Dokumen tersebut membahas reforma agraria di Indonesia. Ia menjelaskan bahwa reforma agraria bertujuan untuk menata ulang struktur penguasaan tanah yang tidak merata dengan memberikan tanah kepada petani tanpa tanah dan meningkatkan produktivitas pertanian. Dokumen ini juga menganalisis masalah ketimpangan penguasaan tanah di Indonesia yang semakin parah.
Reforma agraria adalah penataan kembali sistem kepemilikan, penguasaan, dan penggunaan sumber daya agraria seperti tanah untuk kepentingan rakyat kecil seperti petani dan buruh tani secara menyeluruh dan komprehensif. Tujuannya adalah mengubah struktur masyarakat dari sistem feodal dan kolonial menjadi lebih adil serta memberdayakan rakyat dengan memberikan akses terhadap aset produksi.
Urbanisasi, Permukiman Kumuh dan Tata-Kelola yang EfektifOswar Mungkasa
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang urbanisasi, permukiman kumuh, dan tata kelola yang efektif. Urbanisasi adalah fenomena wajar akibat pertumbuhan penduduk dan migrasi, namun perlu dikelola dengan baik agar tidak menjadi beban. Permukiman kumuh disebabkan kekurangan perumahan layak dan seringkali tidak memiliki status hukum. Pemerintah perlu bekerja sama dengan berbagai pihak untuk menyediakan perumahan lay
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang teori-teori ekonomi klasik yang dikemukakan oleh para pelopornya seperti Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, dan David Ricardo. Termasuk didalamnya adalah konsep pembagian kerja, pasar bebas, upah subsisten, dan hukum hasil menurun. Dokumen juga membahas model dualisme ekonomi yang menjelaskan perbedaan antara sektor modern dan tradisional serta implikasinya terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi.
Reforma agraria adalah penataan kembali sistem kepemilikan, penguasaan, dan penggunaan sumber daya agraria seperti tanah untuk kepentingan rakyat kecil seperti petani dan buruh tani secara menyeluruh dan komprehensif. Tujuannya adalah mengubah struktur masyarakat dari sistem feodal dan kolonial menjadi lebih adil serta memberdayakan rakyat dengan memberikan akses terhadap aset produksi.
Urbanisasi, Permukiman Kumuh dan Tata-Kelola yang EfektifOswar Mungkasa
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang urbanisasi, permukiman kumuh, dan tata kelola yang efektif. Urbanisasi adalah fenomena wajar akibat pertumbuhan penduduk dan migrasi, namun perlu dikelola dengan baik agar tidak menjadi beban. Permukiman kumuh disebabkan kekurangan perumahan layak dan seringkali tidak memiliki status hukum. Pemerintah perlu bekerja sama dengan berbagai pihak untuk menyediakan perumahan lay
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang teori-teori ekonomi klasik yang dikemukakan oleh para pelopornya seperti Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, dan David Ricardo. Termasuk didalamnya adalah konsep pembagian kerja, pasar bebas, upah subsisten, dan hukum hasil menurun. Dokumen juga membahas model dualisme ekonomi yang menjelaskan perbedaan antara sektor modern dan tradisional serta implikasinya terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi.
CERITA REMEH TEMEH DESA ANKOR JAWA TENGAH.pdfZainul Ulum
Sekelumit cerita tentang ekspresi kegelisahan kaum muda desa atas kondisi negara, yang memilih menyalakan lilin-lilin kecil sebisanya daripada mengutuk kegelapan yang memiskinkannya selama beberapa generasi
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
CERITA REMEH TEMEH DESA ANKOR JAWA TENGAH.pdfZainul Ulum
Sekelumit cerita tentang ekspresi kegelisahan kaum muda desa atas kondisi negara, yang memilih menyalakan lilin-lilin kecil sebisanya daripada mengutuk kegelapan yang memiskinkannya selama beberapa generasi
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2. Gerakan Sosial Transformatif
• Transformasi Sosial (TS): Perubahan-perubahan dalam relasi-relasi sosial yang secara simultan
menyebabkan perubahan dalam struktur sosial secara keseluruhan, akibat berbagai macam faktor
seperti perubahan demografi, perkembangan teknologi, perubahan ekonomi, dan perubahan politik
termasuk yang didorong oleh gerakan sosial atau revolusi (cf. Sewel Jr., 2005; Rabie, 2013)
• Gerakan Sosial (GS): Serangkaian tindakan dan proses sosial-politik – berdasarkan pada nilai-nilai
