The Future is blue

The Future is Blue
Future Markets in Marine Economy
Market Foresights No. 4 / 2014

2
Contents
Introduction
Page 3-6
01
Future Developments in
Marine Economy
Growing Maritime Trade
Growing Usage of Maritime
Resources
Growing Maritime Power
Production
Growing Maritime Tourism
Page 7-14
02
Intensifying Competition
and New Challenges
Cost of Fuel, Environmental
Stressors, and New
Regulations
Page 15-20
03
Opportunities and Future
Markets
Growing Port Industry
Maritime Technologies and
Development of
Infrastructures
Sustainable Marine Economy
and Shipbuilding Innovations
Maritime Work and Living
Spaces
Food from the Sea and
Saltwater Desalination
Page 21-29
References
Page 30

Introduction
3
The consumption of natural resources increases
with the growth of the world population.
According to current prognoses, the population
will keep growing until the end of this century at
least. By the year 2100, the number of people
inhabiting the world will have grown from almost
seven billion today to up to eleven billion.1/2
The
hunger and need for energy grows without
restraint. In the future, more people will use
more energy per capita. This is mostly because
the standard of living in developing and emerging
countries will align with that in the western
world. By 2040, the global demand for energy
will increase by more than 50 percent compared
to 2010, despite continuously increasing energy
efficiency.
3
In the new emerging economic
regions, the demand for high quality foods and
consumable goods is growing along with the
income.
A shortage, inaccessibility, or finality of resources
could lead to bottlenecks or leaping price
increases with some natural reserves such as
crude oil or high-tech metals. A shortage of
drinking water and food will, in some regions,
increase the danger of conflicts over land and
water distribution. Against this background,
alternative and innovative resources become
more and more significant and valuable.
Corporations and countries alike focus more and
more on access to new, thus far economically
unattractive storage methods and power sources,
and it is likely that these efforts will intensify in
the medium and long term.
The oceans of the world promise to be a nearly
inexhaustible resource. Within the next years and
decades, management of marine resources will
increase greatly. Ecological risks and technical
hurdles still hamper fast and ready access of
maritime resources. Extreme conditions in the
deep sea, for example, pose high demands on
mining methods and technical equipment. At the
same time, demands grow loud to sustainably
use the oceans as a resource, so that we may
benefit from marine reserves in the long term
and can guarantee our survival beyond the 21st
century.

4Einführung
40 percent of the world population lives in coastal and delta regions, and
the tendency is growing. The consequences of climate changes will pose
great challenges, particularly to cities.
4

5
Without a doubt, one of the greatest challenges
facing marine economy is to avoid over-using the
oceans as a source of food, resources, power,
and drinking water (by desalination) or as traffic,
work, and living space. The reduction of fish
stock, the warming of oceans by greenhouse gas
emissions, as well as the stress placed on marine
ecosystems by pollutants and plastic waste are
only a few examples demonstrating that the
oceans are endangered already. At the same
time, these dangers offer opportunities, for
example, in the area of environmental
technologies. Within marine economy, the area
of sustainable marine economy will become a
multi-billion-market.
Making the oceans accessible as a resource
requires a continuous development of the
maritime infrastructure. This is a significant
future market for ship, machine, and plant
manufacturing companies. The oceans will also
become more and more significant as transport
area. As a result of the ever growing globalization
and changing spare time behaviors, the growing
need for the transportation of goods and
passengers offers opportunities for companies
involved in the marine traffic and port industries.
Developing coastal regions and a growing
environmentally responsible ocean tourism
promise “blue” growth as well. Tourism, the
largest sector of the maritime industry, creates
more than two million jobs in the European Union
and generates an added value of more than 100
billion Euro a year.5
In the future, the oceans and coastal regions will
be both work and living spaces for a growing
percentage of the world population. Hundreds of
millions of people live on land located less than
five meters above sea level, and the tendency is
growing. Many of these rapidly growing mega-
cities expand in coastal and delta regions. There,
the ocean is not just an economic factor, but,
due to global warming, a threat as well. Rising
sea levels and increasingly extreme weather will
result in higher financial expenditures and
innovative technological methodology in the
segment of flood protection for coastal regions.
Introduction

