This is a technical forestry report in specific relation to Teak forestry plantations in Costa Rica prepared by the GW Group. The GW Group has a specific focus on forestry investments and agricultural projects specifically in North and South America. With substantial forestry projects under management by the GW Group in both Brazil and Canada the group has grown to become a substantial investor within the forestry and agricultural sector.

1. Technical Report
Assessment of future potential growth of single
species forest plantation of Tectona grandis
at a GWM site
Golfito Canton
Puntarenas Province
Costa Rica
Version 2, 23-03-2012

2. Table of Contents
A few uscfu I terms
3
"
I IIIroducr ion and ''lll ionalc
"
7
Local ion
7
Nulivc species plantat ions
8
'1'1 tree spec ... 'II quesuon
lC
'CS
..9
,
D isenscs
9
CI imule
I0
CIimalic water hal ancc
,
I0
Precipi III Iion
10
Tempera lure
'"
Eiva POI ranspirat ion
II
,
II
So iIs
,I I
Terra in and topography
"
"
F uture pluntution growth potent iaI
,
"
I6
2I
Assumpt ions and caveats
GIS and IT
"
22
"
"
22
22
Future document updates
[3 ibiiography
and Re tcrenccs
"
28
Acknowledgements
32
So ftware
33
,'CSQlU'CCS
About Ih is document
T
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,
"
"
"
33
Pagi) 2

3. A few useful terms
Agroforestry plantation: brleny, a combination of a tree species plantation at the higher
structural layer with a perennial or annual plant at the ground layer, andlor with
Incorporation of beekeeping (ex. for acacia flower honey) and animal farming, such as
cattle grazing. The general objective Is to have a multipurpose system with many
products, while also Increasing both structural and species diversity In comparison to a
singe species agricultural system, and thus increasing sustalnabllity
MAl: Mean Annual Increment, the mean annual variable growth per stand hectare
PAl : Periodic Annual Increment, periodic (annual) change on variable growth per
plantation hectare. per stand hectare
Wood volume until 10 cm or 12cm diameter Inside bark: the stem wood volume
produced with the upper (higher on the tree top) diameter to be 10 cm without bark
Vob: Volume outside bark, that Is volume with bark (MAl Vob and PAl Vob accordingly)
measured In cubic meters per stand hectare
Basal Area: with the assumption that trees are cyclic perpendicularly, the surface of a
cross section of the stand trees (here per hectare), measured In square meters In our
case
TPHa: Trees per hectare, the number of trees planted or standing per stand area for a
given time period
Total biomass: the biomass of the tree, with branches, leaves, twigs, bark and coarse
roots, measured In tonnes per hectare
DBH: Diameter at Breast Height, diameter of a tree measured at 1.35 meters height
Mean DBH: Mean Diameter at Breast Height -per hectare, per stand, or per tree
C02: carbon dioxide amount that Is Is absorbed by plants during their growth
RNG:Random number generation: commonty also referred as RNG, it is the result of
several mathematical/statistical procedures to generate numbers according to a specific
distribution or pattern
Linear function: A mathematical and statistical term, meaning that 2 or more variables
are related with a linear function when the increase of one of these variables, results to
the Increase of the other(s)
Non linear function: A mathematical and statistical term, meaning in rough the opposite
of the linear function explained above; that If two or more variables are related nonlinearly, the Increase of one may result In an asymmetric change of the other(s).
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7. Introduction and rationale
Portfolio diversification, emerging markets. services and products, venture capital. are some
concepts that someone may not expect to find in ecosystem. agriculture or forestry related
activities. But. since the world's natural resources are produced and by natural and/or semi natural
agroecosystems. a rather large business activity is related to them. Forestry and agriculture
practiced In rural areas worldwide provide the world's food and fiber, and do provide also a 101
of
opportunities for Investments; investments that can be practiced sustainable and promote both
socio-economic and environmental welfare. Forest plantations, areas converted to forestry from a
previous land use (grazing. agriculture, mining etc) can provide the world's fiber while hosting
investment opportunities both for public or private entities alike. So, although It may sound
irrelevant, such financlat terms have a lotto do with lhese primary sector activities.
Such Investments in end products from biological organism growth. its obvious that have a certain
risk associated with them. Analyzing such Investments, can also be a challenging task. since any
data produced or desired may differ from the data used by an engineer or a financial analyst. Due
to natural diversity. many more observations are needed to Infer a conclusion, than In other
Investment fields. And to get such data one may have to experiment on the field and in the lab.
since there are usually no central repositories of such data that can fits our particular needs; on the
oontrary, one may acquire stock market data from a central database for a certain subject for a
number of years. but that does not always hold when It comes to rural Investments. The long term
nature of forestry investments Is also a major difference. by say. the investment In the agricultural
sector, In which products are harvested and sold within the same year. However, there is another
applied workaround to that. to combine both processes: by Imitating forest ecosystems' complexity,
which host both annual producing plants (berries for example) and larger, slower growing trees.
agroforestry systems combine both plant categories. and create Interesting and diversified
opportunities for Investment. This is not a new approach; it is done traditionally by rural populations
and also In more recent experimentation by forestry scientists. For example, in Costa Rica coffee is
grown and In companion with timber trees, and local landowners benefit from both.
Testing the suitabilily of a timber investment at a specific location can be done with field triats.
These so called field trials, are usually small area plantings of desired tree species in the area of
Interest. In order to assess their growth and thus Investment potential. Sometimes done by private
landowners, other times by govemments in order also to disseminate and publish Information and
promote forestry In their country. field trials are a very useful tool. But, prior to any other field
actions, a remote assessment may be needed to coliect and analyze tree growth and sen-climate
quality data for the specific locale. in order to make a rough. first estimate of forest plantation
growth. Such assessments use forestry research, GIS, remote sensing, meteorology. maps and of
course any local forestry data or Information. to develop a blueprint on the forest plantation potential
in the site of Interest: and this Is what this technical report is about. an Independent. rough estimate
of potenllal Teak forest plantation growth to be read by GWM engineers. foresters and investors
alike.
Location
The rich In natural habitats and forests Country of Costa Rica lies between the Allanllc and Pacific
oceans in Central America. bordering with Nicaragua to the North. and Panama to the South.
Between 8-12 degrees North of the Equator. It has a tropical climate with high levels of preclpltallon
and mean annual temperatures between 20-30 degrees Celsius.
The spatial administrative system applied In Costa Rica divides the country to Provinces and then
to Cantons. The Province of Puntarenas, where the study area is located, lies at the southern part
I grand!,. GWM omwlh AaSftlUtmgot
Pag.7

