C++ Object Oriented Programming
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C++ Object Oriented Programming for Experienced non C++ Programmers
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C++ Object Oriented Programming
- 1. Object Oriented Programming with C++ Gamindu Udayanga Software Engineer Metatechno Lanka Company (Pvt) Ltd. Web : www.metalanka.com
- 2. Basic Concepts of OOP Abstraction Polymorphism Inheritance Encapsulation
- 3. Access Specifies in C++ Public -Any code can access public Data Members Member Functions Protected -Any member function of the class -Member function of the derived class -Can access protected class Private Only member function of the class can access private class members
- 4. Friend functions & Classes in C++ If a function is defined as a friend function then private & protected data of a class can be accessed using the function The compiler knows a given function is a friend function by the use of the keyword friend The declaration of a friend function should be made inside the body of the class(Anywhere inside class either in private or public section starting with keyword friend
- 7. Friend Class Like a friend function , a class can also be a friend of another class. A friend class can access all protected & private variables of a class.
- 8. Which Object Oriented Concept violates friend method & friend class?
- 9. Difference Between Class & Struct in C++ Members of a class are private by default and members of struct are public by default
- 10. Different kinds of data members in C++ Static static member is associated with class instead of an object Accessing static members within a class methods same as regular data members Accessing static data members outside the class int c = Class_Name::variable; Static Methods They do not have this pointer Can access non static data members private and protected data members
- 11. Const Const variables cannot be changed(Except mutable & const cast) We can declare const methods.const members give a guarantee that method will not change the members of that class
- 12. Const object A const object’s values cannot be changed Non const object can call both const & non const methods Const object can call only const methods Mutable Modifier Mutable data member allow user to modify a particular data member
- 13. Default Constructor Zero argument constructor or constructor added by compiler Print Bingo ten times without using loop, recursion or without writing ten times
- 15. Constructor Initializer List C++ Initializer List is used to initialize data members of a class. The list of members to be initialized is indicated with constructor as a comma separated list followed by a colon
- 16. When to use initializer list
- 22. Copy Constructor
- 24. Default Copy Constructor perform shallow copy .We can write our copy constructor to perform deep copy(Deep copy & Shallow copy will be discuses in a future session)
- 25. For More Information refer below link Write Bug Free Efficient Code in C++ with Dynamic Memory Allocation
- 26. C++ inheritance C++ supports 3 types of inheritance -public -private -protected Public Inheritance
- 29. Prevent inheritance in C++
- 30. C++ supports both single inheritance & Multiple inheritance Single Inheritance Multiple Inheritance
- 31. Method Overriding in C++ Method overriding add or replace existing functions In C++ Methods declared as virtual in the base class can be properly overridden by Derived class We don’t need to repeat virtual keyword in front of the method definition in base classes It is recommended to add the override keyword to the end of the overriding method(C++ 11) By adding final keyword at the end of the methods, we can prevent overriding(C++ 11)
- 32. A pointer or reference type of a class can refer to an object of that class or its derived classes Here Comes to the C++ polymorphism C++ supports different types of polymorphism 1)Ad hoc polymorphism 2)Parametric polymorphism 3)Subtyping
- 33. Static polymorphism & Dynamic Polymorphism Static polymorphism – Compile Time Dynamic Polymorphism –Run time Polymorphism
- 35. In C++ Methods declared as virtual in the base class can be properly overridden by Derived class
- 37. Call Base class Method in derived Class
- 38. Virtual Functions in C++ A virtual function a member function which is declared within base class and is re-defined (Overriden) by derived class.When you refer to a derived class object using a pointer or a reference to the base class, you can call a virtual function for that object and execute the derived class’s version of the function.
- 41. Function Pointer it’s also possible to declare a non-constant pointer to a function
- 42. How virtual Functions resolves C++ compiler creates a hidden class member called virtual-pointer or in short vfptr when there are one or more virtual functions. This vfptr is a pointer that points to a table of function pointers. This table is also created by compiler and called virtual function table or vftable. Each row of the vftable is a function pointer pointing to a corresponding virtual function.
- 44. Super *sPtr = new Sub();
- 46. Making base class destructor virtual guarantees that the object of derived class is destructed properly If derived class allocates dynamic memory ,open files, database connections if base class destructor is not virtual then only base destructor may call and oboe resources will not be released;
- 48. Pure virtual Functions & Abstract Classes A pure virtual function (or abstract function) in C++ is a virtual function for which we don’t have implementation, we only declare it. A pure virtual function is declared by assigning 0 in declaration When a class has one or more than pure virtual functions. That class becomes an abstract class & we cannot create an object out of it. But we can create pointers or reference types in abstract classes If we inherit from abstract class we have to add implementation to all pure virtual functions ,Otherwise it will also become abstract C++ does not have interfaces, Only abstract classes
- 50. C++ allows multiple inheritance
- 51. Diamond Problem
- 53. The solution to this problem is ‘virtual’ keyword. We make the classes ‘Faculty’ and ‘Student’ as virtual base classes to avoid two copies of ‘Person’ in ‘TA’ class. For example, consider the following program.
- 60. Dynamic Casting
- 63. Shallow copy vs Deep Copy Shallow Copy int *p = new int; *p =100; Int *q = p; Deep Copy int *p = new int ; Int *q = new int ; *p =*q; *q = 99;