6
Future Markets in Marine Economy
Sustainable Marine Economy Growing Port Industry
Growing Usage of Maritime
Resources
Growing Maritime Power
Production
Development of Maritime
Infrastructures
Maritime Technologies
Innovations in Shipbuilding Maritime Work and Living SpacesMarine Economy Growing Maritime Tourism

7
01
Future Developments in
Marine Economy

8
Which Trends Influence the Future of Marine Economy?
Shortage of Resources Climate ChangesRising Demand for Food
Globalization Growth of Global Population New Economic Powers Urbanization
Shortage of Oil
Energy Innovations Demand for ExperiencesEcological Sustainability Automation/Robotization

9
Global trade will keep growing, driven by forces
such as the continuing globalization and the
development of a broad and spend-happy middle
class in the emerging economic regions. While
today about 60 percent of the global middle class
live in the developing and emerging countries, by
the year 2030, it will be about 80 percent.6
In the
same time period, world trade will grow an
average of eight percent per year.7
Marine trade
will more than double from today‘s nine billion
tons to 19 to 24 billion tons in the year 2030.8
Logistics companies, port management, ship
builders and their suppliers will benefit from
growing container traffic. Following the over
capacity due to the economic crisis, the demand
for new ships will grow by the year 2020.9
In
addition, the average transport capacity and size
of container chips will keep growing. To save
costs, the ships’ fuel efficiency and technical
equipment must improve continuously.
Networking and automation are fields that will
become particularly significant.
Future Developments in Marine Economy

10Future Developments in Marine Economy
The ocean holds huge resources, from protein-
rich fish to crude oil, gas, and methane hydrate,
as well as economically interesting minerals and
metals. Biological resources are also useful, in
fields such as cosmetics and medication.
By the year 2030, food production will have to
increase by 50 percent to cover the growing need
of the world population. Protecting the oceans as
one of the most important food sources will be a
particularly significant task, because overfishing
of some fish stock is already an issue today.
Products from wild catches are being replaced by
aquaculture, i.e. controlled breeding. Between
2012 and 2019, the global market for aquaculture
will grow by almost 50 percent to a total of 195
billion.10
This development has a particularly
negative impact on developing countries, where
people’s livelihood is directly or indirectly
dependent on fishing, or where nutritional
resources diminish by continued overfishing.
Should fish stock be further decimated in the
future, fishing regulations might tighten and
quotas intensify considerably.
In the medium and long term, increasing
commodity prices will make deep sea mining
attractive. In the future, ore in form of
manganese modules, cobalt crusts, and massive
sulfides will be mined as far as 4000 meters
below the surface.11
Particularly manganese
modules, which are rich in non-ferrous metals,
provide high hopes, because these metals are
used for the production of of modern high-tech
products such as smart phones, solar cells, wind
power plants, or electric vehicles. Sustainable
mining, which is to say mining that will not put
too much strain on the ecosystem of the ocean
floor, will provide a great challenge. If we wish to
safeguard our resources in the long term, the
mining of marine mineral resources is of strategic
importance. Access to and research of these
resources are regulated by the International
Seabed Authority of the United Nations. The rules
for commercial mining have not yet been
defined.12

Between 2010 and 2040, the amount of oil mined in the deep sea will
increase by more than 150 percent.
13
11Future Developments in Marine Economy