8. of the country and borders with Panama.
The potential forest plantation site discussed here Is located near the city of Golfito. nested in the
Inner side 01 the Golfo Dulce. al the Pacific coast. The Golfito airport. Is one of the closest to the
site discussed here. while the airport of Sun Coto Brus, and others are also located within the wider
area. The location covers an area of 170 hectares approximately, and its less than two kilometers
away from a close-by river, Rio Cotto Coronado.
The terrain is hilly and moderately hilly, with altitude ranging from 70 to 200 meters above sea level.
The tropical climate and the seasonal distribution of precipitation contribute significantly to good
plant growth levels. Natural forests or agricultural and grazing land are the main land cover types
found at the wider geographic area.
The tree species in question
Teak, or Teca in Spanish for Costa Rica, Is scientifically named as Tectona grandls In Latin. A native
species of Asia, It has been planted in olher areas of the tropics (such as Central America) for many
years (61). In Costa Rica It has been Introduced since 1926 (61). Nowadays. Teak is considered to
be planted all over Ihe tropics. except of very dry regions.
Highly valued for its wood appearance and structural characteristics. resistance to humidity and
decay planting Teak is considered as a good forestry Investment either from govemmenlal or
private organizations. Teak lumber or limber Is highly appreciated. for its wood density. durability.
appearance. The price of teak timber varies with the quality grade that the produced logs are.
Sometimes slowly grown teak may hold better values than Irrigated and fast grown teak (since the
higher growth rate may have effects on tree rings. heartwood growth, appearance and of course
wood density).
Logging pressure lowards natural forests for teak harvests is also a conservation concern. and teak
forest plantations can lessen the pressure to natural forests. while Increasing local forest cover and
rural forestry development, among other benefits of forestry plantations.
Teak, was Introduced to Central America from Asia during the early years 01 the nineteenth centary,
during 1920's, while FAO (40) and other organlzallons promoted lorest development in the area
with this species at later slages. Costa Rica hosts a large area of the total Teak plantations 01
Central America. which was more than 20.000 hectares in the late 90's. And this is not surprising.
since Costa Rica has a good environment for tree growth.
Teak plantations
The surface planted In Costa Rica under Tectona grandls plantations Is considerable (38,40. 63).
and a number of private Investments are reported in the media and the web. Worthy to mention
here Is that certain plantations have been certified under forest management standards. Such
certificates are a proof that the lorest management In the specific area abides with a long list of
rules. standards and criteria. and such certificates can be provided both to natural and man made
lorests. References lor the specific certified plantations or lorestry standards Is public. Therefore,
Interested readers may use the websltes of forestry certification standards to acquire relevant
Information on plantations.
There are several manuscripts comparing the environmental services offered from native or exotic
species plantations, and their negative and positive sides. Several authors have published research
on the comparison of single versus mixed species plantations, or on the use of native species
I gtaodrlt.
GWM OCQwlhASfiftlUtmgnt
PoU·6

9. versus introduced species. Relevant publications to the Issues above are provided In the
"References and Bibliography" section of this report.
In several cases, forest plantations are established on ex-agricultural or grazing land, or at
abandoned field land. Certain land uses, especially If they are In a somewhat Intensive fonm over
the carrying capacity of the agroecosystem, may lower the soli quality through local management
practices. erosion, soli compaction, and exclusion of any natural woody vegetation previously
existing there. Such lands under this regime for a few decades, may have reduced the nutrient
status and reduction In fertility; In such cases, the change of land use to forestry constitute a more
extensive management system. requires less Input alter tree establishment (energy. labor etc), Is a
C02 sequestration option, Is considered a climate change adaptation and mitigation option, to
mention some of the long list of services that planted forests provide.
Teak wood from natural forests Is sometimes related to non legitimate logging activities. Also, a
common issue of wood harvested from developing economies, Is that the low cost of raw material,
such as logs, have a considerable increase In market value later, after processing and marketing in
developed counties. but this profit does not necessarily returns back to the locality where the wood
was logged. So. such non legitimate logging activities may not only affect negatively natural
habitats and local populations, but actually provide a low Income to local rural communities. without
reflecting the added value that this high quality product has.
By selecting teak timber, or Its products, from managed natural forests or forest plantations sources
where Its grown and for such trade reasons. aids to the creation of local business. growth and
lobs, and It simply means that profits benefit each producing country, and also that legal procedures
have been followed In order for such product to reach the end consumer.
Diseases
Teak. according to local silviculture literature has a number of diseases and pests. It Is not In the
scope of this document to report the total of them here, but just to provide a brief overview of them.
and the scientific references (8) reporting such data.
Developed for the purpose to Infonm Interested parties and to disseminate Information for the
pathogens and diseases of planted species In Costa Rica (8), a study published on 2007 has
reviewed local sources and provides geographic reference of such plant threats. For Teak. more
than 50 forest diseases are reported, including mites. Insects. pathogens, and vertebrates. This of
course does not mean that In every plantation all these natural enemies will occur simultaneously,
or not occur at all. With careful site amelioration, management, genetic material selection and
overall forest health care especially at the firsl stages of plantation establishment. negative effects
from such enemies can be avoided.
Simulating such effects and their occurrence possibility Is beyond the scope of this document.
Generally. for many widely planted species. such as Irees or crops (wheat, maize, vines, olives etc)
or plantation trees (pines, acacias. etc) exists a range of pests, diseases or other natural
disturbances. The role of tree farmers or site managers Is to diagnose and before hand manage the
land and govern to minimize any negative effects to growth.
I orand!,· GWM orow1h ft!ulfts&ment
PoO·9

