This document summarizes a student's radar imaging project on ionospheric plasma irregularities. It discusses using radar with an antenna array spaced 19.62-33.97 meters apart operating at 30 MHz to image the ionosphere and determine wind direction above 10km. Three imaging techniques are reviewed in literature: Fourier-based, Capon-based, and Maximum Entropy-based. The objective is to gather weather information in the ionosphere by detecting Doppler shifts from minor lobes during signal reception. MATLAB is used to simulate and design the antenna array and process signals.

1. Radar imaging of ionospheric
plasma irregularities
Name : Lalkiya Gaurav
Reg. Number : 14MCE1035
Internal Guide Name : Prof. Chandrasekaran N.
External Guide Name : Dr. A.K.Patra

2.  Introduction
 Literature Survey
 Objective
 Tools
 Simulation & output

3.  Nowadays, Radar image processing technique is used for
finding the direction of wind above the 10 km from the earth.
 For that purpose different Planner antenna array are placed
around 30 MHz for transmission and receiving purpose.
 Spacing between two antenna is Minimum 19.62m and
Maximum 33.97 m

4.  For visibility and brightness of the signal some technique are
required.
 There are three types Technique:
1) Fourier based
2) Capon based
3) Maximum Entropy based

5. 1) A simulation study of coherent radar imaging. Tian-You Yu
and Robert D. Palmer Department of Electrical Engineering and Center for
Electro-Optics University of Nebraska, Lincoln . Radio Science, Volume
35, Number 5, Pages1 129-1141, September-October2 000
In this paper, comparison between three technique for
brightness and visibility purpose. In Fourier based the echo
power and Zonal wind are visible but brightness is not good
but it is used for only infinite number of antenna. In Capon
based technique signal brightness is good and it is applicable
for the finite number of transmitter and receiver.

6. 2) Coherent radar imaging using Capon's method. Robert D.
Palmer, Sridhar Gopalam, and Tian-You Yu Department of Electrical
Engineering and Center for Electro-Optics University of Nebraska,
Lincoln Radio Science, Volume 33, Number 6, Pages1 585-
1598,November-December1998
 In this paper, Fourier-based imaging uses no information
about the signal and therefore the beam pattern is independent
of any interference. better resolution is obtained by using
longer baseline. and how doppler beam swinging is working.

7. 3) Woodman, R. F., Coherent radar imaging:
Signal processing and statistical properties,
Ronald F. Woodman
Jicaxnarca Radio Observatory, Instituto Geoffsico del Peril, Lima .Radio
Sci., Volume 32, Number 6, Pages2372-2391, November-December 1997.
 In this paper, A pin hole camera is used to capturing the
images. DFT can calculate a signal's frequency spectrum. This
is a direct examination of information encoded in the
frequency, phase, and amplitude of the component sinusoids.
DFT can find a system's frequency response from the system's
impulse response, and vice versa.

9.  The main objective is to gather weather information of
atmosphere (ionosphere).
 Finding the shifting of the frequency using Doppler.
 At the time of receiving the minor lobe has some information
so for collection of this information, shifting of spectrum is
needed.

10.  For designing and simulation of Antenna and signal
processing MATLAB software is used.

11.  Array Factor At 0 deg. And 30 deg. When spacing of
antenna is 0.5 lambda