Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator in 1852, which prevented elevator cabins from falling if the cable broke. This innovation allowed buildings to be built much taller and changed skylines worldwide. The first passenger elevator was installed in 1857 in New York City. Modern elevators can now move the equivalent of the world's population every 72 hours. Elevators are categorized based on their functions, such as trade lifts for offices, hospital lifts for patient transport, and high-speed residential lifts for apartments. Key elevator components include the cab, shaft, doors, controls and safety systems like brakes and buffers.

1. LIFTS
BuildingMaterialandConstruction-
IV
By:ZeeshanAsim

2. MOVINGTHEWORLD
Imaginetheskylineof amoderncityiftheelevatordidnotexist.
Buildingswouldbelimitedtofiveorsixstories.
Mostofthearchitectureofthe20thand21stcenturywouldbe
impossible.
Officetowers,hotelsandhigh-riseapartmentswouldhardly
standintheirpresentform.
Butin1852,onemanhelpedchangethefaceoftheworld’scities.
ThatwastheyearElishaGravesOtisinventedthesafety
elevator,givingrisetothemodernskyline.
Togainsomeideaoftheeffectofthisoneadvancement,consider
thattoday,elevatorsmovetheequivalentoftheworld’s
populationevery72hours.

3. • In1852,ElishaOtisintroducedthesafetyelevator,which
preventedthefallofthecabifthecablebroke.Thedesignof
theOtissafetyelevatorissomewhatsimilartoonetypestill
usedtoday.
• OnMarch23,1857thefirstOtispassengerelevatorwas
installedat488BroadwayinNewYorkCity.
• TheEquitableLifeBuildingcompletedin1870inNewYork
Citywasthefirstofficebuildingtohavepassengerelevators.

4. ElishaOtis'elevatorpatent drawing,15January1861.

5. 1.1DEFINITIONOFLIFTS
▪ Averticaltransportequipmentthatefficientlymovespeople
betweenfloors(levels,deck)ofabuilding,vesselorother
structure.
▪ Generallypoweredbyelectricmotor thatdriveby traction
cableand counterweightsystemslikea hoistorhydraulic
pump.

6. IMPORTANCEOFLIFTS
▪ Rapiddevelopment:buildingsdesignnowadaysbuiltvertically/
higherbecauseofhighlandcost.
▪ Basicneeds:tobringbuildinguserfromoneleveltohigherlevelin
building
▪ Comfortneeds :workingefficiency forofficebuildingorlarge
organization.
▪ UBBL:buildingwithmorethan6storeymustprovideliftssystem.
▪ Firerequirements:providefirelifttobeusedduringfire.

7. 1.2LIFTCATEGORIESACCORDING
TOTHEFUNCTION
▪ TradeLift
-Crucialtothegoodperformanceto clientsofthe
building.
-Between 6–23people.
-Speedofelevator200–2000ft/min.
-Examples:offices,shoppingmalland hotels

8. ▪ HospitalLift
-Usedinhospital&treatmentcenter
-Designedfortransportinglargecartsorfurniture.
-Speedofelevator100–350ft/min.
-Twosidesoffrontandbackdoorsforloadingand
unloadingfacilities.
-Doorwidthbetween900–1100mm

9. ▪ HighResidentialLift
-Forhighriseresidentialbuildingssuchasflatorapartment.
-Needsregularmaintenance
becausehighfrequency
ofitsuseeverydayorpossibility
ofvandalism.

10. ▪ InstitutionLift
-Usedinlibrary,office,classroomorlecturehalllocated
athighaltitudes.
▪ StoreLift
-Usedtotransportheavygoodsbutdependsontypes of
goodtransported.
-Elevatorspeed50–150ft/min.
-5000lbs.normal,loadhaul20000lbs.
-Usuallyusedinshoppingcomplex,airports,hotels,
warehouse

11. ▪ LiftofCars
-Usedspecificallytoliftacarin
multistoreycarparkor
showroom.
NOTES:
• Thesixtypesofelevatorshadtobeintheformofpull(traction)andhydraulics.
• Formoftractionismorecommonlyusedforhighvelocity.
• Hydraulictypeonlyusedtotransportgoodswherewaitingtimeisnotconcerned.