10. Climate
Local climate Is a significant factor affecting biological organism growth at any geographic area. and
there are several Indicators which In rough assess the productivity of a certain location based on
mean climate figures alone (more can be viewed on the relevant graphs and texts of this chapter).
Prior from developing any Indicators. it Is necessary that local climatic data from validated sources
Is assessed and processed. After review of several climate data sources. the most suitable one
was found to be the local meteorological Institute, the Instituto Meteorologlco Naclonal (IMN) of the
Mlnislerio de Amblente. Energla Telecomunlcaciones (MINAET).
Climatic data from meteorological stations (22). monthly climate bulletins (3). Climatic auas and
maps published in 1985 (2) and also similar publications of 2010 (23) were collected. Based on U1e
Interpolation of the data of the closest meteorological stations to the location of interest, the mean
Climatic dataset was derived. The main variables were maximum and minimum temperature, and
precipitation, which were then used to derive several other variables and Indicators.
Generally. the moist tropical climate of Costa Rica Is similar to the climatic conditions of the species
natural occurrence range In Asia (63, and citation within, 65). For this study the focus Is to examine
In as much detail as possible the dlsltlbution of these variables and cross check the results with
species suitability Indicators as developed by authors (63) lor Cenlral America.
Climatic water balance
Climatic water balance developed from precipitation (22) and evapotranspiration (1,17) figures and
It can be a useful Indicator of available water to plants. Plotting of this variable indicates a relatively
dry period of 2-4 months with negative figures of this computed variable. Rather than using
precipitation alone as a dry and wet period indicator, the evapotranspiration and Climatic water
balance provide another view of the available growing period to the location of Interest.
Teak requires certain seasonal distribution of rainy and dry periods for Its optimal growth, which Is In
detail reported in relevant scientific work (62,63).
Preclpltatlon
Precipitation In the neighboring meteorological stations (15) of the study area ranges between 3500
to 5000 mm per year, with a 2·4 months of approximately 100 mm or less monthly precipitation.
This range Is close to the upper threshold for Teak (62.63), but it is reported to grow from less than
1000 mm annual precipitation to more than 3500 mm. In Central America there are reports (63) of
Teak plantation establtshments with precipitation levels from 889 mm up to 3689 mm per year;
which, as authors report, is very similar to its region of origin (63. and citations within). Generic
optimal thresholds of precipitation for Teak is 1000· 2500 mm annually (62,63),
Merely total precipitation amount Is not enough to define a suitability Index for teak, but how it
Interacts with other site variables is more Important. Effective precipitation Is what actually matters
for plants to grow, which we assume will be less In higher Inclination areas than In other areas of
low slope percent. On the other hand, due to the fact that the total amount of precipitation Is high,
evan In areas with high Inclination during dry periods, any xeric event can be smoother than In
other, overall drier locations.
Temperature
Teak Is reported to grow at a wide variety of climatological conditions, even In areas with light frost
occurrences Specifically (62) it is reported to grow in areas with temperature from 2 to 48 degrees
T orendtl· GWM nrQw1h
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11. Celsius (but that of course that does not mean that this temperature range Is the optimal for the
speoies).
Minimum (15), maximum (15) and derived mean temperature were plotted and examined for the
neighboring meteorological stations and Interpolated for the GWM site. The mean monthly
minimum and maximum temperatures range between 20 to 34 degrees Celsius, which are
considered suitable lor the species.
According to the Summary Statistics table lor climatic variables, since the mean temperature Is
within the range o( 25-28 degrees Celsius, it Is claSSified as a good location for Teak, based on
author work for Honduras (63 and citation within (65)).
In addition to the mean temperature data, in order to have an overview of the spatial distribution of
temperature In the wider geographic area, satellite data (44,46) was assessed to provide high
resolution temperature maps for a given time of satellite overpass.
Evapotranspiration
An Important Climatic parameter which Is related to plant growth and dry matter productivity, and
also to available soli water to plants, evapotranspiration (1) Is Incorporated into the climatic water
balance and growing period Indicators of this report.
Based on the available climatic data (22) and relevant scientific methodologies (1) the
evapotranspiration is computed for the area of Interest, and plotted with precipitation and
temperature provides estimates of relaUvely dry and wet periods.
Soils
Quality checked soil data Is extremely Important when forecasting plant growth. Soli maps of Costa
Rica, and specifically the Golfito Map Sheet (20) of the series was used as the primary data source.
The same map data source was also used In studies of plantation growth In the South part of Costa
Rica (15,19).
As delined In the maps (20) the solis in the study property are classified as Ultisols, of the suborder
Typic Tropohumults, associated with the TypiCDlstropepts category. Generally, TypiCtropohumults
are deep and well drained Ultisols, and similar characteristics are reported (rom local soli maps
(profundo, which In English means deep). This Is In line with Teak preferences as defined In
reviewed IIterat~lre for Centrat America (63). A positive trait Is that there is no aluminum
accumulation (20) in the site solis, but their moderately heavy structure Is not lhe optimal for Teak
growth.
Soils are acid (20. and also 21), while teak has a prelerence towards neutral soils lor optimal
growth; However, soli acidity can be managed with site prescriptions and amelioration in order to
reach a better level for the species. There are certain reports of leak plantations -or other speciesIn Costa Rica over acid solis, and details are provided for their growth.
The originating dalaselS (20) classify the site solis based and on the USDA ctasslflcatlon scheme
(12). Based on another soli classification scheme. the solis belong to lhe Latosol pardo amarillo
(20) class. Pardo amarillo refers to the presence of certain metals In the soil horizons and lhelr level
of oxidation and accumulation in the soil profile. which also relates to lheir weathering process.
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16. Terrain and topography
Satellite data (45) was used to construct high resolution elevation and contour maps of the area.
The produced slope maps, and aspect maps, were made to assess the 3-dlmenslonal properties of
the location. Using the same original dataset (45). a wetness Index map was developed In order to
assess the relative wetness of the site area based on local topography. Also. a spatial
morphological analysiS (57) was conducted to categorize the wider location to (eature classes.
Slope, aspect, wetness Index, morphological features are given In a quantitative manner both In
maps and in graphs. In order to help even the non seasoned reader to have a clear overview of the
location.
The altitude of the wider study area is between 70 to 200 meters above sea level. which is
considered as good (or teak growth (62.63), but there may be a limiting factor (or the species In the
higher slope areas of the site, as it Is described in relevant slope maps of this report. However,
there are reports of Teak growth in various topographic positions (63).
Inclination. soli steepness, and other (actors of a forest site can be related to soli depth, erosion
level as this is also Influenced by previous land use. local hydrology and micro-climate. The close
proximity to sea shore (Golfo Dulce) and to Intand waters (Rio Cotto Coronado) and the low altitude
constitute a good topographical poslucn. This topography and geographical positlon can also lead
to the assumption that even during xeric seasons of the year. the air humidity will be at certain
levels higher than Inland. It is widely discussed that water bodies smooth extreme temperature
events. which Is another positive (actor for our sile selection in the case say of low or high
temperature extremes.
Relative $p61131
dIstribution 0' Aspect lor each 1/0 HI area
or the
90deoroos North. 18OdogWOSI
270dog South 360dog eMI
0.07
GWM sue
~
0.06
,..riI"
....
0.05
~
r
~
I
•
r
0.04
r-
!
JlI
.l!
0.03
r-
.,.....,
r-
r-
....,
_r-
....,
_,.
r-
0.02
-,
-rO.OL
~
0
o
r
50
r-
r- '!
,...
lOO
150
200
Aspect (dt!QNlI1$increase count(lltlockwi!:c
T
prnnslta .. GWM
grnydh
fteSft&I OI'lQt
O
250
0.3(0)
300
350

