2. Goals of Presentation
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Learn about application space
where real-time research could be helpful
E.g. knowing which algorithms they want to run, we can look
at the ways to schedule those algorithms along with existing
software
Go through publicly available information
Not much technical information available
Some of it is outdated
3. Avionics in Civilian Applications
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Boeing 787 Dreamliner
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_787first_flight.jpg
4. Avionics in Civilian Applications
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Boeing 787 Dreamliner
Long range, mid-sized twin-engine jet airliner
Approx. $160 -170 million
Flight System
Honeywell and Rockwell-Collins
avionics systems (flight control, guidance)
Thales
integrated standby flight display
electrical power conversion system
Integration by Boeing
5. Flight deck of the Boeing 787
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:787-flight-deck.jpg
6. Boeing 787 Dreamliner
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RTOS
Uses COTS OS by
Green Hills Software (Integrity 178-B??)
Wind River Systems (VxWorks 653)
Time and Space Partitioned
Certification: DO 178B, Level A and ARINC 653
Catastrophic
VxWorks 653 for the Common Core System (CCS)
CCS hosts applications such as crew alerting, display management,
health management software etc.
7. Common Core System (CCS)
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Central computing function
Replaces almost 80 line replacement units (LRU) and hosts up
to 80 avionics applications
Includes
Dual Common Computing Resource (CCR) cabinets
Common Data Network (CDN)
Expected to be adopted under ARINC 664
Remote Data Concentrators (RDC)
8. Communication
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Communication within aircraft systems
Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet (AFDX)1
Based on IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
Dedicated bandwidth to provide deterministic QoS
For safety critical applications
Cascaded Star Topology
Dual Link Redundancy
Full Duplex
1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics_Full-Duplex_Switched_Ethernet
10. Avionics in Military and Scientific Applications
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MQ-1 Predator
11. Avionics in Military and Scientific Applications
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Has both manned as well as unmanned aircrafts
We focus on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
Reusable, Uncrewed vehicle capable of controlled,
sustained, level flight and powered by
a jet or reciprocating engine
Also called
Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV)
Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)
E.g.
R4 Global Hawk
Predator
12. Brief History
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A. M. Low's "Aerial Target" of 1916
World Wars accelerated the development
Mostly used to train antiaircraft gunners
To fly attack missions
Birth of US UAVs
1959
Concern over losing pilots in “hostile” territories
“Red Wagon” program launched in 1960
First mission – Vietnam war (1964)
Highly kept secret
13. History Continued…
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Admitted to use of UAVs in 1973
“...we let the drone do the high risk flying...the loss rate is
high, but we are willing to risk more of them...they save
lives!” – Gen. John C. Meyer
Grown interest in UAVs in 1980s and 1990s
Initial Interest
Surveillance aircraft
Search and Rescue
Future Interests
Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles (UCAS)
14. Surveillance UAVs
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Surveying
Enemy territories
Areas dangerous for piloted craft
E.g. Fly into a hurricane and provide near-real-time data
(hurricane hunters)
Extreme climate such as Antarctic
Search and Rescue
used for search and rescue in Louisiana and Texas during
2008 hurricanes
RQ4 Global Hawk
15. Surveillance UAV RQ-4 Global Hawk
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RQ-4 Global Hawk
http://files.air-attack.com/MIL/globalhawk/rq4block40.jpg
16. Surveillance UAV: RQ-4 Global Hawk
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RQ-4 Global Hawk
Northrop Grumman
R: reconnaissance, Q: unmanned aircraft system, 4 : the
fourth of a series of purpose-built UAS.
Used by US Air Force, US Navy and NASA
High Altitude, Long Endurance (HALE)
High resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
penetrates cloud-cover and sandstorms
18. Surveillance UAV: RQ-4 Global Hawk
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Dimensions
Length: 44 ft 5 in (13.54 m)
Wingspan: 116 ft 2 in (35.41 m)
Height: 15 ft 2 in (4.62 m)
Empty weight: 8,490 lb (3,851 kg)
Gross weight: 22,900 lb (10,387 kg)
Can cover 40,000 sq miles per day
$35 million (actual aircraft cost)
Rises to $123.2 million with development costs
19. Combat UAVs
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Surveying as well Attack
Sensors, cameras
Missiles or other ammunition
Used in high risk areas to hit ground targets
Not perfect
Several incidences of misfiring or misunderstanding the target
E.g. Israeli UAVs failed to differentiate between combatants
and civilians resulting in killing of 48 civilians
20. Combat UAVs MQ-1 Predator
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MQ-1 Predator
General Atomics
M: Multi Role, Q: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, 1: first of a series
Used by US Air Force and CIA
Medium Altitude, Long Endurance (MALE)
Can fly 400 nautical miles(740 kms), loiter for 14 hours and come
back
Initially was only RQ-1A (1995)
Only for surveillance
Later converted to combat UAV (2002)
RQ-1 B became MQ-9 Reaper
Cost
Approx. $40 million
21. MQ-1 Predator
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Complete system, not just an aircraft
Four aircrafts
Ground Control System (GCS)
Predator Primary Satellite Link (PPSL)
Spare equipment with the crew
Dimensions
Wingspan: 55 feet (16.8 meters)
Length: 27 feet (8.22 meters)
Height: 6.9 feet (2.1 meters)
Weight: 1,130 pounds ( 512 kilograms) empty
Future: Unmanned Combat Air System (UCAS)
22. Space Shuttle
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First orbital spacecraft designed for reuse
Orbiter Vehicle (OV),
External tank (ET)
Two reusable Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs)
Functions
Carry different payloads to low Earth orbit
Provide crew rotation for International Space Station(ISS)
Perform servicing missions
Software and Hardware known as the Data Processing System
(DPS)
23. Space Shuttle
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Hardware Specifications
Five IBM AP-101 central processing unit (CPU)
Same architecture as IBM System 360
Also called General Purpose Computer (GPC)
IO Processor (IOP) and Bus System
Redundantly connected subsystems (24 buses)
Bus Control Element for each bus (24 BCEs), dedicated processor
Master Sequence Controller (MSC) 25th processor
IO to each computer controlled in two modes
• Command (CM)
• Listen
Display Unit: CRTs controlled by special purpose computer
Mass Memory Unit (MMU)
25. Space Shuttle
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Software Architecture
Systems Software
Flight Computer OS (FCOS)
System Control
User Interface
Applications Software
Guidance, Navigation and Control
Systems Management
Vehicle Checkout
26. Space Shuttle: Systems Software
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Flight Computer OS (FCOS)
Process Management
Priority queue structure
I/O Management
Redundancy results in complex data network
Management of communication
Initialization, status checks and memory management
Loading of General Purpose Computer memories
Transfers between mass memory and main memory
27. Space Shuttle: Systems Software
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System Control
Initialization and configuration control of DPS
Establish relationship among GPCs
User Interface
Command Input Processing
Operations Control
Output Message Processing
Maintain communication among GPCs
28. Space Shuttle: Applications Software
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Guidance, Navigation and Control (GN&C)
Six Operation Sequences (OPS)
Include 200 important functions called principle functions
Cyclic process (executive)
Controls initiation and phasing of principle function and
associated I/O
Table driven
Three executive structures in design of GN&C
29. Space Shuttle: Applications Software
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Systems Management
Status monitoring
Controls not involved with flight control
Vehicle Checkout
Initialization and checkout under control of crew
Three ground checkout OPSs, One in-flight OPS
Redundant computer configuration