Future Developments in Marine Economy 12
Nautilus Minerals from Canada is the first
company planning the mining of massive sulfides
from the seabed.14
Germany owns research
licenses for two areas in the Pacific.
The future of energy production also lies in the
oceans. Globally, about one third of natural gas
and oil is mined in the ocean, and the tendency
is increasing.15
The dependence of the global
economy on fossil fuels has risen to a precarious
level. Almost all industrialized countries have to
import oil to cover their needs. While the global
use of oil keeps growing quickly, experts fear
that the maximum might be reached soon. The
mining of new power sources, which thus far are
not economically viable, and the development of
new mining technologies are becoming more
significant. In order to mine oil and gas in the
deep sea, swimming platforms, for example, will
be needed. Between 2010 and 2030, their
number will more than double to a total of 600
world wide.16
In the future, plants that can
operate directly on the seabed at depths of
several thousand meters will likely play an
increased role as well. Suitable technologies
could revolutionize the offshore mining of natural
gas and oil and be far more cost effective than
today's platform-based plants.
One of the largest fossil energy sources is
methane hydrate. Countries investing most on
researching this energy source are Japan and the
USA. In 2013, Japanese scientists were able to
mine gas stored one kilometer below sea level
and buried more than 300 meters deep in the
seabed. Commercial mining is supposed to
commence by 2018. Offshore methane hydrate
resources could provide Japan with energy for
more than 100 years.17
There are still
technological hurdles to overcome. In addition,
mining harbors geological and ecological risks.
In addition to providing a large supply of energy
sources, the oceans are also an energy source
itself. Energy from wave, tide, and current power
plants will become a more significant part of the
regenerative energy mix. The future market
marine energy is interesting for established plant
manufacturers as well as for innovative start-ups.

13
Between 2013 and 2020, the power from offshore wind energy will more
than quintuple to about 40 gigawatts world wide.
18

14
The Finnish company Minesto, for example,
developed ‘Deep Green’, an undersea kite
tethered to the seabed, which moves with the
ocean current, thus creating energy via a turbine
and a generator.19
Offshore wind power will grow to become one of
the largest segments in the market for renewable
energies. Germany’s energy concept plans an
increase in this area up to 25.000 MW by 2030.
Between 2013 and 2020, investments in Europe’s
wind power will more than double to a total of 14
billion Euro. By 2020, global investments in
offshore wind power will rise to 130 billion.20
Maritime tourism will become more significant as
well. Today, about 2.4 million people work in the
field of coastal and ocean tourism, of which
150,000 work in the cruise industry.21
In the past
few years, this market has experienced an
enormous boom. Between 2003 and 2013, the
number of passengers rose from 12 million to
21.3 million world wide, a total growth of 77
percent.22
By 2018, the number of passengers
will increase by an additional three million to a
total of 24.1 million.23
In 2025, experts expect
passenger traffic of 36.4 million.24
Providers have
to expand their fleets. The German shipbuilding
industry will profit. The trend toward experience
travel will increase the demand for specialized
tourism (fun, sports, adventure, wellness, etc.).
Within the premium travel segment, mobile
islands, underwater hotels and submarine travel
could be an interesting growth market. The
company Deep Ocean Technology, for example,
develops technologies for underwater hotels.
The hotel room segments can be lowered up to
30 meters below sea level. Plans to implement
such a prestigious project are already in
existence.25

