Chapter 11Family Planning and ParenthoodKey Terms· Family pl

Chapter 11
Family Planning and Parenthood
Key Terms
· Family planning: Having children by choice and not by
chance; having the number of children wanted at the time
planned.
· Oral contraceptives: Birth control pills taken orally (by
mouth).
· Combination pills: Oral contraceptives containing both
estrogen and progestin.
· Placebo: A pill that has no pharmacological effect.
· Mini-pill: An oral contraceptive containing progestin only.
· Emergency contraceptive pills: Oral contraceptives taken after
intercourse to prevent unwanted pregnancy.
· Progestin injection: An injection of progestin to prevent
pregnancy.
· Implant: A matchstick-size device that is placed under the skin
and releases progestin.
· Vaginal ring: A flexible, transparent ring that is inserted into
the vagina and releases a combination of estrogen and progestin
continuously at a low dose for 1 month.
· Contraceptive patch: A patch applied weekly to the buttocks,
abdomen, or upper torso that releases hormones to prevent
pregnancy.
· Intrauterine system: A contraceptive device that is inserted
into the uterus and releases small amounts of progestin
continuously for 3 to 6 years.
· Spermicides: Chemicals that are toxic to sperm and are used as
a contraceptive in the form of foam, suppository, cream, jelly,
or film.
· Intrauterine device: A device that is inserted into the uterus
and worn there as a means of preventing pregnancy.
· Male condom: A latex sheath worn over the penis to prevent
sperm from being ejaculated into the vagina; also prevents the

spread of STDs.
· Female or internal condom: A polyurethane pouch inserted in
the vagina to collect sperm, preventing fertilization.
· Diaphragm: A thick, dome-shaped silicone cup that is
stretched over a collapsible ring, designed to cover the cervical
opening to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
· Cervical cap: A small, thimble-shaped rubber barrier that fits
over the cervix and prevents sperm from entering the uterus.
· Contraceptive sponge: A polyurethane foam disk that contains
spermicide and is placed over the cervix to block and absorb
semen.
· Sterilization: The process of rendering a person infertile by
performing either a vasectomy in the male or tubal ligation in
the female.
· Vasectomy: Male sterilization whereby the vasa deferentia are
cut and tied to prevent the sperm from being ejaculated out of
the penis.
· Castration: Removal of the testicles.
· Tubal ligation: Female sterilization by severing and/or closing
the fallopian tubes so that the ovum cannot pass down the tube.
· Laparoscopy: Surgical method whereby a tubular instrument is
passed through the abdominal wall.
· Calendar method: A method of birth control whereby the
couple has intercourse only during those times of the menstrual
cycle when the woman is least likely to get pregnant.
· Basal body temperature method: A method of fertility
awareness based on the rise in basal body temperature that
signals ovulation.
· Cervical mucus method: A method of fertility awareness that
uses changes in cervical mucus as indicators of ovulation.
· Symptothermal method: Combining several natural family
planning methods (basal body temperature plus cervical mucus,
for example) to achieve greater accuracy in pinpointing
ovulation.
· Withdrawal: Withdrawal of the penis from the vagina prior to
ejaculation, used as an attempt at birth control.

· Abortion: The expulsion of the fetus; can be either
spontaneous or induced.
· Infertility: Failure to achieve a pregnancy after 1 year (6
months is she is over 35 years old) of frequent, unprotected
sexual intercourse.
· Artificial insemination/intrauterine insemination: Injection of
sperm into vagina, cervix, or uterus for the purpose of achieving
conception.
· In vitro fertilization: Removing egg cells from a woman,
fertilizing them with sperm in the laboratory, and then placing
the fertilized egg in the uterus.
· Gamete intrafallopian transfer: The process of inserting sperm
cells and egg cells directly into the fallopian tube, where
fertilization is expected to occur.
· Zygote intrafallopian transfer: Removing egg cells from a
woman, mixing them with sperm in the laboratory, and placing
the fertilized egg cells directly into the fallopian tube.
· Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: The process of injecting a
single sperm cell directly into a single egg cell to further
enhance the possibility of fertilization.
· Zygote: A fertilized egg cell.
· Surrogate mother: A woman who agrees to be impregnated (by
artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization), to carry the
fetus to term, and then to give the child to the couple, along
with all parental rights.
Chapter 11
Family Planning and Parenthood
Learning Objectives
· Outline the reasons for family planning.
· Discuss basic facts about oral contraceptives: how they
prevent conception; types and administration; effectiveness;
advantages and health benefits; risks; and side effects.
· Discuss basic facts about other forms of hormonal
contraceptives.
· Relate basic facts about the use of vaginal spermicides as