keadilan yang subyektif dan atau tujuan-tujuan tertentu – untuk terus-menerus menantang
pemegang kuasa, pemegang otoritas publik maupun pihak-pihak yang berlawanan yang disokong atau
memanfaatkan kekuasaan pemegang otoritas publik (cf. Tarrow, 2011; Tilly & Tarrow, 2015)
• Gerakan sosial adalah/sebagai “politik” (bermakna politis), meskipun tidak berarti sama dengan atau
jatuh menjadi gerakan politik semata – apalagi gerakan politik untuk kekuasaan (cf. Gamson 1990)
• GS untuk TS: “tantang terus-menerus pada pemegang kuasa, pemegang otoritas, maupun pihak-pihak
yang berlawanan yang disokong atau memanfaatkan kekuasaan pemegang otoritas publik dalam
rangka mendorong perubahan dalam struktur sosial demi terciptanya keadilan sosial”
The global hegemony of neoliberal ideology has unquestionably had a serious impact on the range of possibilities
that appear plausible to struggling peasant farmers – Bachriadi, Lucas, Warren 2013: 346
2
3. Kerangka Umum Memahami Dinamika Gerakan Sosial
sebagai Politik
Agrarian/
social
problems
Scholar-activists / radical
organic intellectuals:
Analysis & Framing
Spontaneous
actions
Organizing;
education
Movement
‘Participants’
Organizers
exchange of interests
(: class consciousness matters)
political
opportunity
structure
framing
resource mobilization
decline
authorities
Repression, Coercion, Cooptation
social
“END”
goal
displacement
3
Repression
4. Tipologi Aksi-aksi Klaim atas Tanah
• Aksi-aksi untuk menuntut pengakuan kembali hak atas tanah (land reclaiming actions) vs aksi-aksi
pendudukan tanah (land occupation actions)
Kelompok Aksi
Modus Aksi
(Tilly, 1978)
Orientasi Aksi
(Aditjondro, 2002)
Target/Tujuan Aksi
(Bachriadi, 2010)
Kelompok korban
penggusuran
Reaktif Restoratif Pengakuan (Rekognisi)
Kelompok bukan
korban penggusuran
Proaktif Transformatif Distribusi/Redistribusi
4
“Gerakan untuk Reforma Agraria”
5. Reforma Agraria: Beberapa Penjelasan Teoritik
! Perubahan yang dilakukan dengan cepat (&radikal) untuk mengubah strukturpenguasaan tanah yang timpang,
dengan cara menata ulang penguasaan tanah à mengurangikonsentrasi, memberikan tanah kepada tenaga kerja
yang secara potensial produktif tetapi tidak memiliki (atau kekurangan) alat produksi (tanah) [: tuna kisma] à
transformasi strukturpenguasaan tanah à Keadilan sosial
! Pemberian tanah kepada tuna kisma dan/atau petani gurem bertujuan meningkatkan produktivitas sektor pertanian
dalam rangka mengubah/transformasi strukturekonomi yang berbasis pada pertanian subsisten ke ekonomi
industri à transformasi tenaga kerja à transformasi strukturekonomi à Pembangunan ekonomi
! Penataan ulang penguasaan tanah &peningkatan produktivitas pertanian rakyat dalam rangka mengatasi akar
masalah kemiskinan baik di pedesaan maupun di perkotaan à Hak-hak ekonomi, kesejahteraan dan keadilan
sosial
! Menyelesaikan konflik-konflik agraria/pertanahan (: dua sisi dari mata koin masalah agraria adalah “ketimpangan
strukturpenguasaan tanah” dan “konflik agraria”) à Keadilan sosial
! Prasyarat-prasyarat penting untuk pelaksanaan RA: komitmen/kehendak politik yang kuat (berkaitan
dengan komitmen terhadap keadilan, tanpa pelibatan korporasi/bisnis skala besar swasta, dukungan militeruntuk
menghadang gerakan-gerakan penolakan), data tentang penguasaan tanah yang adekuat, instrumen hukum dan
administrasi yang mencukupi, keterlibatan penuh dari organisasi-organisasi tani 5
6. Reforma Agraria & Perkembangan Ekonomi
Pertanian pra-RA
surplus
Bangsawan,
tuan tanah
Tuan tanah kapitalis,
korporasi, pedagang
Unit-unit Produksi Pertanian berbasis RTP
Tidak tejadi
akumulasi surplus
yang cukup dari
pertanian untuk
mempercepat
industrialisasi
Feodalisme Kapitalisme
Membutuhkan
surplus yang cukup
untuk
mengembangkan
industri
(industrialisasi)
Ketimpangan distribusi
surplus (:ketidakadilan)
Ketimpangan distribusi
surplus (:ketidakadilan)
RA/LR
Surplus mencukupi
untuk industrialisasi
Industri kecil
di pedesan
Industri
menengah
Industri
besar
Industri berbasis
teknologi tinggi
Transformasi struktur ekonomi
dari perekonomian berbasis
pertanian rakyat ke
perekonomian industri
Industrialiasi ‘dari bawah’
Pertanian pasca-RA
surplus
surplus
surplus
surplus
Bagaimana RA/LR Sosialis
mengubah pertanian pasca-RA?