12. 1.3CHARACTERISTICOFLIFTS
1. InstallationmustbeinaccordancewiththeregulationinUBBL.
2. Suitablespeed100–150ft/min.Toofastwillresultinanervousbreakdowntotheuser.Iftooslowwillcauselackoffunction.
USERREQUIREMENTS
▪ GoodSystem –quietequipment,smoothjourney,goodconditionandsafeateverymoment.
▪ Waitingtime –minimumwaitingtimeatanylevel.
▪ Aesthetics–Buttonpanelclearandeasilyreachedatappropriatelevel.Completeinstruction.Decorativelightingandcomfortable.
▪ Movementofdoor –doormovementisquietandfast.

13. 1.4COMPONENTS&
INSTALLATIONOFLIFTS
Liftsub-system
▪ ControlMotion–includesmotor,gear,engines,brakesandpower
supply.
▪ ControlSystem- togetcontrolthemovementsofthelift.
▪ DoorControl– containedmotorconnectingliftcardoors,platforms
gatesanddoorsafetydevices.
▪ SafetyControl– containthe safetygear,
speedcontrollerforthefirstbalance,heat
andlackofpower.

14. Typicaltractionlift
design

15. LIFTCOMPONENTS
LIFTCAR
▪ Platformwherepassengersorgoodsistransported.
▪ Constructedwithsteeloriron attachedwithsteelframe.
▪ Fireresistance
Elevatorhoistropeson
topofaliftcar

16. ▪ Equipmenttobeprovided–door,floorpanelindicators,buttonof
request,phone,emergencybutton,lighting,ventilationandenough
emergencysupplies.
AnexternalcontrolpanelAmoderninternalcontrolpanel.

17. OpenLift (bubbletype)
• Dividedinto2types
1. ClosedLift(typicaltype)
2. OpenLift(bubbletype)
ClosedLift (typical
type)

18. LIFTSHAFT
▪ Constructedwithreinforcedconcrete.
▪ Toaccommodatetheloadingandfireresistance.
▪ Sizeofliftshaftspaceisdeterminedbythenumberofuser.
Lookingdowntheliftshaft
ofahydraulicelevator.
Thehydraulicramistothe
left

19. Gearlessmotormountedonthewallinthelift
shaft

20. DOORLIFT
▪ Liftcarisequippedwithitsowndoor(slidingtype).
▪ Securitymeasure–resistthemovementaslongasthe
doorisstillopen.
▪ Selfclosingwithinacertaintimeframe.
▪ 2typesofslidingdoor:
1. Openedautomaticallywhentheliftstopsat
everylevel.
2. Swingdoor–willopenwhentheliftstopped
atthelobby.

21. GUARDRAIL
▪ Workto keepthecarandthecounterweightintact.
▪ Mountedonbothsidesoftheliftshaftwhichisattachedtothewheelofthecar.
▪ Asafetydevicetoholdtheliftfromcrashingdowniftheropebreak.
BUFFER
▪ Toabsorbtheimpactoftheliftcarwhenitfell.
▪ Placedinaroomcalledtheliftpit.

22. COUNTERWEIGHT
▪ Loadbornebythegeneratorisbalancedbythe
counterweight.
▪ Connectedwithawireropeoftheelevatorcar.
▪ Functionofcounterweight:
- Togriptheliftcar
- Reducethepowerofgenerator
- Reducethebraketostopthecarlifts.

23. 1.5SELECTIONFACTOR
GENERALREQUIREMENTS
▪ Utility–Thefunctionmustbeidentifiedwhetherforcommercial,office
ofhospital.
▪ Capacity&numberoflifts –dependsontheaccessbuildingpattern
andbuildingsize.
▪ Speed–dependsonthenumberofstops,numbersofuserand
transportcost.
▪ Type&sizeofliftgate –dependsontheuseorfunction.
PHYSICALREQUIREMENTS
▪ Sizeofliftshaft –dependsonliftcargocapacity
▪ Depthofliftshaft –dependsonthespeedofelevator
▪ Areaofspaceinlift–dependsonspeedofelevators.
▪ Mechanicalroomsize–dependsontypeandsize ofthe lift
equipment.

24. OTHERREQUIREMENTS
▪ Electricalpanelsandpoweroutlets.
▪ Ventilationfanandlightinginengineroom.
▪ Stepsdownandpowersocketsinthewellslift(liftpit).
▪ Thestructureforliftingthemachineryroom.
▪ Maintenanceworks.

