helpful for pathology and life sciences allied students

1. Present by - Gunali Chaudhari (218238)

2. Pre-Analytical Phase
 Visit, Identity and Record
- Computer technology
 Examination and Provisional diagnosis
- General diagnosis medical kit
 Collection of sample
- Urine
Sterile Specimen Container – Ideal for the collection and
transport of patient samples including urine and sputum.
Specimen containers are manufactured from shatterproof
polypropylene to help prevent leakage.
Vacuum urine collection tube and cup – This collection
system drain urine via tubing that suctions urine to a cup.
Unique hygienic way of collecting urine specimen and
also reduces the chances of contamination.

3. - Blood
Equipment Use
Tournique
t
To occlude venous blood flow and help
phlebotomists discover the vein.
Syringe To collect blood from patients with fragile
veins. Another tool is used is butterfly
needle
Blood
culture
bottle
To collect blood from patients that are
suspected of having septicaemia.
Eclipse Multi-sample vacuum collection needle. It
also has a safety device attached and is
used for venipuncture.
Microhem
atocrit
tube
Used for collecting blood for hematocrit
tests. (to measure RBCs)
Collection
tubes
To collect and transport the blood.
Tourniquet and
Syringe
Butterfly needle
Blood culture bottle
Eclipse
Microhematocrit
tube

4. Centrifugation
Plasma
Serum
Plasma is produced
when whole blood is
collected in tubes that
are treated with an
anticoagulant. The
cells are removed by
centrifugation. The
supernatant,
designated plasma is
carefully removed from
the cell pellet using a
Pasteur pipette.
Serum is the liquid
fraction of whole blood
that is collected after the
blood is allowed to
clot. The clot is
removed by
centrifugation and the
resulting supernatant,
designated serum, is
carefully removed using
a Pasteur pipette.
Pasteur
pipette
Saliva collection kit Sputum trap
Saliva collection kit -
Saliva Collection funnel,
Screw cap for saliva
sample tube, Transport
tube prefilled with 2ml of
protective media
A sputum trap is
connected to the
suction catheter to
collect the sputum

5. Analytical Phase
 Macroscopy
- pH paper, Urine test strip, blood glucose test strip
 Microscopy
- Use of microscopes for examine presence or absence of micro-organism in collected
specimen. Glucometer, Viscometer etc.
 Culture
- Nutrient medium, Agar plates, nichrome wire, Incubator
 Biochemical analysis
- Test tubes, Reagents
 Sample preservation
- Refrigerator

6. • Serology
ELISA Heamagglutination
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay is an immunological assay used
to measure and detect antibodies,
antigens in biological samples.
Some examples include:
diagnosis of HIV infection,
pregnancy test kits.
This test can be used to determine
if you have antibodies related to
certain infectious conditions.
It has two common uses in
the laboratory: blood
typing and the
quantification of virus
dilutions in a
Heamagglutination assay.
In presence of a virus, red
blood cell clumps are
dispersed, forming no red-
coloured dot.
A glycoprotein on the viral
surface, namely hem
agglutinin, interacts with red
blood cells, leading to the
clumping of red blood cells
and the formation of a lattice.

7. • Molecular analysis
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR tests are a rapid, highly accurate way to diagnose certain infectious diseases and genetic
changes. The tests work by finding the DNA or RNA of a pathogen or abnormal cells in a sample
by copying or amplifying genetic material in a sample.
• rtPCR – reverse transcription PCR – RNA DNA before copying.
• qPCR – quantitative PCR – Measures the amount of pathogens in the sample.

8. - Microarray technique
• In diagnostic testing this technique primarily
used to test for the presence in the patient's
DNA (their genome) of either tiny missing
sections (called micro deletions) or extra
duplicated sections (called micro duplications).
• The principle behind microarrays is
that complementary sequences will bind to each
other. The patient’s and control DNA molecules
are cut into fragments by restriction
endonucleases; fluorescent markers are attached
to these DNA fragments. These are then allowed
to react with probes of the DNA chip.
- Gel Electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments
plays a central role in the diagnosis of
hereditary disease.
Electrophoresis is a laboratory
technique used to separate DNA based
on their size and electric charge.
When DNA are mutated, they are
frequently longer or shorter and they
therefore show up on an
electrophoresis gel differently than
normal.

9. Schematic representation of Haemoglobin electrophoresis

10. - Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
Detection by fluorescent
microscope
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a genetic technique used to diagnose
congenital diseases. It has also been used to detect cancer and diagnose infectious
diseases. FISH is applied to detect genetic abnormalities that include different
characteristic gene fusions or the presence of an abnormal number of
chromosomes in a cell or loss of a chromosomal region or a whole chromosome.

11. Haematology Analyzer • Haematology analyzers are used to conduct a
complete blood count (CBC) which is usually the
first test requested by physicians to determine a
patients general health status.
• A complete blood count includes red blood cell
(RBC), white blood cell (WBC), haemoglobin, and
platelet counts, as well as hematocrit levels.
• The traditional method for counting cells is
electrical impedance, also known as the Coulter
Principle.
• Whole blood is passed between two electrodes
through an aperture which is so narrow that only
one cell can pass through at a time.
• The impedance changes as a cell passes through
The change in impedance is proportional to cell
volume, resulting in a cell count and measure of
volume.

12. References
 koneman's textbook of diagnostic microbiology 7th edition
 https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-
immunology/experimental-techniques/enzyme-linked-
immunosorbent-assay
 https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/assessment-
skills/specimen-collection-1-general-principles-and-procedure-for-
obtaining-a-midstream-urine-specimen-12-06-2017/
 https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Polymerase-Chain-
Reaction
 https://www.lalpathlabs.com/transportation-samples.aspx
 https://www.arizonacollege.edu/blog/phlebotomy-equipment/
Images Sources –
 https://www.istockphoto.com/photos/pcr-device
 https://www.shutterstock.com/search/diagnostic+imaging
 https://images.google.com/