Pengembangan
Industri
Nasional yang
kuat &
mengakar
Modernisasi pertanian
6
7. Esensi Reforma Agraria
• “Agraria” sebagai benda-benda abiotik dan biotik bukan manusia [aspek “kebendaan”
bukan manusia dari berbagai unsur di bumi], sebagaimana disebutkan dalam UUPA 1960
• “Agraria” sebagai relasi [relasi sosial] à (a) Relasi sosial antara orang-orang (atau entitas
[subyek hukum] tertentu) dengan lingkungan abiotik dan biotik bukan manusia dari bumi,
dan (b) relasi sosial antar orang-orang (entitas tertentu) atau sekumpulan orang-orang
(sekumpulan entitas tertentu) dengan orang-orang (entitas tertentu) atau sekumpulan
orang-orang (sekumpulan entitas tertentu) lainnya yang berkaitan dengan relasi (a) di
dalam suatu lingkungan/wilayah tertentu
“ketimpangan agraria”
Reforma Agraria = esensinya bukan pemberian
suatu obyek ‘agraria’ tertentu, dalam hal ini
tanah… tetapi = penataan ulang relasi-relasi
agraria, sehingga membentuk struktur agraria baru
?
“adanya konsentrasi penguasaan tanah, baik
akibat struktur sosial-politik masyarakat maupun
akibat politik/kebijakan pengadaan tanah”
8. Reforma Agraria: Praktek & Tujuan
• Perombakanstrukturagraria(:stukturpenguasaantanah)khususnyayangberada
dalamkondisitimpang(:inequalityoflanddistribution)
⇲ Membatasi penguasaan tanah berlebihan (konsentrasi penguasaan tanah)
⇲ Memberikan tanah-tanah kepada rumah tangga tani yang memerlukan tanah untuk
meningkatkan produktivitas kerjanya
• Tujuan:(1)agaradapemerataankesempatanberproduksi,(2)mengurangikonsentrasi
penguasaantanahàkonsentrasipenguasaantanahmembuatproduktivitaspertanian
tidakoptimal,&ketidakmerataantingkatpendapatandipedesaanàjikaproduktivitas
pertaniandioptimalkanmelaluiperombakanpenguasaantanah,sektorpertanian
selainmendorongpemerataandanpeningkatanpendapatandikalanganpetani,juga
akanberkontribusipadapengembanganekonomidaerah&secaraagregatpada
perekonomiannasional 8
9. Reforma Agraria:
Langkah-langkah Pokok
• Pengurangandanpencegahankonsentrasipenguasaantanah
• Penataanulanghubungan-hubungankepenyakapan(tenancyreform)
• Redistribusi&Distribusitanah(:bukan“assetreform”!)
• Langkah-langkahoperasionalpada‘tahappermulaan’:
⇲ Penentuan subyek
⇲ Penentuan obyek
⇲ Penentuan bentuk-bentuk hak atas tanah
• Langkahoperasionalpadatahap‘berikutnya’(yangterintegrasidengan‘tahap
permulaan’):
⇲ Pengembangan unit-unit usaha produksi pertanian (bukan sekedar “akses reform”)
⇲ “Proteksi” petani sebelum mereka menjadi “kuat” + “proteksi” lahan hasil redistribusi/
distribusi tanah agar tidak terjadi rekonsentrasi penguasaan tanah 9
10. Cara penataan
ulang penguasaan
tanah
Asal tanah
Kedudukan
penerima manfaat
& status tanah
Kedudukan
tuan tanah
Kebijakan pertanahan
yang diperlukan
Corak usaha produksi
Distribusi atau
Redistribusi tanah
Tanah Negara Tanah milik
individu/rumah
tangga tani
--- Pembatasan pemilikan &
penguasan tanah maksimal
(& minimal)
Usaha produksi, yang:
! Memenuhi skala
ekonomi yang
menjamin
produktivitas tinggi &
efisien
! Menyerap tenaga
kerja
! Menghasilkan surplus
yang cukup untuk
pengembangan usaha
pengolahan
(processing) (tidak
berhenti pada
produksi bahan
mentah)
Tanah kelebihan
& absentee
Dibatasi
kepemilikannya
Kolektif
Tanah Negara
Penggarap ---
Pembatasan penguasaan
tanah
Tanah kelebihan
& absentee
Konsolidasi tanah
Tanah-tanah
milik petani kecil
Penggarap ---
Pembatasan pemilikan &
penguasan tanah maksimal
& minimal
Pengaturan
penggarapan tanah
& bagi hasil
Tanah kelebihan
& absentee
Penggarap
Dibatasi
kepemilikannya
Pembatasan pemilikan &
penguasan tanah maksimal
& minimal; ketentuan bagi-
hasil yang ‘fair’
‘Kolonisasi’ Tanah Negara
Tanah milik
individu/rumah
tangga tani
---
Pembatasan pemilikan &
penguasan tanah maksimal
(& minimal)
Kepemilikan tanah: dapat
merupakan tanah individual, atau
