1. 101
Essay
Cause
Effect

2. GENERAL
Function
Aim? Highlight the causal relationship of events
(Why? What possible results?)

3. GENERAL
Function
Aim? Highlight the causal relationship of events
(Why? What possible results?)
Type? Three main types:
• Multiple causes  Effect
• Cause  Multiple effects
• Causal chain

4. GENERAL
Function
Aim? Highlight the causal relationship of events
(Why? What possible results?)
Type? Three main types:
• Multiple causes  Effect
Cause 1
Cause 2 Effect
Cause 3
• Cause  Multiple effects
• Causal chain

5. GENERAL
Function
Aim? Highlight the causal relationship of events
(Why? What possible results?)
Type? Three main types:
• Multiple causes  Effect
Cause 1
Cause 2 Effect
Cause 3
• Cause  Multiple effects
Effect 1
Cause Effect 2
Effect 3
• Causal chain

6. GENERAL
Function
Aim? Highlight the causal relationship of events
(Why? What possible results?)
Type? Three main types:
• Multiple causes  Effect
Cause 1
Cause 2 Effect
Cause 3
• Cause  Multiple effects
Effect 1
Cause Effect 2
Effect 3
• Causal chain
Cause 1 Effect 1
Cause 2 Effect 2
Cause 3 Effect 3

7. INTRODUCTION
• Hook
• Background information
• Thesis statement: A, B, C causes X
ORGANIZATION
Multiple causes  Effect

8. INTRODUCTION
• Hook
• Background information
• Thesis statement: A, B, C causes X
BODY: Arrange causes according to:
Familiarity (Obvious less obvious)
Interest (Less interesting  more interesting)
Importance (Less important  more important)
Directness (Immediate/Direct  Remote/Indirect)
Cause 1
Explanation
Evidences
Conclusive sentence 1
(optional)
Cause 2
Explanation
Evidences
Conclusive sentence 1
(optional)
Cause 3
Explanation
Evidences
Conclusive sentence 1
(optional)
ORGANIZATION
Multiple causes  Effect

9. INTRODUCTION
• Hook
• Background information
• Thesis statement: A, B, C causes X
BODY: Arrange causes according to:
Familiarity (Obvious less obvious)
Interest (Less interesting  more interesting)
Importance (Less important  more important)
Directness (Immediate/Direct  Remote/Indirect)
Cause 1
Explanation
Evidences
Conclusive sentence 1
(optional)
Cause 2
Explanation
Evidences
Conclusive sentence 1
(optional)
Cause 3
Explanation
Evidences
Conclusive sentence 1
(optional)
CONCLUSION
• Restatement of three main causes
• Final comment: evaluation, recommendation, warning
ORGANIZATION
Multiple causes  Effect

10. INTRODUCTION
• Hook
• Background information
• Thesis statement: A brings X, Y, Z
ORGANIZATION
Cause  Multiple Effects

11. INTRODUCTION
• Hook
• Background information
• Thesis statement: A brings X, Y, Z
BODY: Arrange effects according to:
Familiarity (More obvious  less obvious)
Importance (More important  less important)
Directness (Immediate/Direct  Remote/Indirect)
Category
Effect 1
Explanation
Evidences
Conclusive sentence 1
(optional)
Effect 2
Explanation
Evidences
Conclusive sentence 1
(optional)
Effect 3
Explanation
Evidences
Conclusive sentence 1
(optional)
ORGANIZATION
Cause  Multiple Effects

12. INTRODUCTION
• Hook
• Background information
• Thesis statement: A brings X, Y, Z
BODY: Arrange effects according to:
Familiarity (More obvious  less obvious)
Importance (More important  less important)
Directness (Immediate/Direct  Remote/Indirect)
Category
Effect 1
Explanation
Evidences
Conclusive sentence 1
(optional)
Effect 2
Explanation
Evidences
Conclusive sentence 1
(optional)
Effect 3
Explanation
Evidences
Conclusive sentence 1
(optional)
CONCLUSION
• Restatement of three main effects
• Final comment: evaluation, recommendation, warning
ORGANIZATION
Cause  Multiple Effects

13. STYLE
Coherence
Transition + noun phrase
Because of…/ Due to…/ As a result of…/ Owing to…

14. STYLE
Coherence
Transition + noun phrase
Because of…/ Due to…/ As a result of…/ Owing to…
Transition + independent clause/sentence
Thus / therefore / consequently /
For this reason / As a result /

15. STYLE
Coherence
Transition + noun phrase
Because of…/ Due to…/ As a result of…/ Owing to…
Transition + independent clause/sentence
Thus / therefore / consequently /
For this reason / As a result /
Transition + dependent clauses (adverbial)
Because / Since

16. STYLE
Coherence
Transition + noun phrase
Because of…/ Due to…/ As a result of…/ Owing to…
Using verbs or other expressions
Cause / Result (in/from) / Attribute (to) / Account (for)
One reason is that …
A key factor was…
One consequence of this is that…
This is a reflection of…
Transition + independent clause/sentence
Thus / therefore / consequently /
For this reason / As a result /
Transition + dependent clauses (adverbial)
Because / Since

17. Thank you!
End of tutorial