LECTURE 2&3 - Major Areas of Rural Land Resources.ppt

11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
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Major Aspects of Rural
Land Resources
SGH 2573

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Objectives of Topic
• To discuss on the following topics:
* Brief outline of major rural sectors
* General soil resources in Malaysia
* Major themes of rural land resources
management and their rationales
* Basic management strategies of rural
land resources management

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Expected study outcomes:
• Can recall the major rural sectors
• Understand and can describe basic
aspects of soil resources in Malaysia
• Can explain the major themes of rural land
resources management
• Able to explain the basic management
strategies of rural land resources
management

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Contents
 Soil distribution in
Peninsular Malaysia
 Malaysian soil survey
 Land Resource Use
PART 1
Main Rural
Sectors
• Agriculture
• Forestry
• Fisheries & Aquaculture
• Rural Tourism
PART 2
Soil
Resources in
Malaysia

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 Optimum land use, productivity
& sustainability
 The people and socio-economic
benefits
 Natural resource-based
industries
 Institutions, policies, and market
Contents
 Rural Land Resource
Management Strategies
 What and why planning
 Broad principles of
planning
 Planning approaches
PART 3
Main Themes
of RLRM
PART 4
Planning Mechanism for
Rural Land Resources

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Keywords: Rural sectors, soil resources,
soil survey, optimum land use, productivity,
sustainability, management strategies, planning

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Part 1
Main Rural Sectors

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Agriculture
• The principle source of living
• About 900 million poor people living in rural areas in
the world
• Population grows, incomes improved, dietary
patterns shift, demand for food and other agricultural
products increases
• Natural-resource base underpinning agricultural
production diminishes
• Agriculture employs nearly one-half of the labor force
in developing countries

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Forestry
• Over 90% of the 1.2 billion people living in extreme
poverty depend on forests for some part of their livelihoods
• Home to at least 80% of the worlds remaining terrestrial
biodiversity and are a major carbon sink that regulates the
global climate
• Also help to maintain the fertility of the soil, protect
watersheds and reduce the risk of natural disasters such
as floods and landslides
• Forest product industry is a source of economic growth
and employment
• Global forest products traded internationally in the order of
US$270 billion, of which developing countries account for
20%.

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• Forest contributions:
* Socio-economic
* Environmental protection
* Biodiversity conservation
• Based on sustainable concept
* Forest Policy and Legislation
* Securing the Permanent Reserved Forest
* Integrated Forest Planning and Management
* Harvesting control
* Research and development
* Institutional frameworks
Forest Management in Malaysia

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Fisheries & Aquaculture
• ≈ 150 million people rely on fisheries & aquaculture
• > 20% of world’s 38 mil. full-time fishers earn < US$1 per
day
• World fish export was US$ 58 billion in 2002
• ½ of global fish trade comes from developing countries
• Global consumption 1992-2002 increased by 21%
• ≈ 25% of world's marine fish stocks over-exploited & 50%
fully exploited
• Over-fishing, increasing degradation of coastal, marine and
freshwater ecosystems and habitats due to growing coastal
populations
• Aquaculture production grew ≈ 9% per year since 1970
• Aquaculture provides 30% of the world’s fish supply
• Challenges to sustainable use of aquatic resources and
environments.

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Village and Countryside
• Purely and remotely rural to somewhat a blend of
small community settlements with some basic facilities
• ‘Kampung’ or Felda type often used in the Malaysian
context to describe unique blend of rural living
• of living environment is characterized by basically
communities that carry out primary and basic
economic activities such as those in agriculture,
forestry, fishery, mining, and rural industries
• blends the population’s social, economic, and political
activities has a very close relationship with rural land
resources

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Part 2
Soils Resources of Malaysia

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Soils distribution in Peninsular Malaysia
Soil types Spatial distribution
Sedentary soils: (1) Undulating land to rolling and hilly
terrain (34.2%); (2) steep hills and
mountains (37.4%)
Reworked soils Intermediate and higher terraces and
pediment (3.3%)
Alluvial soils Low lying coastal and riverine flood
plains (17.8%).
Organic soils Lowlands, adjacent to the coast (6.0%)
Disturbed urban
and mining land
Urban areas (1.3%)