tanah kolektif (milik komunitas)
Dikelola dalam satuan usaha
yang luasannya tidak
berkurang (bisa bertambah)
Usaha produksi bersama
(KOLEKTIF)
11. Masalah Agraria
Konflik Agraria
Ketimpangan
Penguasaan
Tanah
Landreform/
Reforma Agraria
⇲ Tanah untuk Petani Penggarap
dan Buruh Tani (“Land to the
Tiller”; “Tanah untuk Rakyat”)
⇲ Pembatasan Penguasaan Tanah
! Penataan & Pengembangan
Usaha Produksi (Bersama)
Negara/Pemerintah
Pembangunan pertanian tanpa
LR/AR, pendaftaran tanah &
perbaikan administrasi
pertanahan, “pembagian tanah”,
sertifikasi (legalisasi)
! Perombakan Struktur Penguasaan
Tanah (yang timpang)
1
1
Dapat
diselesaikan tidak
melalui RA/LR
Di Indonesia,
saat ini …
12. Ketimpangan Alokasi, Penguasaan &
Penggunaan Tanah di Indonesia (2018)
Daratan Indonesia +/- 190 juta ha
Dinyatakan sebagai ‘Kawasan Hutan’ oleh pemerintah = 64%
Kawasan non-
kehutanan = 36%
Berbentuk ekosistem
hutan = 71%
Baru 73%
secara legal-
formal dapat
dikatakan
sebagai
kawasan
hutan
Areal pertanian rakyat = 11.1%
(+ 21 jt ha)
Teralokasi unt kegiatan ekonomi ekstraktif & kegiatan
industri lainnya yang dikuasai korporasi = + 114 Jha (60%)
+ 75 Jha (66%) didedikasikan untuk tiga kegiatan
ekonomi/industri extraktif yang utama (tambang,
kehutanan& agro-industry)
Diolah dari berbagai sumber: (1) “Rekapitulasi luas penutupan lahan di dalam dan di luar kawasan hutan per prov, 2014”,
KLHK 2018: 12-17, http://www.pktl.menlhk.go.id; (2) ST-2013, SUTAS 2018, bps.or.id (3) Bachriadi 2017, (4) dan
http://eiti.ekon.go.id/list-cow-dec-12, http://eiti.ekon.go.id/list-ccow-oct2012/, https://quitcoal.info/iup-pkp2b/, ESDM 2019
12
13. Ketimpangan Penguasaan Tanah di Kalangan
Rumah Tangga Petani,
1963-2018
Year of Census 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2013 2018*
Jumlah Rumah Tangga Petani (Jt) NA 21.6 23.8 30.2 37.3 NA NA
Persentase ‘absolute-landless’ NA 33% 21% 30% 36% NA NA
RTP yang menguasai lahan (Jt) 12.2 14.5 18.8 21.2 24.3 25.8 27.2
Total tanah yang dikuasai RTP (Jt ha) 12.9 14.2 16.8 17.1 21.5 23.3 21.2
Rata-rata Penguasaan Lahan (ha) 1.05 0.99 0.89 0.81 0.89 0.89 0.78
Persentase petani kecil (petani gurem) 44% 46% 45% 49% 51% 55% 58%
Rasio Gini penguasaan tanah 0.55 0.52 0.54 0.59 0.56 0.59 0.70
* Survei Antar Sensus Pertanian
Sumber: Bachriadi & Wiradi (2011), hasil-hasil Sensus Pertanian (SP) 2013, hasil Survei Antar Sensus Pertanaian (SUTAS) 2018
13
14. ‘De-industrialisasi’ di Indonesia sejak 2000
Rank Sectors GDP Contribution
1 Processing & Manufacture Industries 23 – 29%
2 Trade, Hotel & Restaurant 13 – 17%
3 Agriculture, Poultry, Fisheries & Forestry 12 – 15%
4 Services 9 – 11%
5 Financial & Office Services 7 – 8%
14
15. Struktur Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Tani
Sumber Penghasilan
Utama
Tahun sensus
1983 1993 2013
Pertanian 90.8% 83.2% 20.7%
Non Pertanian 9.2% 16.8% 79.3%
Jumlah RTP berdasarkan Sumber Penghasilan Utama, 1983-2013
Kelas Penguasaan
Tanah
1983 1993 2003 2013
Pertanian Non Pertanian Pertanian Non Pertanian Pertanian Non Pertanian Pertanian Non Pertanian
Small peasants
( < 0.5 )
49.9 50.1 NA NA 32.4 67.6 NA NA
Middle
( 0.5 – 2 )
50.1 49.9 NA NA 56.5 43.5 NA NA
Big
( >2 )
49.2 50.8 NA NA 71.6 28.4 NA NA
General/Average 49.6 50.4 60.7 39.3 50.6 49.4 46.7 53.3
Persentase Asal/Sumber Penghasilan RTP pada Kelas-kelas Penguasaan Tanah, 1983-2013
Sumber:: Hasil-hasil Sensus Pertanian 1983, 1993, 2003, 2013
16. Menilai keberhasilan Program RA
• Apakah berhasil menurunkan angka ketimpangan penguasaan tanah di lokasi program/daerah/wilayah/nasional?
(= hitung rasio gini ketimpangan penguasaan tanah before and after!)
• Apakah penurunan ketimpangan penguasaan tanah disertai dengan penurunan ketimpangan pendapatan? (= hitung
rasio gini ketimpangan pendapatan before and after!)
