It is about Russian mass media in modern era

1. Television, magazines, and newspapers have all
been operated by both state-owned and for-profit
corporations which depend
on advertising, subscription, and other sales-
related revenues. Even though the Constitution
of Russia guarantees freedom of speech, the press
has been plagued by both government censorship
and self-censorship.[note 1]
There are more than 83,000 active and
officially registered media outlets in Russia that
broadcast information in 102 languages. Of the
total number of media outlets, the breakdown is
as follows: magazines – 37%, newspapers – 28%,
online media – 11%, TV – 10%, radio – 7% and
news agencies – 2%. Print media, which accounts
for two thirds of all media, is predominant.
Media outlets need to obtain licenses to
broadcast. Of the total number of media outlets,
63% can distribute information across Russia,
35% can broadcast abroad and 15% in
the CIS .[note 2] region

2. Legislative framework
The Russian Constitution protects freedom of speech and of the press.
Russian laws on the media include THE 1991 LAW ON MASS MEDIA, THE 2003
LAW ON COMMUNICATIONS, AND THE 2006 LAW ON INFORMATION,
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND PROTECTION OF INFORMATION.
They have been amended several times. Other federal laws regulate specific issues, such as
media coverage of state authorities and political parties,
The broad definition of extremism in Russia legislation and its use to silence
government critics has fostered self-censorship among journalists to avoid
harassment. . However, the 2006 Federal Law on Combating Terrorism and the 2006
Law on Counteracting Extremist Activity, along with the Federal List of Extremist
Materials, became a matter of concern for both domestic and international
observers.[ The Human Rights Committee of the United Nations criticized the lack of
a precise definition for “terrorism” or “terrorist activity”, or of any requirement for
the counter-terrorist regime to explain itself, or of any legal provision for the
authorities' obligation to protect human rights in a counter-terrorist operation.
The Federal Law On Guarantees of Equality of Parliamentary Parties in
Covering their Activities by the National State-Owned TV and Radio Channels
adopted in May 2009 guarantees that each Parliamentary Party must enjoy equal
share of coverage at state-owned national TV and radio channels. A new law to be
implemented at the beginning of 2009 will allow reporters investigating corruption in
Russia to be protected. Under new legislation, they will be able to apply for special
protection, like court witnesses

3. Russia was among the first countries
to introduce radio and television. While there were
few channels in Soviet times, in the past two
decades many new state and privately owned radio
stations and TV channels have appeared. Mass
media in Russia continued to develop in 2000s, as
the number of periodicals, broadcasting companies
and electronic media has more than doubled from
1997 to 2006. In 2005 a state-run English
language Russia Today TV started broadcasting, and
its Arabic version Rusiya Al-Yaum was launched in
2007.
Private businesses refrain from
advertising on independent outlets. Starting from
2015, satellite and cable channels with subscription
fees would be forbidden from airing advertisement,
thus hindering the financial sustainability of TV
Rain and of other foreign content providers.
According to a 2009 report by Reporters
Without Borders in 2009, "the current situation of
the media in the Russian regions provides grounds
for hope as well as for concern". The regional print
media has been able to maintain a solid position as
an information resource. However, most publishers
shy away from politically charged topics in order
not to endanger their business.

4. News agencies
As of 2018, the three main news agencies in
Russia were TASS, RIA Novosti and Interfax.[23]
TASS, founded in 1904, is a federal, state-owned
news agency, working throughout Soviet times
as TASS. It has over 500 correspondents and
broadcasts in six languages, with 350-650 items
daily. In 2010 it was among the four biggest
world news agencies
(with Reuters, AP and AFP). It has the biggest
photo archive in Russia.[23]
RIA Novosti is another state-owned news
agency, founded in 1941 as the Soviet
Information Bureau and in 1991 turned into the
Russian Information Agency (RIA) Novosti with
correspondents in 40 countries, and broadcasting
in 14 languages.[23]
Interfax is a private news agency, part of the
Interfax Information Services Group, founded in
1989, with over 30 agencies throughout Eastern
Europe and Asia. It was the first non-state
information channel in the Soviet Union, and in
1993 it established the first Russian news agency
specialized in economics, Interfax-AFI.
Other news agencies include Rossiya
segodnya, REGNUM News Agency, Russian
Agency of Legal and Judicial Information, and
Rosbalt. Overall there are more than 400 news
agencies in the Russian Federation.[

5. According to statistics published by UNESCO in 2005,
Russia had the largest number of newspaper journalists in the
world (102,300), followed by China (82,849) and the United
States (54,134),. As of 2008 Russia had over 400 daily
newspapers, covering many fields, and offering a range of
perspectives.The total number of newspapers in Russia is
about 9,000, and they have a total annual circulation of 8.2
billion copies. There are also 6,700 magazines and periodicals
with a total annual circulation of 1.6 billion copies.
As of 2008, companies close to the Russian
government, such as Gazprom, had acquired several of the
most influential newspapers; Major Russian newspapers with
foreign owners include the Vedomosti and SmartMoney owned
by Rupert Murdoch's News Corp.