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Major Soil Subdivisions in Peninsular Malaysia
Soil type Subdivision
Sedentary
1. developed on igneous & high grade metamorphic rocks
2. developed on sedimentary & low grade metamorphic
rocks
Reworked
3. developed on older alluvium
4. lateritic soils
Alluvial
5. recent riverine alluvium soils
6. subrecent riverine alluvium soils
7. sandy coastal soils
8. acid sulphate soils
9. non-sulfidic marine clay soils
Organic
10. shallow organic soils
11. deep organic soils
Others 12. urban and mined land

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FAO and Soil Taxonomy systems
The
Seven
Major
Groups
 > ½ of the main soil series from Acrisol
group
 Other common soil groups: Fluvisol,
Ferralsol and Gleysol

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Coastal plain & low
terraces 0 – 20 m
Flood plain & low terraces
0 – 80 m
Intermediate & higher
terraces 0 – 80 m
Rolling & low hilly land 50 –
170 m
Hills & mountains >170 m
General physiography
Physiographic distribution
of Malaysian soils

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Malaysian soil survey
 In 1950’s reconnaissance soil survey at → soil
maps were produced at 1:250,000 and 1:500,000
 Early 1960’s semi-detailed maps at 1:25,000 and
1:50,000 scales
 Semi-detailed soil maps completed for about 60%
of the peninsula
 Used to identify new areas for agricultural
development
 In 1967general Land Capability Classification
(LCC) was developed at 1:250,000 scale
 Identifies potential uses: mining, agriculture,
forestry, catchment/game/recreation.

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Land Use Capability Classification System (Economic
Planning Unit, 1967)
Class
I
High potential for mining
Class
II
Suitable for wide range of agricultural crops
Class
III
Suitable for a restricted range of agricultural
crops
Class
IV
Suitable for productive forest
Class
V
No mineral/agriculture/forest potential. Suitable
for catchment, game, recreation etc.

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Soil series
• Basic soil units – soil series
• More than 250 series already registered
• Differentiated based on parent materials,
major characteristics, landscape, & mode
of formation
• Broad groups: mineral soils, organic soils,
other soils
• Mineral soils: sedentary, reworked, alluvial
• Organic soils: classified according to depth
of organic materials

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Basic unit of soil analysis – soil profile
Soil is described by
its texture,
structure, colour,
depth and profile,
chemical & biological
characteristics
Texture: sand, silt,
and clay
Structure: based on
particle size

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Textural class by USDA classification
 Identification textural class
is based on composition of
sand, silt, and clay
Clayey soils have largest
proportion of clay
 Sandy soils have largest
proportion of sand
 Silty soils have largest
proportion of silt
 Loam soils have equal
proportions of silt, sand,
and clay

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Latosol & podzol on sedimentary rocks
Latosol & podzol on igneous rocks
Lithosol & latosol on steep mountains (agric. x)
Latosol & podzol on older/sub recent alluvial
Latosol on basic & intermediate igneous rocks
Laterite on igneous/sedimentary rocks
Low humic gley on coastal/flood plains
Estuaries & coastal soils (limited for agriculture)
Podzol on swampy coastal deposits
Mineral alluvial organic peaty soils (agriculture x)
Disturbed soils (agriculture x)
Legend:

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Textural class Examples of soil series
Clay
Silt
Loam
Sand
Silty clay
Sandy clay
Loamy silty clay
Loamy clay
Clay loam
Sandy clayey loam
Sandy loam
Loamy sand
Segamat, Selangor, Prang, Kuantan, Klau
-
Sogomana
Sg. Buloh, Pasir Mas
Durian, Batu Anam, Sitiawan
Harimau, Munchong
Senai, Kulai
Jerangau
Bungor, Malacca
Renggam
Serdang
Holyrood, Tampoi, Ulu Tiram
Common textural classes in Peninsular Malaysia

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Land Resource Use in Malaysia
 Total land of Malaysia: 32.98 million ha.
 About 15.56 million ha. potentially arable:
* Peninsular – 8.10 mil. ha.
* Sarawak – 5.31 mil. ha
* Sabah – 2.15
 Main competing sectors: agriculture, forestry,
residential, industrial, wildlife, recreational and
water catchments

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 Class I through V land ≈ 13.2 million ha.
* 6.4 million ha. (45%) for agriculture
* 5.8 million ha. (43%) for forestry
(≈ 2.44 million ha. uncultivated suitable soils)
* 1.0 million ha. (12%) for other uses
(including mining and urban uses)
 Keen competition for resource use in the future
Land Resource Use in Malaysia (contd.)