• Apakah pemberian & proteksi hasil-hasil reforma berkontribusi pada peningkatan produktivitas sektor pertanian,
peningkatan pendapatan penerima obyek (beneficiaries) & perkembangan ekonomi (: pertumbuhan ekonomi)
daerah/wilayah/nasional? (= hitung peningkatan produktivitas sektor pertanian, pendapatan beneficiaries, &
kontribusi ekonomi sektor pertanian pada perekonomi pertumbuhan ekonomi secara berkala, paling tidak dalam
periode 5 tahun setelah program dijalankan)
• Apakah peningkatan produktivitas sektor pertanian: (1) mendorong transformasi ekonomi, (2) memperbesar
pendapatan masyarakat secara lebih merata? (= hitung kontribusi ekonomi sector perekonomian pada perkembangan
ekonomi sektor-sektor lainnya & pemerataan pendapatan masyarakat paling tidak mulai tahun kelima setelah program
dijalankan)
• Keberhasilan suatu program RA tidak (dapat) dinilai hanya dari berapa banyak obyek (tanah) yang diredistribusi atau
didistribusi ke penerima manfaat (beneficiaries) program, apalagi dinilai dari berapa banyak sertifiakat tanah yang
diterbitkan oleh pemerintah dalam pelaksanaan program RA !!! 16
17. Reforma Agraria:
Kelembagaan dan Pelaksanaan
! RA/LR: “Program politik satu paket”
⎆ “Ad hoc” dan “cepat” (5-15 tahun), bukan program rutin & berkelanjutan
⎆ Lintas sektoral, dipimpin langsung oleh Presiden
⎆ Tidak bisa diletakan menjadi bagian dari tupoksi kementrian/departemen yang ada, harus dibentuk satu
badan pelaksana khusus
⎆ Paket penataan penguasaan tanah disertai dengan paket pengembangan usaha (usahatani, usaha yang
terkait penggunaan tanah lainnya) yang produktif dan efisien yang dikelola secara bersama (KUB, koperasi)
! Kebutuhan lahan mengikuti jumlah potensial benefiaries (bukan sebaliknya!)
! Capaian tujuan antara (: pengurangan Rasio Gini) & tujuan akhir (peningkatan produktivitas satuan
usaha kelompok penerima lahan) dapat diukur (terukur)
! Paket hukum komprenhensif (: sudah tersedia ‘warisan program LR ‘60-an, tidak diperlukan aturan-
aturan hukum baru kecuali untuk pembentukan Badan Pelaksana & penyelesaian sengketa paska
(re)distribusi) (Perpes No. 86/2018 TIDAK DIPERLUKAN ! Kecuali diperlukan pengaturan tentang
konsolidasi lahan pasca (re)distribusi lahan)
18. Prinsip-prinsip Pokok dalam Pelaksanaan Land Reform /
Reforma Agraria untuk Indonesia Sekarang
redistribusi
Tanah privat
distribus
i
Tanah Negara
Land reform yang biasanya dikenal
Tanah-tanah privat
LR yang cocok dengan masyarakat Indonesia
Konsolidasi tanah-tanah
privat hasil (re)distribusi
pengembangan unit-
unit produksi kolektif
+
(re)distribusi cum konsolidasi
Tanah obyek
pemberian/pengadaan
lahan pertanian
Lahan
dimiliki/dikuasai oleh
masing-masing
penerima tanah
Lahan dikelola sebagai
kesatuan unit usahatani
bersama oleh kelompok
penerima tanah
(re)distribusi
konsolidasi
LR yang dijalankan pemerintah
: harus jelas regulasinya
LR by leverage
: ada komitmen/konsesus komunitas/organisasi
Satu paket integral
18
19. Tanah milik atau yang dikuasai oleh tuan tanah
pribadi: tanah kelebihan batas maksimum
penguasaan tanah dan tanah guntai (absentee)
Tanah asal (obyek)
Tanah Negara termasuk tanah-tanah yang
masuk dalam ‘Kawasan Hutan’
Sejumlah tanah – dalam satuan luas yang memadai, yakni dapat
memenuhi skala ekonomi tertentu yang baik, untuk membangun
unit produksi bersama – diberikan kepada sekelompok orang
dengan status hak kepemilikan atau penguasaan jangka panjang
orang per orang atau rumah tangga per rumah tangga (setiap
penerima – individu atau rumah tangga – menerima persil
bagiannya atas namanya masing-masing)
redistribusi
distribusi
Satuan-satuan lahan yang cukup besar untuk diusahakan
secara bersama oleh kelompok-kelompok penerima tanah
Satuan-satuan lahan yang cukup besar untuk diusahakan
secara bersama oleh kelompok-kelompok penerima tanah
Satuan-satuan lahan yang cukup besar untuk
diusahakan secara bersama oleh kelompok-kelompok
penerima tanah
Paket pengadaan/pemberian tanah kepada
petani atau rumah tangga tani yang terpilih
Paket & pengembangan kelembagaan
usahatani bersama dalam bentuk koperasi
atau sejenisnya yang menunjukan praktek
kolektivisasi usahatani
Kesatuan lahan yang dimiliki atau dikuasai secara individual
(perorangan atau rumah tangga), yang diusahakan secara kolektif
oleh kelompok penerima tanah untuk mengoptimalkan
produktivitas
Satuan
Usaha
Produksi
Kolektif
Petani
Penerima
Tanah RA/LR
PASAR
Akumulasi produksi Kembali ke anggota kolektif
Dikembangkan ke sektor usaha lain,
khususnya industri pengelohan
hasil panen
Industrialisasi lokal
Program Reforma Agraria / Land Reform
19
20. Apakah Kolektivisasi Usahatani (collective farming)
Lebih baik?