15
02
Intensifying Competition and
New Challenges

16
The competition for the economic usage of
maritime space and coastal regions will intensify.
For example, offshore wind park operators
compete with fisheries for space, neighboring
states in the Arctic fiercely compete for
resources, at least beyond the 200 mile zone,
and cruise ship companies fight for the best
berths and mooring times in the most attractive
port cities. To the extent that the oceans become
more and more attractive, because new
technologies make the oceans a more efficient
and comprehensive fountain of food, resources
and energy, countries and corporations will
increase their investments and activities to
develop and access this potential. Considering
the continuous population growth and the
increasing shortages of resources, in a worst
case scenario, unresolved or overlapping
territorial claims could turn violent and provoke
political conflict. For example, China and other
neighboring countries such as Vietnam and the
Philippines, lay claim on the South China Sea,
where experts assume large sources of raw
materials.
Marine economy, particularly ocean trade, is
strongly tied to the ups and downs of the world
economy. The world wide financial crisis had led
to a significantly reduced demand for shipping
space as well as cancellations and decreased
orders for new ships. Due to overcapacities in the
container ship building industry, particularly in
Asia, the German ship building industry had to
restructure and refocus, building offshore-
oriented specialty ships instead of container
ships.26
The question is, how long will it take for
suppliers from emerging countries, particularly
from China, to enter the market for tailor-made
ships, and offer them at lower costs. There are
dramatic changes in the balance of the world
economy. Developing and emerging countries will
provide an ever larger portion of the workforce,
capital, technology, and trade volume. By 2050,
experts predict growth beyond average for the
BRIC states. Their share of the global social
product will grow significantly.
and New Challenges

17Intensifying Competition and New Challenges
60 percent of German ship owners do not expect a short term recovery of
the world wide shipping markets.
27

As soon as ten years from now, China might
replace the United States as the largest national
economy in the world. Today, China is already
the largest container market. In addition, Chinese
banks could push into the market of ship
financing, while German banks reduced their
involvement in this sector following the financial
crises. In the future, German ship owners,
interested in investing might be forced to seek
financing from Chinese banks. This could have a
negative impact on the German supplier industry.
The competition between individual ports will
also intensify in the future. Because container
ships tend to become ever larger, ever fewer
central ports will handle an ever growing portion
of the sea trade. For example, within the next
few years, Hamburg could lose a portion of its
container business to the JadeWeser port in
Wilhelmshaven, which offers a larger depth that
is independent of the tides and therefore
attractive to giant freighters.28
International
relations change, too. While Hamburg used to
be among the largest container ports in the
world, today it ranks only in 16th place. By now,
six of the top ten ports in the world are in
China.29
Increasing fuel costs also pose great challenges
to maritime traffic. Although we seem to have
skirted the issue of ‘Peak Oil,’ i.e. reaching the
mining maximum, by the expansion and
increased economic viability of unconventional oil
mining methods (‘fracking’), fact is, the new oil
boom likely only defers the problem to a later
time.
There are no clear predictions, since a decrease
of conventional oil mining will result in higher
investments in research and development of
unconventional oil resources. The danger
remains that prices for oil and heavy oil will
increase continuously, or at the very least, be
volatile. In addition, modernizing refineries will
result in a lower production of heavy oil as a co-
product although the demand will keep rising.
For several years now, ship owners have tried to
reduce fuel consumption and thus costs with
slower speeds, i.e. with slow-steaming-strategies.
18Intensifying Competition and New Challenges

19
Sustainability is becoming ever more significant
in all trades. The discussion of climate protection
involves marine traffic as well. Due to new
environmental regulations, the shipping industry
will face major challenges in the coming years.
Increased restrictions that limit the emission of
harmful substances will require the use of
expensive fuels or investment in new filtering
and propulsion technologies. Among other things,
this will lead to additional cost increases for
container freight.30
In 2008, the International
Maritime Organization IMO defined the new limits
for sulfur and nitric oxide, prescribing a decrease
of the sulfur content in oil based fuels from the
current 3.5 percent to 0.5 percent by 2020. In
emission control areas, an even stricter limit of
1.0 percent is in effect, which is to be reduced to
0.1 percent by 2015.31
Intensifying Competition and New Challenges

20
Starting in 2020/2025, ocean ships may no longer cruise the oceans
without costly post-cleaning efforts. This requires that ocean shipping
switches to marine diesel oil or liquefied natural gas (LNG).
32
Intensifying Competition and New Challenges