17. Slope po ''(;0
11I. contour
mnp of' tho G'VM site
,
)0% SlOp.
15 % .101)0
o
Cooodl.OIe ~"'",nce
i'daiu",",WOS84
SyStem, WGS84JUTMZONE17N / EPS13:)R617/ ,prol-o,m ,IO.e.17
'e1lOs-WOSS'
-+:v".. m ....
H
nD_dtlia,.,.'owg.84 ... >O.O
0
caWMlno 00"'.11: Gillonwood Ma.Ii(j4(1l<1nl
Original DEM-dala OOUIOO: Eorth Romolo Sonolng D.,.. Analysis ConlOr (ERSDAC). i)Qto sola aro • plOdu.' 01rho ,"".iSlI)'
of E¢onomy.T",de, and Indu01ry(MeTl) 01JllPan and 0' 1~. Unlled S'Ole8 National AelOnaulico and Space AdmlnlSlration
(NASA)

18. Aspect map of the CVliNI site Iocatton
1J<'./(lV'J
:>
'jIot1(lQt:,1)
•
•
A~Pf!!r.t M1Jp
i'1ICQ'J ()
o
~
o
0
~
~
o
~
~
J;!
,',
"
~
N
~
Nbrlh
VJe~t
South
Cost
~uuA(Y.l,1)
N
COOrdlh.1O
R.'.",n .. S)oitom: WG98~i.lTM LONE.17N I.PSG 326171..p101."hn -4000.17 ..o11p• W<lS84 +lJQlum.wQS84
•
+UfllclaM
.nOOo" +10.,4-0,0,0
GWM borders dGta 80U","Oro._od MM~gemenl
1l1li
c..to,
LAnde.t lmage'y: Cllo~ll..Il.d COI/II'Facility(GLCF),l'lo~d.", Sl>M' Flight
rGSFC)(20II), LondAA'SlIrlOOO
RoII"","noo ,
LAlld•• , 1M & ETM., G,eb.,LAnd CM' FlClllly Util.. ,orW 0' Mlrylll1d, Colleg. PIIJI<.

19. Morphol!)!! ir:al/M()rpholllp.l.ric
o
[enl.ll res
or Ilie
GW,iI sil.e
Cooldlnate R&I!I~nc. Systom:WGS841lJTMZONE
17NI EPSG3~ 11!+p1OJ-~lm
+Iono_17 +01l~-wGS64
,Oalum·W(lS84 ,.nl18_m '"0 on ,'0wa084-0.0,O
QWMItt- bold.....: O,..nwoad Mln_gemlnt
Original OEM data ooulOl: Earth Romoll Sonllng Dall AI1.ly~. Conl.r IERSoAC). 001... ,. IIIiI • pIilduOI.,lho Mlnlll!),
of Economy,Tnldo. onOInOuolly(METI)01Jo,pa. anOot lho Un,lOd 91110.Nailonlll AOIilnaulico and Spaco Adm.. I."allon
INASAI