Besaran dan
Kelembagaan
Usahatani
Produktivitas
(%)
Harga Jual
Produk (hasil
panen) per Kg
(%)
Pendapatan
per Hektar
(%)
Biaya Produksi
per Hektar
(%)
Penghasilan
bersih per
Hektar
(%)
Perkebunan Besar
Swasta
100 100 100 N/A N/A
Perkebunan Besar
Negara
102,4 100 102,4 N/A N/A
Usaha Bersama
(Koperasi) Tani
111,0 97,9 102,8 100 100
Petani Mandiri 0-
1,9 ha
58,1 63,3 36,8 30,3 40,7
Petani Mandiri 2 –
4,9 ha
92,6 63,3 58,6 44,6 68,1
Petani Mandiri 5 –
9,9 ha
112 63,3 74,1 81,0 64,0
Petani Mandiri 10 -
25,9 ha
112 63,3 74,1 60,5 82,5
Perbedaan
Produktivitas
Usahatani
20
22. RA ála Jokowi: Setelah 2,5 tahun (2016 - Juni ’19)
‘TORA’: 9 Jtha
Legalisasi Aset
(4,5 Jt ha)
Redistribusi Lahan
(4,5 Jt ha)
Sertifikasi lahan
transmigrasi
(0,6 Jt ha)
Legalisasi
Aset
(3,9 Jt ha)
HGU Habis dan
Tanah Terlantar
(1 Jt ha)
Pelepasan Kawasan
Kehutanan
(3,5 Jt ha)
Nawa Cita
PS: 12,7 Jtha Hutan Kemitraan
Hutan Adat
Hutan Desa
Hutan
Kemasyarakatan
Hutan Tanaman
Rakyat
Setelah 3 tahun
3.641.937 ha (+ 80,9%) 418.748 ha (+ 9,3%)
4.060.685 ha (+ 45,12%)
24.378 ha
1.778.720 ha (+ 14%)
270.414 ha
443.345 ha
91.047 ha
940.159 ha
Perijinan PS (IPHPS) 19.377 ha
Mar ‘18:
1.706.364 ha
(+ 38%)
Mar ‘18:
196.483 ha
(+ 4,4%)
Mar ‘18: 695.391,11 ha (+ 7,73%)
Mar ‘18:
1.058.622,43 ha
(+ 8,34%)
23. Angka-angka Capaian Progam
TORA, menurut Kemen-ATR/BPN
(s.d. Juni 2019)
Capaian s.d.
Legalisasi Aset Redistribusi Lahan
Sertifikasi Tanah
Transmigrasi
Sertifikasi Tanah
Umum (PTSL,
PRONA, dsb)
HGU Habis &
Tanah Terlantar
Pelepasan
Kawasan Hutan
Maret 2018
33.018 ha 1.673.346 ha 196.483 ha --
1.706.364 ha (38%) 196.483 ha (+ 4,4%)
Juni 2019
?? ?? -- --
3.641.937 ha (+ 80,9%) 418.748 ha (+ 9,3%)
Bukan Landreform, bukan RA !
23
24. RA ála Jokowi: Setelah 4 tahun (2016 - Jan 2021)
(sumber: BPN (2021), Roadmap Reforma Agraria 2020-2024)
‘TORA’: 9 Jt ha
Legalisasi Aset
(4,5 Jt ha)
Redistribusi Lahan
(4,5 Jt ha)
Sertifikasi lahan
transmigrasi
(0,6 Jt ha)
Legalisasi
Aset
(3,9 Jt ha)
HGU Habis dan
Tanah Terlantar
(0,4 Jt ha)
Pelepasan Kawasan
Kehutanan
(4,1 Jt ha)
6,54 jt ha (+ 145,31%) 1.189.748 ha (+ 26,4%)
Januari 2021: 7,73 juta ha (+ 85,9%)
Jan ‘21: 113.109 ha
(+ 18,9%)
Jan ‘21: 966.062 ha
(+ 241,5%)
Jan ‘21: 233,7 ha
(+ 16,01%)
Setelah 4 tahun
Jan ‘21: 6,42 jt ha
(+ 164,8%)
Target diubah di tengah jalan, dari 1 jt ha (awal program)
diturunkan jadi 0,4 jt ha (target diturunkan 60%? à
Why??? (Agar kinerja tampak bagus?)
Target diubah di tengah jalan, dari
3,5 jt ha (awal program) dinaikkan
jadi 4,1 jt ha (target dinaikkan
17%? à Why??? (Question:
Apakah semua peruntukan lahan
pelepasan tepat dalam kategori
tanah untuk RA?)
24
25. Capaian Progam TORA, menurut Pemerintah
(s.d. Jan 2021)
Capaian s.d.