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Rural Land Resource Use in Peninsular Malaysia
Sector
(‘000 ha)
1966 1974 1984 1990 1995
Rubber 1,777.8 1,941.5 1,717.0 1,517.4 1,373.6
Oil palm 99.4 485.4 879.9 1,744.7 1,906.9
Cocoa 0.5 13.1 48.0 149.1 76.4
Paddy 40.0 428.7 424.2 488.4 496.4
Fish pond 0.6 0.9 - 19.3 13.9
Forest 7,870.4 7,247.3 - 6,110.6 5,991.4
Source: Ministry of Agriculture Malaysia, 1995.

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Relatively very limited land
resources for agriculture
More limited land resources
for aquaculture and fishery
Critical needs for sustainable
land resources for forestry
Almost depleted land
resources for further rural
development schemes
Existing land resources
under previous land
schemes/rural development
must be maintained
Allocation of rural land resources

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Major Land Cover Changes in Peninsular Malaysia
188.7
217.6
240.1
467.4
Others
221.6
174.9
114.6
82.7
Urban & infra
93.8
88.4
89.0
51.4
Mining
7627.8
7918.2
8820.9
9629.1
Forest, scrubs & swamps
4901.8
4663.5
3816.5
2861.2
Agriculture
1990
1984
1974
1966
Land cover categories
(x 000 ha)
(Source: Mohamad and Siew, 1994)

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area coverage is rapidly increasing in size; >2% per year of
the specific agricultural area
2
area coverage is increasing in size; 0-2% per year of the
specific agricultural area
1
area coverage remains almost stable as a percentage of the
0
area coverage is decreasing in size; 0-2% per year of the
-1
area coverage is rapidly decreasing in size; >2% per year of
the specific agricultural area
-2
Note: Landuse areal trends. The changes in areal extent of the agricultural
activities are represented by one of the following five classes:

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Landuse intensity trends. A change in the intensity of landuse is expressed
through changes in inputs, management or number of harvests over
approximately the last 10 years. Only changes within the same agricultural
area are to be considered.
-2 a major decrease in landuse intensity
-1 a moderate decrease in landuse intensity
0 no major changes in inputs, management level, etc.
1
moderate increase, e.g. from no or low external input to
some fertilizers/pesticides; from manual labour to animal
traction.
2
major increase, e.g. from manual labour to mechanization,
from low external inputs to high external inputs etc.

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Part 3
Main Themes of RLRM

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Issues to answer:
* What are the themes of land resources
management?
* What are rationales of these themes?
* What are the basic management
strategies or rural land resources
management?

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Main Themes of RLRM
• There are many
• Four major ones are:
* Optimum land use, productivity &
sustainability
* The people and socio-economic benefits
* Natural resource-based industries
* Institutions, policies, and market

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Rationales
• Balancing rural-urban competition
• Alleviating natural resource degradation
(e.g., land and water)
• Sustainable development
• Income and profit maximization
• Poverty eradication & economic well-being
• Industrialized society
• Social & political stability

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• Agricultural and aquacultural land uses are sensitive to soil
& water qualities
• Forest is vitally important to maintain the ecological balance
• Tourism depends on the quality of the resources and
environment
• Urban is more tolerable to soil adversities and capable of
self-creating landscape modification
 Rural land uses are more vulnerable to land resource
qualities
 Land resources should be allocated to take into account of
these basic characters
Balancing rural-urban competition