20. Dralnaqc map of the C·VM site (surface runoff ill rloqroos)
-
o
.-
C;a.ldln". FIIII.".nQII SI'SI'''': WOS841UTMZONE 1711
1EPSG 328171 '1''''J-<lIm .... n•• 17 .. u" •• wtlB84
otdaluro-WOS84 ~"Ilaam +nD_dfili +Cowgd4.0.0,O
GWM silo boIdO": GmonWOOd
Managomoril
O>lg,nalOEM dOl. OOUtte:Eanh RemoteS.MOlnDOUIa AnOl'tlo Conler (ERSDAC). Data oets ... apn><lucto llh. Ml latty
n
Of EGonarily. '!Ido. and IndUeIryIMETl)01Jft~M end of,.,. Vnl",d Sto",o NoOooftl"'o",nftutIQ. Md SPftOO
T
Administration
(NASA)

21. Future plantation growth potential
There Is a wide range for adaptation between optimality and normal suitability or survivability for
several plant species at a given location. Beyond site factors, genetics of the planted material play
also a significant role In future ptantation development. Since Teak plantations have been
established in various areas In the tropics within or outside its natural range there are several
sources of Information reporting Its growth is several locauons. A native of India, Indonesia and
Burma, Teak has been planted to Asian, Central and South America. and to African tropics.
Numerous scientific reports exist, some of which are randomly chosen to be discussed here.
There has been a great Interest from authors for Teak plantations worldwide. Scientific work
regarding plantations in northern Ghana (66) report provisional yield models for 3 site classes.
Work from Northem Thailand (47) studied the composition and diversity of woody regeneration in a
37 year old plantation. In Brazil (39) the Increment curves of thinned Teak stands were studied,
among many other studies In this country. The carbon storage of plantations was studied In the
neighboring Panama (48). Since reforestatlon Is a mitigation option In reducing atmospheric C02.
such studies can provide important data on the quantification of the contribution from forestry
projects. The Initial performance of several native and Introduced tree species was studied atso In
Panama (35). Also, other authors Investigated (6) Teak and native tree species plantations In
Panama. The comparison of Teak plantation biomass between a location of India and Costa Rica
was also published (18).
A scientific study from Costa Rica (7) discussed the native specles establishment under a Teak
plantation and other forms of land cover. Other studies collected and anatyzed several sources of
information for Central America grown Teak (63), and discussed Its management (64). The effect
management prescriptions on growth and wood properties Is also a subject of study in Costa Rica
(5).
Growth models and Increment for Teak plantations In Costa Rica (61) Is also a subject of study by
many authors. Stem analysis for growth and votume equations (59) development also took place.
The production and timber quality of high Input plantations In Costa Rica was reported too (29) and
also stand growth scenarios (58) based on management and site quality. Similarly. thinning In Teak
plantations (53) Is another Interesting subject In forest plantation management.
As It Is obvious, there are several growth and yield models for teak In Costa Rica. For modelling
volume and basal area growth of the plantation, it was preferred to use the management guidelines
from authors (29,58) and to try to adapt robust relationships of tree and stand growth (34) on local
conditions with specific methodology and software tools (11,13.9 please see "Acknowledgments"
section of this report too). Based on guidelines from authors (29,58), after adapting their
methodology for our study. it is proposed for the teak plantation: a rotation age of 20 years.
thlnnlngs at the ages of 7 and 13, final harvest at age 20. The Initial plant density Is proposed to be
1111trees per hectare.
Management of plantations Is extremely important in order to maximize Individual tree volume and
dbh, or total volume per hectare, which Is related to the desired end products and the financial
Increment of the plantation. An integral exertion of cases in timber plantations with longer term
rolation and harvest ages (when compared to biomass tree production plantations) is that stand
development Is challenging to analyze and predict, since local variables and management differs
widely from one slle to the other. So, one plantation owner may follow wide initial planting and
minimal thinning until the harvest age, while others may plant many trees per hectare and thus
apply more sanitary and Improvement cuts.
T
Qrondm·
GWM grgw1h
OGOMIInent
Pago 21

22. Assumptions and caveats
One Important detail to note here Is that all scientific references and bibliography are from peerreviewed journals and publications, and there Is no doubt of their scientific accuracy. However, the
use of such models by the author of this report In a wrong or subjective manner, does not mean of
course that the used bibliography or the cited authors are Incorrect: rather Its clearly the
responsibility of Ihe current author on the appropriate use of these.
Climate data are estimated for the geographic area of Interest. Ideally, for a site assessment of
plantation growth, one may have local time series of meteo data for the last decades. However,
such data are not available betore hand, as this Is very often the case with agricultural or forestry
production. Therefore on Inltlat estimations of site suitability and plantation growth, either
researchers or managers use interpolated data Which may be less accurate and with coarse spatial
resolution to represent local variability. However, this Is a very usual case (please see studies of the
"Bibliography and References" section of this document), Since detailed local data may not be
available even after plantation establishment.
uncertainty in the assumptions and estimations made Is towards high levels, which can be limited
when local ground tree and plantation growth data can be available after plantation growth.
Verification of such projections can be made with actual ground sampling of existing Tectona
grandls plantations at the area and can be repeatedly updated In future periods.
GIS and IT
As in the general approach in this report, a mixed quantitative and qualitative way Is followed to
overlay and process ali Information, and make lnter-comparlsons of data. For such a task
geographical Information systems are used and relevant graphs and maps are provided to present
this Information. Specific software packages and tools (57. see atso Software Chapter of this
report), In combination with satellite data (44,45,36) were utilized for the analysis.
Visualization of the site and Its variables can be made though maps and graphs. Also, the exact
location of the site is given, based on the map coordinates provided. The Coordinate Reference
System used for the maps Is the WGS 84 I UTM 17N: the location coordinates can be reprojected
to a different coordinate system. and oan permit further visualization of the location, which can also
aid to an evaluation of this report if desired.
Future document updates
Such documents 01 working nature can be updated with the availability of ground data Irom
plantation growth. Usually. a good conclusion of plantation potential can be made after the first
years of plantation growth, from field foresters and plantation managers.
T qrppdtl • GWM O'ow1b oa§9"n'Qnt
P.go 22