Legalisasi Aset Distribusi Lahan
Sertifikasi Tanah
Transmigrasi
Sertifikasi Tanah
Umum (PTSL,
PRONA, dsb)
HGU Habis &
Tanah Terlantar
Pelepasan
Kawasan
Hutan
Maret 2018
33.018 ha 1.673.346 ha 196.483 ha --
1.706.364 ha (38%) 196.483 ha (+ 4,4%)
Januari 2021
113.109 ha 6,42 juta ha 966.062 ha 233,7 ha
6,54 juta ha (+ 145,31%) 1,19 juta ha (+ 26,4%)
Ahli Agraria: “Bukan Landreform,
bukan RA !”
25
26. Simulasi: Jika Distribusi 4,5 Juta Ha
(sebagaimana direncanakan dalam program TORA)
² Menggunakan baseline data Rumah Tangga Petani Pengguna Lahan hasil ST-2013
² Skema (1): Seluruh 4,5 jt ha tanah diserahkan kepada petani gurem saja (14.622.396 RTP); rata-rata mendapat 0,308 ha
² Skema (2): ½ dari masing-masing kelas petani gurem mendapat tanah sebesar 0,5 ha; lahan sisa sekitar 19% tanah obyek distribusi
diberikan kepada absolute-landless (tunakisma) (: 1.688.802 penerima)
² Skema (3): ¼ dari masing-masing kelas petani gurem mendapat tanah sebesar 0,5 ha; sebagian besar tanah obyek distribusi (59%) diberikan
kepada absolute-landless (tunakisma) (: 5.344.401 penerima)
Kelas Penguasaan
Tanah
2013
RTP Lahan
Jml (rb) % Luas (rb ha) %
< 0.1 4,339 16.6 217.7 0.9
0.10 - 0.19 3,550 13.6 512.1 2.2
0.20 - 0.49 6,733 25.8 2,273.1 9.7
0.50 - 0.99 4,555 17.4 3,340.7 14.3
1.00 - 1.99 3,726 14.3 5,466.9 23.4
2.00 - 2.99 1,623 6.2 4,008.2 17.2
> 3.00 1,609 6.2 7,506.8 32.2
Total 26,135 100.0 23,326 100.0
Rasio Gini 0.59
Petani Gurem 14,622,396 55.9%
Skema I
RTP Lahan
Jml (rb) % Luas (rb ha) %
- 0.0 - 0.0
- 0.0 - 0.0
7,889 30.2 3,159.7 11.4
11,288 43.2 7,687.7 27.6
3,726 14.3 5,466.9 19.6
1,623 6.2 4,008.2 14.4
1,609 6.2 7,506.8 27.0
26,135 100.0 27,829 100.0
0.42
7,889,032 30.2%
Skema II
RTP Lahan
Jml (rb) % Luas (rb ha) %
2,169 7.8 108.9 0.4
1,775 6.4 256.1 0.9
3,367 12.1 1,136.6 4.1
13,555 48.7 9,342.2 33.6
3,726 13.4 5,466.9 19.6
1,623 5.8 4,008.2 14.4
1,609 5.8 7,506.8 27.0
27,824 100.0 27,826 100.0
0.47
7,311,198 26.3%
Skema III
RTP Lahan
Jml (rb) % Luas (rb ha) %
3,254 10.3 163.3 0.6
2,663 8.5 384.1 1.4
5,050 16.0 1,704.8 6.1
13,555 43.1 8,591.4 30.9
3,726 11.8 5,466.9 19.6
1,623 5.2 4,008.2 14.4
1,609 5.1 7,506.8 27.0
31,480 100.0 27,826 100.0
0.51
10,966,797 34.8%
27. Membedah “Konflik Agraria” & “Konflik
Lingkungan” versi “Aktivis”
! “Konflik Agraria” yang sering dibicarakan oleh para aktivis = konflik perebutan klaim atas
tanah dan kekayaan alam lainnya yang terjadi antara komunitas (sekelompok orang) dengan
pihak non-komunitas lainnya, yakni: korporasi dan/atau Negara
! “Konflik Agraria” dalam konteks ini = pertentangan antara dua pihak atau lebih berdasarkan
klaim atas penguasaan & pemanfaatan suatu lingkungan ekologis tertentu untuk
memperoleh manfaatnya, yang memperoleh perlakuan berbeda dari aparatus penyelenggara
Negara, dengan segala konsekuensinya pada aspek ekonomi, sosial, dan kultural masyarakat
! Satu aspek penting dalam “konflik agraria” di sini adalah keterlibatan Negara (:aparatus
negara) sebagai “pihak yang berpihak”
! Anatomi “konflik agraria” dalam konteks ini:
Lapisan terluar: alih fungsi lahan, perebutan mengambil manfaat lingkungan dan/atau
eksploitasi kekayaan alam, penggusuran, protes dan perlawanan, kekerasan, kriminalisasi, dan
pelanggaran-pelanggaran HAM
Lapisan-lapisan tengah: hal-hal yang terkait dengan aspek pengaturan termasuk aturan hukum
& peraturan, kebijakan publik, manipulasi kekuasaan & maladministrasi
Lapisan terdalam: hal-hal yang terkait dengan orientasi “pembangunan”, kepentingan ekonomi
& politik pengusaha-penguasa, dan perkembangan kapitalisme global
o Lebih banyak menekankanan aspek
hubungan Negara-Masyarakat
(State-Society relationship)
o Banyak menekankan aspek legal
o Kurang memberi porsi cukup pada
analisa di “lapisan terdalam”,
khususnya perkembangan
kapitalisme global saat ini
(neoliberal capitalism)
o Kurang memberi penekanan &
perhatian pada analisa kelas; tetapi
pada identitas (: ‘politik identitas’)