21
03
Opportunities and
Future Markets

22
Economic globalization will continue in the
coming years. Adjusted for price, the value of the
world wide trade of goods will grow from ten
billion US dollars in 2013 to 18 billion US dollars
in 2030.33
This development will benefit the port
industry, too. This industry includes all activities
involved in the value creation process of loading
and unloading goods as well as the transfer of
ship and ferry passengers. Between 2010 and
2030, the volume will rise by 2.8 percent a year
to a total of 468 tons. Ports at the North Sea will
grow faster than those at the Baltic Sea.34
By
2030, the freight volume in ports will grow by 50
percent within the European Union.35
Improving site conditions will become ever more
important for the individual ports: for example,
increased efficiency, expanded loading surfaces,
or optimal infrastructure connections to trucks
and train. The German government focuses
current investments on the expansion of seaward
access roads as well as effective inland
connections.36
Globally, the need for investments
in port city infrastructure will rise to around 40
billion Euro a year by 2030.
37
Ports will also
benefit from the growth of marine power
production. For example, ports will play an
increasingly central role in the value chain of
offshore wind energy. There are future
opportunities in the fields of montage, transfer
and service.38
However, ports will have to invest
heavily to be able to expand their capacities
accordingly.
The significance of automation and safety
technologies will increase due to the growing
transfer volume. Intelligent platforms based on
data that create a network of all actors involved
in the port economy promise additional
efficiency. To guarantee international
competitiveness, the cooperation between
individual ports might become increasingly
relevant. In 2013, the WWF offered a study of
the cooperation between ports in Northern
Germany to improve the port location Germany.39
Opportunities and Future Markets

23Opportunities and Future Markets
By the year 2019, the global market of ROVs (remotely operated
vehicles) will have grown by 20 percent per year, the market for AUVs
(autonomous underwater vehicles) by 32 percent per year.
40

24
The maritime infrastructure is the basis of the
marine economy. It connects ports,
transportation methods, and companies, and
guarantees a smooth transfer of goods and
people. The development of the oceans as a
source of food, natural resources, and energy
increases the need for an expansion of offshore
infrastructures. Ever larger plants and platforms
at ever greater distances to the shore require
new foundations and basic structures. Innovative
technological solutions can significantly
contribute to a more cost efficient operation of
such plants. The demand for specialists to
transport and mount materials and components
on site will grow. The market for offshore supply
ships will grow from 69.3 billion US dollars in
2013 to 91.2 billion US dollars in 2018, which is
an increase of 50 percent.41
The offshore storage
of goods, natural resources, and energy on
specialized multi-purpose platforms could bring
great logistic advantages for loading and
unloading procedures.42
The expansion of an
underwater infrastructure for power cables will
be important to the energy transport, particularly
to the transport of renewable energies. Within
the next ten years, the number of underwater
high voltage cables will almost triple to a total of
300.43
As early as 2018, the longest underwater
power cable will connect Norway and Germany,
helping to level green power fluctuations.
Opportunities and challenges in the area of
marine economy boost numerous technological
developments. Maritime technologies are a
separate future market within the area of marine
economy. They are particularly important to the
fields of ship technology, energy mining, the
mining of natural resources, and the expansion
of maritime infrastructure. Additional applications
are in the areas of measurement, environment,
and security technology. Intelligent and
autonomous systems that can operate in great
depths are highly significant.44
The Canadian
start-up Nautilus Minerals, the South-Korean
Institute for Marine Science and Technology, and
the British company Seabed Resources want to
use highly modern robots to mine natural
resources in the deep sea.

robust
Four qualities define the marine technology of the future.
45
intelligent
sustainable
autonomous