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• Main “culprits” of rural land use is erosion
and contamination
• Erosion 17-25 ton/ha/year (Claude, 2004)
• Rural land must be managed according to
World Soil Charter – 13 principles
• Soil contamination reduce the stock for
natural-based activities
• Management based on environmental,
economic, and market principles
Alleviating natural resource degradation

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 Environmental issues are gaining importance since 1990's
 EIA is mandatory to anyone who intends to develop lands
commercially, including large scale agriculture development
 Mitigating measures to overcome the anticipated problems
must be proposed
 Future main challenges:
(1) Alternatives to burning for land clearing operation
(2) Minimizing pollution due to inappropriate use of
agrochemicals
E.g. Environmental Conservation

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Sustainability
• Land use planning: right choice of land use
type (single or multiple use). E.g.
* slope >18.5o → forest
* slope <18.5 → perennial crops
• Environmental management: preservation of
the natural resources (e.g. soil & water) and
prevention from degradation
• Good management practices. E.g. terracing,
cover crop, rotation, etc.
• Institutional framework. E.g. agencies, R&D
• Legal framework and law enforcement

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The People and Socio-Economic Benefits
• Eradication of poverty
• Employment generation
• Education and social mobility
• Rural income stability
• Local trade and business
• International trade and business

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Natural resource-based industries
• Advancement of rural areas (infrastructure
and facilities)
• Supply of primary commodities to rural
industries
• Value-added economic goods for the
economy
• Transfer of know-how and technologies

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Institutions, Policies, and Market
• Formal & informal organisations
• Social co-ordination
• Market processes & regulations,
privatisation & government control

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• Technical
• Administrative
• Political
• Societal
Basic Management Strategies

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Basic Management Strategies (contd.)
• Soil inventory (survey, capabilitity analysis,
and mapping) – JUPEM, DoA, DoF, etc
• Use allocation (agriculture, aquaculture
and fishery, forestry, rural tourism)
• Sectoral management strategies – MoA
Technical:

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• Land policies and administration (law,
rules, regulations, framework, procedures,
methods)
• Institutional set-up, management, and
networking
Basic Management Strategies (contd.)
Administrative:

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• Voting mass
• The government
• International co-operation
Basic Management Strategies (cont.)
Political:

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• Roles of informal, non-governmental
institutions
• Shift from state-dominated to a market-
oriented economy
• Reliance on market dynamics, economic
instruments, and private ownership
Basic Management Strategies (cont.)
Societal:

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Part 4
Planning Mechanisms for Rural Land
Resources

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Issues to Answer:
• What is rural land resource planning?
• Why is rural land resource planning needed?
• What are the broad principles of planning?
• What are planning approaches and basics?

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What & Why Planning
• to "devise detailed methods for doing,
arranging and making something".
• More specific definitions:
With reference to rural land resources,
conceptualize your understanding about
“planning”

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Why Rural Land Resource Planning?
• To create new development
• To improve the existing development
• To optimize rural land resources
• To integrate resources for production of
economic commodities

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Broad principles of Rural Land
Resource Planning
• Rural land resource use and conservation need
planning
• Rural land resource planning must be part of
rural planning as a whole
• Rural land resource planning must be based on
sound economic principles, on top of those of
environmental, technical, and social
• Rural land resource planning must be
institutionalized
• Rural land resource planning needs political
governance

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Planning Approaches and Basics
• Planning in general
* A continuous process…why?
* Needs sufficient supply of survey data
* For management purposes
* Planning sequence: assessment, alternative
considerations, plan formulation, monitoring,
evaluation

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Planning Approaches
• Top-down: the political champions 
institutions  regional  local  site
• Bottom-up approach: reverse of ‘top-down’
• Iterative approach: vertical (top-bottom,
bottom-up) horizontal (processes)
• Flexible approach: sensitive to changing
circumstances, conditions, situations, and
requirements.