23. PrOtections
Ao'{y.... ,
I.ble· Single
TotAl VOlulM (theoreu01II no thinning
growth)
Sf)ec:~$ plAI'ltArion 01 Tec:IM& or&nclll
Re,lduftl Undetbntk V
olum& 10 top
Of la em (Ttttk Specific ~nn""
)
Vahl'YlC'l remClYed (thIMtnO~Mla1h'o)to
101.clllln'leler of 12 em ~lnder1)tI,k
(Tt!1Ik
SI)oo,"lo formulA)
6.74
diflmtifY
1
O.ll6
2
G.77
3
11.10
•
2",00
5
43.28
G
117.00
7
72.70
L3,d!)
8
87.28
31,P7
9
101.16
43.49
10
US.1I9
55,05
II
121154
13
135.1$
78,02
13
14. (8
8936
14
lZ2."
8411
.S
169.18
92,92
"
lGS.OO
L01,OO
17
170.22
108.95
18
174JU
11G.70
19
170.11'1
124,43
20
302,(('
l31 97
Total A,eumulattd vorume
T gmodr!
• GWM gWw1h 0039'0)ou1
33].91
171.S7
Pago 23

24. Projec:dons table· Sing .. specie. pla".adon of Tec:tona9randll
ThllOrelleRi orowth fA ba,RI.rell
Resklua. ~I
Arell (aher thinn""')
1
0.00
2
2.07
.072
3
4.04
.034
4
5.07
5,.97
5
7.8G
6
9.66
0.66
7
U.34
11.34
8
12.86
0.70
8
14.21
10.02
10
15.36
12.11
11
16.31
13.28
12
17.08
L4.42
13
17.70
15.53
14
18.17
12.55
15
18.54
13.33
16
18.02
14,09
17
19.04
14.84
18
10.21
15.56
19
19.33
16.27
20
19.<13
lG.87
t grnMiJ • GWM gcgyt1hQ§§tl.nlQ!)t
.116
7
453
G21
lG.W
Pogo 24

25. AGO (VClN")
TOlnl Volume! tiheofllllcni
growth)
no I",nnino
r011l1Volume MAl tlhoonICicfll no IhinnlnG rOltll Volume PAl (lheoU:llc.'
glOWth)
no Ihlnning
gtowth)
~
0,71
3,:W
6,00
3
11,10
b,10
10,33
•
2l),W
7,36
12,4J
6
<03,211
866
13.16
6
aMI!
I>''''
14,btl
1
72, '10
10.39
1.4.6"
81.211
10.91
14.1:)8
101.J'
1124
13 a7
10
1L3.88
11.40
12.82
11
125.84
11.41
Jl.56
12
13S,1O
11.31
1022
13
J4".08
11,13
8.110
"
IS2."'"
1080
7.15
18
l$Q,Je
1061
6.13
16
165,05
Ion
5.1lI
11
110.22
10,01
&,11
18
174.81
071
4.50
,.
176.02
0.42
,.U
20
182.65
0.L3
3.13
•
•
T 9'oodrJ
~GWM gcow1h o§§Qai!)'Qot
Page 25

26. (II no thinning), 6nrl vOI~lmf;l:S until"
Theor.,tk:llll'lrDwth
200
,.)OlOV(teJ O(l11n-12 ern
Tot&1VOL (theoretical groVlth)
R(lsldl,l:.1 Ufldorbtll'k v 0,,ln-12
ol.
L80
top dlamftler
or 12 em
•
I
vorurne
mlnlmvm
L60
"
X
r
X
,
/
/
L40
•
X
~
I(!
,., L20
~
u
:l5 100
~
~
00
.;;z
/
"
"
*
-,
g
60
"
X
/
40
•
/
20
X
•
•
0
2
10
8
6
16
14
12
20
18
An. (Yea",)
Theoretlcel grovlth to'Nal'ds Il"Ia)(lmUITIeA. also residual end removed besal al'ea
20
RftfTl()vad
SA
rheOl'ctlcal growlh of 0.1
Rtill]ldu.::a1SA (ull~r
lhlnnlng)
18
•
...............
X
....
L6
"
,.1,,,.
14
~
..
..
~
:!!
]
,
;(
- - -X
•
X
r
"
X
)(
x
X
X
/
10
.-.-_.
0'
....,.~.
/
~ 12
~
s
~
,.."
.....~.- .... ......
..
y
'<
/
8
,
,X
,
~
r
,
2
/
/
,
/
/
I
2
•
•
X
,
,
4
0
)<
,
I
4
I
6
0
I
10
I
12
14
16
18
20
A~}(y{tar~J
I YWQ~tJ ..g~M gcg:tdb QDGAallnfUl~
Pog.76

27. Tectona grand Is: MAl-PAl of total volume
18
--I--
Total Volume PAl
Total Volume MAl
16
14
-I
~
II)
....
QI
.....
QI
E
v
:c
:>
.:t..
10
+.........
8
<i
6
v
~
,
+ + +
-I-I-
12
-
-IX
X )I: X X
X X
X X
-I
X .X......
X"X'X
-I-
X
+
:::;:
2 4
X X
-l
X
+
X
X
+
+ +
+ +
0
0
5
10
15
20
Age (Years)
T gwndrJ. GWM grow1b A§§OA"Ugot
PeO·27