26
In the middle and long term, the trend towards
intelligent (partial) autonomy could influence
shipping as well. Similar to passenger vehicles or
trucks, scientists all over the world work on
concepts that are supposed to one day make it
possible that ships cross the oceans by
themselves. Scientists in the Fraunhofer Center
for Maritime Logistics and Services in Hamburg
are developing related technology. The crew can
be replaced by a navigator on shore, who looks
after several boats at the same time. To make
unmanned shipping possible, new ship propulsion
technologies and concepts have to be developed
as well, because today’s engine technology
requires far too much maintenance.
46
Technical developments that make use of the
efficiency potential, reduce emissions and the
destructive influence on marine ecosystems are
becoming increasingly important, considering the
background of climate changes and new
regulations. Innovative marine technologies may
help minimize the ecological footprint of deep sea
mining, maritime energy production, and more.
47
The greatest potential for successful positioning
in the future market of marine economy develops
in places where high technology and sustainable
concepts meet.
The shipping sector does not only research
increasingly efficient propulsion methods, but
also alternative propulsion methods. Liquid
natural gas – LNG – will become more significant
in the future. The American company Tote
Shipholdings Inc. has integrated the first dual-
fuel-low-speed-engine into the first LNG-
propelled container ship. The ship is supposed to
start operating in 2015.48
By 2030, international
ocean shipping could potentially be the largest
LNG consumer in the transport industry.49
The
industrial gas specialist Linde plans to develop
this future market by expanding appropriate
LNG-infrastructures. Bio gas, bio diesel,
methanol, shore power, and hydrogen will most
likely play a larger role in short distance traffic or
niche transport. Hybrid solutions, however, might
prevail, in the long term at least. New and
powerful methods of energy storage are an
important prerequisite.50

27
Ergonomics, lightweight materials, and support
technologies can also contribute to more efficient
fuel use. SkySails, for example, is a wind
propulsion system for ships using a towing kite
that appropriates the potential of high winds on
high seas, thus enabling a reduction of fuel
consumption and emissions.51
The Norwegian
engineer Terje Lade has designed a futuristic
freighter with a hull shaped like a sail, which is
supposed to save up to 60 percent of fuel.52
The
Japanese company Eco Marine Power has
developed solar sails for tankers and freighters
that are also supposed to help emissions.53
The
connection of specialized ship building and Green
Shipping will likely develop into an attractive
future market. Suppliers of high tech components
that distinguish themselves as leaders in
economical and sustainable technologies will
surely benefit.54
In addition to Green Shipping, the development
of offshore energies is an another important
building block in the segment of sustainable
opportunities in marine economy. The oceans will
not only serve as a source of power generated by
wind and wave energy, but also as energy
reservoir. Creating fluctuating renewable
energies urgently requires the development of
adequate energy reservoirs. As part of the
research project called STENSEA (Stored Energy
in the SEA), a consortium led by the HOCHTIEF
Solutions AG is in the process of testing the
concept of an ocean-pump-reservoir-plant.
Excess charging current pumps out a concrete
hollow body, which, during the discharge
operation, is refilled with water via a turbine,
which operates a generator.55
The TU Vienna has
developed a method to store photovoltaic power
by pressurized air and sand on the seabed close
to the shore. The efficiency rate of the process is
supposed to be around 70 percent. A pilot plant
is in construction.56

Aquaculture, too, is beginning to focus on
sustainability. Industrial fish farms in particular
face heavy criticism, because fish excrements
overload marine biotopes. The Center for
Aquaculture Research in Bremerhaven therefore
conducts the project “Integrated Multitrophic
Aquaculture,” examining how different fish,
muscles, and algae can be raised in wind parks
without affecting the water quality. This bears
the advantage that wind park and aquaculture
cooperate on the same area and create high-
quality algae as a side product, which can be
used for cosmetic and medicinal applications.57
In the coming years, the shortage of drinking
water will continue to be an even greater issue in
many countries. Here, too, marine economy can
offer an important future market. Even today,
300 million people receive their drinking water
from the ocean. Between 2013 and 2018, the
global market for seawater desalinization will
grow by more than 50 percent to a total of 15.3
billion US dollars.58
In the future, desalinization
technologies that are energy efficient or based
upon renewable energies will become particularly
important.
Increasingly extreme weather events and rising
sea levels will lead to heavy investments in
coastal protection. Embankment expansions and
enforcements, land reclamation, and artificial
ridges are only a few examples of the ways
people are trying to control impending floods.
Countries like the Netherlands that have had to
deal with rising sea levels for a long time, have
begun to develop new strategies – ‘aqua-
architecture,’ for example. Innovative building
and apartment complexes show how, in the
future, people can live with the water. Europe’s
first drifting apartment complex, de Citadel
designed by the architectural offices
Waterstudio.NL, is being built near Den Haag,
consisting of 60 luxury apartments.59
Swimming
houses that fall or rise with the water level offer
new opportunities to the construction and real
estate industry in endangered areas. At the same
time, these projects show that humankind could
access and develop entirely new work and living
spaces.