6. According to figures from the National
Circulation Service agency, the most
popular weekly newspaper is Argumenty
i Fakty which has a circulation of 2.9
million. It is followed by Weekly Life (1.9
million), TV Guide (1.2 million)
and Perm
Region Izvestiya (1million).However,
only about half of all Russian
newspapers are registered with the
agency.[25] Some leading newspapers in
Russia are tabloids, including Zhizn. The
most important business newspapers
are Vedomosti and the
influential Kommersant. Many
newspapers are opposition-leaning,
such as the critical Nezavisimaya
Gazeta and Novaya Gazeta, which is
known for its investigative
journalism. The main English-language
newspapers were Moscow Times and The
St. Petersburg Times.[needs update] Six of the
ten most circulated Russian newspapers
are based in Moscow, while the other
four are based in other cities and
regions.

7. FORBES (/FƆːRBZ/) IS AN AMERICAN BUSINESS
MAGAZINE FOUNDED BY B.C. FORBES IN 1917
AND OWNED BY HONG KONG-BASED
INVESTMENT GROUP INTEGRATED WHALE
MEDIA INVESTMENTS SINCE 2014.[3][4] ITS
CHAIRPERSON AND EDITOR-IN-CHIEF IS STEVE
FORBES, AND ITS CEO IS MIKE FEDERLE.[5] IT IS
BASED IN JERSEY CITY, NEW JERSEY.
COMPETITORS IN THE NATIONAL BUSINESS
MAGAZINE CATEGORY
INCLUDE FORTUNE AND BLOOMBERG
BUSINESSWEEK.
APART FROM FORBES AND ITS LIFESTYLE
SUPPLEMENT, FORBES LIFE, OTHER TITLES
INCLUDE FORBES ASIA AND 45 LOCAL
LANGUAGE EDITIONS

9. Kommersant (Russian: Коммерсантъ, IPA: [kəmʲɪrˈsant], The Businessman or
Commerce Man, often shortened to Ъ) is a nationally distributed daily
newspaper published in Russia mostly devoted to politics and business. The
TNS Media and NRS Russia certified July 2013 circulation of the daily was
120,000–130,000.[1] It is owned by Alisher Usmanov

11. TELEVISION BROADCASTING
TELEVISION IS THE MOST POPULAR MEDIA IN RUSSIA, WITH 74% OF THE POPULATION
WATCHING NATIONAL TELEVISION CHANNELS ROUTINELY AND 59% ROUTINELY WATCHING
REGIONAL CHANNELS.[27] THERE ARE 330 TELEVISION CHANNELS IN TOTAL.[38] THREE
CHANNELS HAVE A NATIONWIDE OUTREACH (OVER 90% COVERAGE OF THE RUSSIAN
TERRITORY): CHANNEL ONE (A.K.A. FIRST CHANNEL), RUSSIA-1 (A.K.A. ROSSIYA), AND NTV.[39] AS
STATED BY THE BBC, BOTH CHANNEL ONE AND RUSSIA-1 ARE CONTROLLED BY THE
GOVERNMENT, WHILE STATE-CONTROLLED ENERGY GIANT GAZPROM OWNS
NTV.[40] ACCORDING TO 2005 TELEVISION RATINGS, THE MOST POPULAR CHANNEL WAS
CHANNEL ONE (22.9%), FOLLOWED BY RUSSIA-1 (22.6%). THE SURVEY RESPONDERS' LOCAL TV
COMPANY WAS THIRD WITH A RATING OF 12.3%ЮREGIONAL TELEVISION IS RELATIVELY
POPULAR IN RUSSIA, AND ACCORDING TO A 2005 REPORT BY TNS, REGIONAL AUDIENCES
RELY MAINLY ON NEWS AND ANALYSIS PROVIDED BY REGIONAL CHANNELS.
THE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE SATELLITE CHANNEL RUSSIA TODAY (RT) WAS LAUNCHED IN
2005. IT PRODUCES IN MULTIPLE LANGUAGES AND BROADCASTS IN OVER 100
COUNTRIES.[43] A NEW INTERNATIONAL MULTIMEDIA NEWS SERVICE CALLED SPUTNIK WAS
LAUNCHED IN 2014, MERGING AND REPLACING PREVIOUS SERVICES.

12. 1. Self-censorship -is the act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse. This is done out of fear of, or
deference to, the sensibilities or preferences (actual or perceived) of others and without overt pressure from any
specific party or institution of authority. Self-censorship is often practiced by film producers, film
directors, publishers, news anchors, journalists, musicians, and other kinds of authors including individuals who
use social media.
Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantees freedom of speech from all forms of
censorship. Article 19 explicitly states that "everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this
right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and
ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."The practice of self-censorship, like that of censorship itself,
has a long history
2. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional intergovernmental
organization in Eurasia. It was formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Member
states Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Russian and
Tajikistan.