28. Bibliography and References
Please note that numerous scientific reports, manuscripts and documents exist discussing issues
relevant to this report, The list below does not Intend of course to be a full bibliography of such
matters. The catalog provided below Is to give credit and express acknowledgement to the authors
of work userul for the development of this technical report.
I. Allen, R.O.. Pereira, L.S., Racs, D. [1I1d mith, M. 1998. rAQ 56 PAO Irrigation and Drainage
S
Paller No. 5(>
2. "Atlas Climatologico de Costa Rica' 1985. lnstituto Meteorolcgico Nacional San Jose. Costa
Rica. Centroamerica
3. Bolctln Mcrcorologico Mensual. Institute Mcrcorolegico Nacional Sun Jose, Costa Rica.
Ccmroamerica
4. Dc. P.. & Sclunincke, Kvhermann. (2000). Plantaciones de teen ell Costa Rica: In cxperieucia de
In empress Precious Woods. Unasylva. 5 l , 29-35.
5. Edgur Vlquez, D. 1'. (2005). Effect of'pruning on tree growth. yield.und wood properties of
Tectona grandis plantations in Costa Rica. Sliva Fennicn, 39(Dcccmbc.· 2003).381-390. Retrieved
from htlp:llwww.mc[hl.li/silvllfennicll/full/$t:l9/sI.393381 .pd f
6. Griess, V. C.. & Knoke. T. (20 II). Can native tree species plantations in Panama compote with
Teak plantations? An CCCHlOl11ic
estimation. New Forests, 13-39. doi:10.1007/sI1056-010-9207-y
7. Healey, S. 1'.. & Gara, R. I. (2003). The effect of a teak (Tectona grundis) plantation 011 the
establishment of nillive species ill 1111
abandoned pasture in COS!!, Rica. For. Ecol. Manage •. 176,
497-507.
S. I.T.C.R. (tnsiinuo Tccuologico de COSllI Rica). (2007). Caralogacion en IIIFuente. KUI·l.: Rcvista
Forestal, 4(4( II y 12 especial), 2007).
9. Jerome K Vanclay and Peter J Sands, (2009). Calibrating the self-thinning frontier, Forcst Ecology
and Management. 259( 1),81-85.
1.0. Climate lmpuct on Agriculture. CLI M 1'/0. Environment, Climate Change lind Bioenergy
Division, FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization ofthe United Nations. Vinic delle Termc di
Caraca lin 00 t 53 Rome, ItuIy (hltp:llwww.iilo.orgfnr/climpIIs/index_en.llsp)
II. NonlinXL: a tool 1'01' tilling non-linear Excct-based modcls to observed data. Version 1.0.
September 2010. Peter Sands. 39 Oakleigh Av. Taroona . Australia 7053. email:
pjsNUlllcrics@nctspacc.nct.au
12. Soils f Natural Resources Conservation Service tNRCS), United States Department of'
Agriculture (USDA) http://soils.lIsdn.gov/
13. Dr. Peter Sands. 39 Ouklcigf Av. Taroona • Australia 7053, email:
I)HNul11crics@nctspuec.ncl.ilu
14.Adu-bredu, S.. Foua, A.. Bi. T., Bouillet, J.-pier.·c, Yamoah, S., & Saint-andre, L. (2008). All
explicit stem profile model tor forked and un-forked teak (Tectonll grandis ) trees in West Africa.
Forest Ecology and Management, 255. 2189-2203. doi: I0.10 16fj.forcco.2007.12.052
T 9rnpdtl ~GWM grow1hO§$MloogO
Pog.28

29. 15. Arias, D.. Calve-alvarado, .I.. Richter. D.. Dohrcnbusch, A.. Costa, D., Iter, R.. Canago, A., ct al,
(20 II). Productivity. aboveground biomass. nutrient uptake and carbon content in fast-growing tree
plantations of'nutive and introduced species in the Southern Region ofCosta Rica. BioOlIlSS
und
Bioenergy, 35(5), 1779·1788. Elsevier Ltd.
16. Bolcy.J, D., Drew, 1.1' .. Andrus, R. E., & Rica, C. (2009). Effects of'uctivc pasture .tenk (
Tccronu grandis ) lind mixed native plunuuions on soil chemistry in Costa Rica. Forest Ecology and
Mnnugcmcnt. 257, 2254.2261. doi: I0.1 0 16Ij.IOt·cco.2009.02.035
17.l3Ioncy, II.F. und Criddle, W.O. 1962. Determining consumptive use and irrigation water
requirements. U. S. DeJlI. Agr, Agriculuiral Research, SCl'viccTcch Bull 1275.591).
18. Buvaneswarau. C., George, M., Perez. D., Kanninen, M. (2006). NOTES. BIOMASS OF TEAK
PLANTATIONS IN TAM IL NADU , INDIA AND COSTA RICA COMPARED. Journal ofTropical
Forcst Science 18(3): 195·197.
19. Calve-alvarado, J. C., Arias. 0., & Richter, D. D. (2007). Early growth performance ofnntivc
and introduced fast growing tree species in wet to sub-humid climates of the Southern region of
COSLll Rica. Forest Ecology and Management, 242, 227·235.
20. ASSOCIATION DE SUBGROUPOS DE SUELOS DE COSTA RICA (MAPA PREI.IMINAR).
OFICINA DE I'LANII'ICACION SECTORIAL AGROPECUARIA. FINACIANCIO DE
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SEGUROS. ELABORO: SAMUEL PEREZ, ALFREDO
ALVARADO Y ELiZABETN RAMIREZ. COLABORO: DR. ELLIS G. KNOX. FECHA, MARZO
1978.
21. Manuel Amonio Lopez, Miguel Angel Gonzrtlcz "ElzBCTO DE DOS FUENTES DE CALCIO
SOBRE LA FERTI L..IDADTRES SI.IELOS ACIDOS DE COSTA RICA". Agronomia Costnrriccnsc
11(1): 1·15. 1987
22. Institute Mcrccrolcgico Nacional San Jose, Costa Rico. Ccmroumerlca. Datos Climaricos.
lnstituto Mctcorologico Nucional wcbsuc
23. "At Ins Climarologico de Costa Rica" 2010.lnstituto Mcrcorologico Nacionnl Sun Jose, Costa
Rica. Ccniroarnerica
24. Technical Report 141: Sands 1'.1 (2004) Aduptation of 3·I'G to novel species: guidelines for data
collection and parameter assignment. 34 pp. Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable
Production Forestry, CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Australia.
25. Technical Report 126: Sands rJ (2003) Process-based models tor forest management integrating determinants of growth into practical management systems. 30 pp, Cooperative
Research Centre tor Sustainable Production Forestry , CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products,
Austruliu
26. Technical Report 124: Sands 1'.1
(2003) Paramcterisation and application oD·PC us 11
managemcm tool 101' Eucalyptus grandis ill South Africa - rOI)011 n a visit to the Institute lor
o
Commercial Forestry Research. August-September 2003.5 pp. Cooperative Research Centro for
Sustainable Production Forestry . CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products. Australia
27. Carlos, J., Usuga, L., Andres, J.. 1'01'0, R., Vanessa, M., Alzatc, R., Jesus, A. D.. ct al. (2010).
Estimation of biomass and carbon stocks in plants, soil and forest floor in diffcrcm tropical forests.
Forest Ec()logy and Management, 2GO( 10), 1906·1913. Elsevier B.V,
doi: 10.1()16/j.loreco.20 I0.08.040
T prond" - GWM Qrowth pS$Msmgot
Pog.29