29
Worldwide, architects are developing visionary
concepts of creating new sustainable living space
in swimming cities at the shores of urban
centers. DeltaSync, for example, developed one
such concept: ‘Blue Revolution’ envisions a
swimming district located in front of the actual
metropolis, mainly serving the production of food
and bio fuel.60
The American Seasteading
Institute wants to create the first autonomous
swimming city with the ‘Floating City Project.’61
With the expansion of the offshore industry, the
oceans are already turning into work and living
spaces. The Prelude, which is currently being
built and supposed to take sail in 2015, will be
the world’s biggest ship with a length of 488
meters. Shell’s swimming offshore plant is
supposed to serve the mining, liquidation,
storage, and transport of natural gas, and will
provide room for 350 crew.62
Welcome: The 21st century is the era of marine
economy.

1
UNPD (2013): World Population Prospects: The
2012 Revision, Link, Publication Date: 2013, Date of
Download: 17.06.2013
2
University of Washington (2014): World population
to keep growing this century, hit 11 billion by 2100,
Link, Publication Date: 18.09.2014, Date of
3
EIA (2014): International Energy Outlook 2013.
With Projections to 2040, Washington, D.C (Link)
4
United Nations University - EHS und Bündnis
Entwicklung Hilft (2014): WeltRisikoBericht 2014,
Bonn/Berlin (Link)
5
Europäische Kommission (2014): Europäischer Tag
der Meere zum Thema nachhaltiger Meerestourismus
und Vernetzung, Link, Publication Date: 17.05.2013,
Date of Download: 13.10.2014
6
KPMG (2013): Future State 2030. The global
megatrends shaping governments (Link)
7
HSBC (2014): Global exports to gather pace, Link,
Publication Date: 16.09.2014, Date of Download:
16.09.2014
8/16
Lloyd's Register et al. (2013): Global Marine
Trends 2030, London/Hampshire/Glasgow
9
Det Norske Veritas (2012): Shipping 2020, Oslo
(Link)
10
Transparency Market Research (2014): Global
Aquaculture Market is Expected to Reach USD 195.13
billion in 2019, Link, Publication Date: 12.06.2014,
Date of Download: 18.06.2014
11/15
Maribus (2014): World ocean review - Teil 3:
Rohstoffe aus dem Meer - Chancen und Risiken;
Hamburg (Link)
12
BDI (2014): Die Chancen des Tiefseebergbaus für
Deutschlands Rolle im Wettbewerb um Rohstoffe,
Berlin (Link)
13
ExxonMobil (2014): 2014 The Outlook for Energy:
A view to 2040, Irving (Link)
14
Nautilus Minerals (2014): Company Website, Link,
Publication Date: 2014, Date of Download:
14.10.2014
17
Spiegel Online (2013): Testbohrung: Japan fördert
Methanhydrat aus der Tiefsee, Link, Publication Date:
12.03.2013, Date of Download: 14.10.2014
18
GlobalData (2014): Global Offshore Wind Power
Market to Reach Almost 40 Gigawatts by 2020, says
GlobalData, Link, Publication Date: 16.09.2014, Date
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Roland Berger (2013): Offshore Wind Toward
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32

Bernd Hinrichs
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well as Finance within the FutureManagementGroup AG
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