25. Function Lifcapacity
(lbs)
Min.Speed(ft/
min.)
Buildingheight(ft)
OfficeBuilding
Smallsize
Mediumsize
Highscale
2500
3000
3500
350–400
500–600
700
800
1000
0–125
126–225
226–275
276–375
>375
Hotel 2500
3000
Sameasabove
Hospital 3000
3500
4000
150
200
250–300
350–400
500–600
700
0–60
61–100
101–125
126–175
176–250
>250
Residential 2000
2500
100
200
250–300
350-400
0–75
76–125
126–200
>200
Commercial 3500
4000
5000
200
250–300
350–400
500
0–100
101–150
151–200
>200

26. 1.6LOCATION&LIFT
ARRANGEMENT
LIFTARRANGEMENT
▪ Toensurethereisnointerference betweenpassengers
whowishtogetinto thelift.
▪ Shouldbecarefullyplannedsocaneasilygetintolobby
andtraveldistanceisreasonable.
▪ Maximumtraveldistance150–200ft
▪ Systemlayoutdependsonthenumberofelevatorcars
thatusetheelevator
▪ Normallytheelevatorissetinthelayoutorzoned.

27. LIFTARRANGEMENTFOR2
CARLIFT
Sidebyside
arrangement–
widthofcorridor
=widthofcarlift
Opposite
arrangementof
corridor=widthof
carlift
Notgood
arrangement

28. LIFTARRANGEMENTFOR3
CARLIFT
Opposite
arrangement–
widthofcorridor
=1.5–2A,where
Aiswidthoflift
Sidebyside
arrangement-
widthofcorridor=
1.5A,whereAis
widthoflift

29. LIFTARRANGEMENTFOR4
CARLIFT
Opposite
arrangement–
widthofcorridor
=1.5–2A,where
Aiswidthoflift
Sidebyside
arrangement-
widthofcorridor=
1.5A,whereAis
widthoflift

30. LIFTARRANGEMENTFOR6
CARLIFT
Opposite
arrangement–
widthofcorridor
=1.75–2A,
whereAiswidth
oflift
Sidebyside
arrangement-
widthofcorridor=
2A,whereA is
widthoflift

31. LIFTARRANGEMENTFOR6
CARLIFT
Weak
arrangementfor6
carlift

32. LIFTARRANGEMENTFOR8
CARLIFT
Opposite
arrangement–
widthofcorridor
=2A,whereAis
widthoflift

33. 1.7TYPESOFLIFT
ELECTRICLIFT
▪ Commontypeusedtoday.
▪ Useelectricliftcabletoliftthe
elevatorcarwiththeweightand
movementisthecatalystaction.
▪ Usethetractionwiththemotor.
▪ Usedinmostbuilding>60ft.
▪ Motorroomontopof liftshaftwill
increasetheloadofbuildingstructure.
▪ Possibilityofnoisestructure
▪ Needaliftwellsandmaintenance
roomneartheengineroom.

34. HYDRAULICLIFT
▪ Usehydraulicsprinciples–movesbytheactionofsteelplungerlift
whichinstalledunderthecar.
▪ Notsuitableforbuilding>60ft(lowrise)–insufficientspaceor roof
roomstoosmalltoputthemachinery.
▪ Transportload not>100,000pound.
▪ Speed–not>200ft/min.
▪ Installationdoesnotincreasethebuildingstructuresbecauselifting
weightisnotused.
▪ Machineryroomlocatedatgroundfloor
▪ Shaftareaissmallerthanelectriclift.

35. Bottomviewofahydraulicelevator

36. HANDICAPPEDLIFT
▪ Forpeoplewithdisabilitywhousewheelchair.
▪ Orwithdisabilitieswhoareunabletouseordinarycrowdedlift offastservices.
▪ Mountedonthestairparalleltotheladder
FIRELIFT
▪ Buildingsoverthan60fthigharerequiredtoprovidefirelift.
▪ Thisliftcontrolledbyasystembackoninemergencies.

37. HIGHRISELIFT
▪ Servicerequirementforhighrisebuildingiscriticalto
balancetheupperandlowerlevelservices.
▪ Theconceptofzonesystemandskylobbycanbeused.
▪ Usuallydividedintozoneswherehighlevelcarwillnot
stoporpickpassengersatlowerlevel.
▪ Zonewhichtoolowwilltakespassengersdowntolower
levelssuchas5–10levelsbelow.

38. DOUBLEDECKERLIFT
▪ Carrypassengerswithoutraisingdoubletheliftshaft.
▪ Havetwoplatformswhichareincreased.
▪ Hightransportcapacityandreducefloorspace
▪ Numberofstopscanreducedto50%-reducingwaitingtimeandshortercarlifttrips.
▪ Canbeusedinbuildingwhichhasasameheightineverylevel.
▪ Musthaveclearindicationoftheuseinthemainlobbytoavoidconfusion.

39. ▪ IT’sDONE!