30. 28, Carpenter, F, L" NicholaJ. 0" & Sandi. 13, (2004).11. Early growth ofnntive
planted on degraded tropical pasture. Forest Ecol. Manage .• 196,367·378,
and exotic trees
29. Perez. 0 Cordero, L: Kannincn. M. 2003. Growth and timber quality ofTcciona grundls L.f'. in
high input pluntadons of Cos IIIRica. NOTA DISPONIBLE EN: In Quality Timber Products of Teak
from Sustainable Forest Management. (2003. Pccchi, Kerala, IN), Interna (pp. 142·149),
30, Pierro, Daniel, Monragnini. F" Ugalde, L., & Kannincn, M. (2003), Performance or forest
plantations in small and medium-sized limns in the Atlantic lowlands of'Cosia Rico, Forest Ecol.
Manage" 175, 195·204.
31, Redondo-brenes, A" & Montagnini. F. (2006). Growth. productivity . aboveground biomass .
and carbon sequestration of pure and mixed native tree plaruations in tho Caribbean lowlands 01'
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Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments are owned 10 scientific work of certain authors, work which was valuable for the
completion of this study. More specifically:
Dr. Peter Sands. 39 Oaklcigh Av. TIlI'OQIIH • Australia 7053, email: pjsNumcl.ics@nC[SI)QCc.ncl.ulI
for the total ofhis scientific work as mentioned ill the "Bibliography and References" and also in
"Software Resources" paragraphs of this report.
A specific acknowledgment
Is owned to authors of the scientific work below:
Vanclay, .I. K, (20 I0), Robust relationships
for simple pluntution growth models based on
sparse datu, l-orcst Ecology und Management, 259(5). 1050·1054. doi: I0.10 16/j.toreco.2009.12.026
PCl'ez.D Cordero, L: Kunninen. M, 2003. Growth and limber quality ofTecrona grandis Lf
in high input plantations of Ccsta Rica. NOTA DISI'ONIBLE eN: In Quality Timber Products or
Teak from Sustainable Forest Management. (2003. Pcechi, Kerala, IN). lntcma (pp, 142·149).
Perez. D.. & Kanninen, M, (2005). Stand growth scenarios for Tecrona grandis plantations in
Costa Ric", Forest Ecology and Mnnagement. 210.425·441. dol: 10.10 16/j.rol'cco.2005.02,037
Finally. gratitude Is expressed 10 certain organizations for their publication of data sets, scientific
research and bibliographic resources:
CATIE. Centro Agronomieo de lnvcstlgucion y Esccnunzu. Curtago. Costa Rico
T
grpndJlA
GWM grQw1h0086"01g0
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33. GCI_F. Global Land Cover Facility, University of Maryland. Maryland, U.S.A.
Europcan Soil Ponal, Land Management & Natural Hazards Unit, Institute lor Environment
and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, furo~~cunCommission
rAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Notions, Vinic deltc Tcrrnc di
Carncalla
00 IS3 Rome, holy www.fao.org
Library of, Nutional Dccumcntailon Centre, 48 VassilcosConsmntinou Av, GR·11635.
Alhens
Software resources
Several software resources/packages were used for Ihe realization of this assessment:
Miorosoft Windows XP ProfeSSional
Openoffice.org 3.2.0
Deblan GNU/Linux • codenamed "squeeze", amd64
Deblan GNU/Linux , codenamed "squeeze", i386
Grass GIS 6.4.0RC6 (2010) - GRASS Development Team, 2010. Geographic Resources
Analysis Support System (GRASS) Software, Version 6.4.0. Open Source Geospatlal
Foundation. http://grass.osgeo.org
Quantum GIS (QGIS) version 1.4.0 Enoeladus
Scribus, Open Source Desktop Publishing
NonllnXL : a tool for fitting non-tinear Excel-based models to observed data . Version 1.0.
September 2010 . Peter Sands , 39 Oakleigh Avo Taroona , Australia 7053 • email:
pjsNumerlcs@netspace.net.au
About this document
This technical report for potential plantation growth estimation for this particular Gte In Golmo,
Puntarenas, Costa Rica was developed by Dimos P. Anastasiou <dpa@bi04met.com>. Papaflessa
15, Lamia, Greece based on agreement with Greenwood Management. Author welcomes any
comments, questions or suggestions at from anyone Interested.
The document is a description of the total of work carried out for this assessment and includes
spatial and non-spatial databases, software, spreadsheets. vector and raster data. bibliographic
material. scientific manuscripts and reports. It was developed using PC workstations running on
Debian GNU Llnux and Windows XP operating systems, with spreadsheet and other specialized
software. More details of the resources used are provided in the references and bibliography
sections of this document.
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