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Top-down Approach
• The political master identifies development
issues, sets objectives, strategies,
programs, and approaches
• Institutional division of roles, functions,
and responsibilities identified
• Delegation of work and reporting
• Monitoring and evaluation
• Other strategic planning tasks

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Bottom-up Approach
• Local communities are involved in the planning
process
• Needs for support or participation.
• Ways to involve local citizens:
• existing farmers' organizations
• Task committees
• Villagers and communities for planning community
forests, pasture, roads, and other infrastructural
needs
• Plans must be useful, workable, well-understood
and accepted at grass-root level
• Policies, strategies, programs & projects are
created at top-level decision-making

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Iterative Approach
• Start with studies, assessments,
alternative considerations and revisions
• Preliminary or interim report prepared by
based on results and reports of each
‘team’
• Review and revision period begins
• Process may be repeated several times to
find the best results.

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Flexible Approach
• A plan is a starting point
• Should be kept under constant monitoring and adjustment
• Reasons:
* Unpredictable things during project life
=> new problems and, thus, new policies and techniques
* Rural land resource management is complex: social,
economical, cultural, legal, institutional, and physical
problems
=> original strategies and goals need to be revised
=> learning by doing is very important
• Flexibility: leaving rooms for future adjustment, modification,
or revision
• Monitoring & evaluation process should be built into the plan
• Planned targets should be progressive, i.e. smaller at the very
beginning and gradually expanding with experience.

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Planning in Malaysia
An Overview
»Economic Planning Unit

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Rural Land Resource Planning Example 1: Land
use and cropping systems
• Draw up plan: how to properly use and protect farm
* farmer’s interest…which crop?
* soil & land capability: physical feature (soils,
slope, capability); use conditions (present/
proposed)
* enterprise system…linear programming
* husbandry & soil conservation: conservation
treatment (existing, proposed), timing
* analysis: costs, benefits, etc
• Make decision and implementation plan

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Rural Land Resource Planning Example 2: Watershed
protection and rehabilitation
• Forest protection and rehabilitation. Fire lookout towers, firebreaks, fire
suppression crews and equipment, warning systems, education meetings,
and forest patrol needs, etc. For watershed rehabilitation, a reforestation
plan including goals, schedule, species, techniques, nurseries, and roads,
etc. is usually required.
• Pasture improvement and protection. Reseeding, fencing, rotational
grazing, control of the number of animals, supply of water and sheds, etc.
• Gully control, stream protection and landslide rehabilitation. Vegetative
and structural means. Check dams, submerged dams, spur dikes, rip-
rapping, diversions, channel clearing or reshaping, reseeding, stream buffer
strips.
• Road erosion control. The required work may consist of hydro-seeding,
retaining walls, wattling and staking, cross drains and culverts and their
proper maintenance.
• Other protection and rehabilitation work. Mining control, mined area
rehabilitation, pollution control, stabilization of housing sites on slopes as
required.

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• Irrigation and water harvesting. Rainfall and crop patterns, water
requirements, source areas, water delivery, storage & distribution.
• Road development and improvement (new, existing, additional, and
maintenance). Drainage, road re-grading, surfacing, slope
stabilization, maintenance.
• Housing and building construction (new & improvement of existing
ones). Settlement, land allocation schemes, standards for planning
and designing, selection of safe sites, review of housing standards
(practical and economical points of view), housing improvement
(kitchens, toilets, roofs). Other construction (markets, schools,
clinics, etc).
• Other development plans. Other development plans may be
required such as establishing small power plant, cottage industry,
agro-industry, etc. In each case competent authorities or experts
should be consulted.
Rural Land Resource Planning Example 3:
Rural & integrated watershed development

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References
• Kumari, K. (no. date). Is Malaysian forest policy and legislation conducive to multiple-
use forest management? Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global
Environment (CSERGE), University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
• Claude, Bernard (2004). IAEA/RCA Regional Report TC Project for East Asia and the
Pacific Restoration of Soil Fertility and Sustenance of Agricultural Productivity
(RAS/5/39). Part II: Soil Erosion, Sedimentation, and Associated Pesticide
Contamination.Grand Maya Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, 5-9 July.
• Ismail Awang, Dato’. (no date). Sustainable Forest Management in Malaysia - The
Way Forward
at: http://www.mtc.com.my/publication/speech/sustainable.htm as on 20/12/2006
• FAO Corporate Document Repository. Available at:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/v7850e/V7850e11.htm as on 20/12/2006.

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