance in
English and Mathematics?
T-test of
dependent
samples
Is there a significant
difference between the
students’ English performance
during the pre-test and
posttest?
T-test of
dependent
samples
05/03/2023 ECCerado

25. Research questions and statistics…
What to
measure?
Research Questions Statistics
Differences Is there a significant difference
between the mean gain scores of
Group 1 and Group 2?
T-test of
independent
samples
Is there a significant difference
between the posttest mean scores of
students that are taught with
Strategy 1, Strategy 2, and Strategy 3?
Analysis of
variance
Is the posttest mean scores of
students affected by the teaching
strategies employed, namely:
Strategy 1, Strategy 2, and Strategy 3?
Analysis of
variance
05/03/2023
https://www.enago.com/academy/right-statistical-test/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6639881/

26. Motivation
Level
05/03/2023 ECCerado
Emotional
Quotient
Correlation

27. 05/03/2023 ECCerado
Use of Social
Media
Math
Achievement
Predictor Variable Criterion or Response
Variable
Simple Regression

28. 05/03/2023 ECCerado
 Gender
 IQ
 Subject
Preference
 Attitude
Academic
Achievement
Predictor Variables Criterion or Response
Variable
Multiple Regression

29. • English
• Mathematics
05/03/2023 ECCerado
Students’
Performance
Predictor Variable Outcome Variable
T-test of dependent samples

30. • Pretest
• Posttest
05/03/2023 ECCerado
English
Performance
Independent
Variable Dependent Variable
T-test of dependent samples

31. • Group 1
• Group 2
05/03/2023 ECCerado
Mean Gain
Scores
Independent
Variable Dependent Variable
T-test of dependent samples

32. Strategy 1
Strategy 2
Strategy 3
05/03/2023 ECCerado
Posttest Mean
Scores
Independent
Variable Dependent Variable
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

33. Final Notes
• The type of data analysis is
dependent on the nature of the
research questions, and the
measures of the gathered data.
05/03/2023 ECCerado

34. End.
ECCerado
05/03/2023