Para “Aktivis”
28. 28
Beberapa Karakter GRA & GL di Indonesia Era Neoliberal
• Bergerak & berpusar pada isu sengketa/konflik pertanahan/lingkungan (organizing & advocacy)
• Menitik-beratkan pada perubahan kebijakan & legislasi (legal drafting & advocacy)
• Kampanye di tingkat national & internasional + advokasi kebijakan di tingkat global; terlalu
berharap pada kebijakan di tingkat internasional/global untuk menekan pemerintah
• Mengandalkan seruan, petisi, pernyataan sikap, kampanye di medsos sebagai repertoires untuk
perubahan
• Memanfaatkan “kebaikan” pemerintah (khususnya dalam hal piecemeal & partial land distribution)
• Jika ada program pengembangan produksi pasca reform/pendudukan tanah, tidak disertai dengan
analisa mengenai hasil-hasilnya pada perkembangan ekonomi lokal, apalagi memperhitungkan
pembentukan kelas dan kemungkinan berkembangnya (re) konsentrasi penguaaan tanah
• Berharap pada perubahan politik akibat pemilu & pilkada (bersandar pada demokrasi liberal
(liberal democratization)
• Asik & terjebak dalam siklus pemilu/pilkada dengan menjadi ‘tim sukses’, sumber suara (voters
sac), atau mendorong ‘kader gerakan’ menjadi bagian dari penyelenggara negara tanpa ikatan
• Tidak bergerak dari ‘agrarian questions’ (neither ‘of capital’ nor ‘of labor’); tidak dipandu oleh
analisis kelas dan analisis mengenai transisi agraria
• Gerakan pendudukan tanah mengalami penurunan baik dalam skala maupun intensitas
• Politik identitas (“petani”, “masyarakat adat”, “nelayan”) lebih mengemuka; bukan politik kelas
29. 5 Proposisi GSP & GL di Indonesia Era
Neoliberal
1. Transmutasi organisasi gerakan tengah dan terus berlangsung (dikendalikan oleh, dan pada gilirannya
sekaligus menghasilkan, para mutant-activists)
2. Pertukaran kepentingan di antara aktor-aktor utama (exchange of interests among the main actors)
3. Saling menunggangi antara aktor-aktor pedesaan yang bekepentingan dengan tanah dan lingkungan
hidup lokal dengan ‘aktivis terdidik perkotaan’ (activists-rural actors rode on each other)
4. Gerakan sosial pedesaan & gerakan lingkungan semakin nir-ideologi radikal dan secara pragmatis lebih
dijadikan wahana untuk menaiki tangga politik dan sarana untuk pemenuhan kepentingan ekonomi para
aktivis, khususnya ‘aktivis terdidik perkotaan’ (: Ideologi bukan elemen yang penting dalam gerakan sosial
pedesaan, melainkan pragmatisme politik dan ekonomi)
5. “Kemiskinan ideologi radikal”, reformasi, dan “demokratisasi” (: demokrasi liberal) yang berlangsung
setelah 1998, membuat gerakan sosial pedesaan makin jauh dari gagasan-gagasan perubahan sosial yang
transformatif, dan “goals displacement” menjadi kecenderungan yang dibiarkan bahkan ‘dinikmati’ (:
gerakan sosial semakin jauh dari sikap kritis-reflektif)
29
30. Bahan Bacaan
o Bachriadi, D. (forthcoming), Di Antara Wacana dan Aksi: Reforma Agraria dan Gerakan Sosial
Pedesaan di Indonesia Pasca-1965. Jakarta: Komunitas Bambu.
o Bachriadi, D. (2019), Panas Tak Sampai Petang: Reforma Agraria Dipandu Hutang, working paper
ARC No.03/WP-KAPPOB/II/2019
o Bachriadi, D., A. Lucas & C. Warren (2013), “The Agrarian Movement, Civil Society, and Emerging
Political Constellations”, dalam Land for the People: The State and Agrarian Conflict in Indonesia,
A. Lucas & C. Warren (ed.), h. 308-371. Athens: Ohio University Press.
o Gamson, W. A. (1990), The Strategy of Social Protest. Belmont: Wardsworth.
o Rabie, M. (2013), Global Economic and Cultural Transformation: The Making of History. New
York: Palgrave Macmillan.
o Sewell Jr., W. H. (2005), Logic of History: Social Theory and Social Transformation. Chicago The
University of Chicago Press.
o Tarrow, S. G. (2011), Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, revised
and updated 3rd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
o Tilly, C. & S. Tarrow (2015), Contentious Politics, fully revised and updated 2nd edition. New York:
Oxford University Press.
30