contraceptives.
· Describe the use of intrauterine devices and other mechanical
devices or barrier methods (male condom, female condom,
diaphragm, cervical shield, cervical cap, and contraceptive
sponge).
· Describe the processes of male and female sterilization
(vasectomy and tubal ligation).
· Explain methods of birth control without the use of devices,
including the calendar method, withdrawal, and noncoital
stimulation.
· Summarize the considerations in choosing which birth control
method to use.
· Discuss the legal, moral, social and realistic, and
psychological and personal considerations in relation to
abortion.
· Summarize the basic facts about infertility (causes; infertility
and subjective well-being; treatments; and alternative means of
conception).
· Discuss basic issues in relation to adoption and foster care.
· Discuss the basic issues and trends in relation to childlessness,
smaller families, and delayed parenthood.
Summary
1. Family planning means having children by choice and not by
chance; it means having the number wanted when they are
wanted. Family planning is used to protect the health of the
mother and children, to reduce the negative psychological
impact and stress of parenthood, to maintain the well-being of
the marriage and the family and its quality of life, and to avoid
contributing to global overpopulation.
2. Oral contraceptives are effective, convenient, and easy to
use. There are several types: combination pills containing
estrogen and progestin, the mini-pill (progestin only), and the
emergency contraceptive pill.
3. Combination pills have a number of positive health effects.
They reduce the risk of benign breast disease, ovarian cysts,
iron-deficiency anemia, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic

pregnancy, rheumatoid arthritis, and endometrial and ovarian
cancer.
4. Birth control pills do not protect against STDs.
5. Other hormonal contraceptives include progestin injections or
implants, vaginal rings, patches, and intrauterine systems
(IUSs).
6. Contraceptive foam, suppositories, creams, jellies, and film
are vaginal spermicides that are used to prevent conception by
blocking the entrance to the uterus and by immobilizing and
killing the sperm.
7. Mechanical contraceptive devices include the intrauterine
device (IUD), male and female condoms, the diaphragm, the
cervical cap, and the contraceptive sponge.
8. Methods of birth control that don’t involve devices include
various fertility awareness techniques, which rely on limiting
intercourse to the so-called safe period of the month, when the
woman is less likely to get pregnant (there is really no
completely safe period); withdrawal; and various means of
noncoital stimulation.
9. Sterilization is the most popular contraceptive method among
married women, with the pill second and condoms third.
10. Treatment for infertility depends on the causes. Surgical and
hormonal treatments are most common. The couple also may be
instructed in fertility awareness methods to enhance the
possibility of conception.
11. Alternative means of conception include AI/IUI (either AIH
or AID), IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI, and surrogate mothers.
12. At one time, adoption was shrouded in secrecy: the adoptive
parent and adopted child were prevented from knowing the birth
history of the child. Adoption practices now are more open and
involve different levels of communication among adoptive
parents, birth parents, and child.
13. For many individuals, foster care is an option for caring for
children. In fact, there are more children in need of foster
homes than there are families who are willing to become foster
parents.

14. Couples today can decide when to have children, how many
children to have, and even whether to have children at all.
15. The number of children desired by U.S. families has
declined, with most couples wanting no more than two.
16. More women are delaying parenthood so that they can
complete their education, become established in their jobs, have
more time to adjust to marriage, and have a greater opportunity
for personal freedom before having their first baby.
17. Women who want to remain childless are more likely to be
well educated, urban, less traditional in their gender roles,
upwardly mobile, and professional; they also are more likely to
marry at a later age than women who want children.
18. There are a number of arguments against having children,
such as world overpopulation and restrictions on personal
freedom. Without children, there is less work to do at home,
more opportunity for self-fulfillment, less strain on the
marriage, less worry and tension, less expense, and fewer
obstacles to the pursuit of a career.
Key Terms
· Family planning: Having children by choice and not by
chance; having the number of children wanted at the time
planned.
· Oral contraceptives: Birth control pills taken orally (by
mouth).
· Combination pills: Oral contraceptives containing both
estrogen and progestin.
· Placebo: A pill that has no pharmacological effect.
· Mini-pill: An oral contraceptive containing progestin only.
· Emergency contraceptive pills: Oral contraceptives taken after
intercourse to prevent unwanted pregnancy.
· Progestin injection: An injection of progestin to prevent
pregnancy.
· Implant: A matchstick-size device that is placed under the skin
and releases progestin.
· Vaginal ring: A flexible, transparent ring that is inserted into
the vagina and releases a combination of estrogen and progestin

continuously at a low dose for 1 month.
· Contraceptive patch: A patch applied weekly to the buttocks,
abdomen, or upper torso that releases hormones to prevent
pregnancy.
· Intrauterine system: A contraceptive device that is inserted
into the uterus and releases small amounts of progestin
continuously for 3 to 6 years.
· Spermicides: Chemicals that are toxic to sperm and are used as
a contraceptive in the form of foam, suppository, cream, jelly,
or film.
· Intrauterine device: A device that is inserted into the uterus
and worn there as a means of preventing pregnancy.
· Male condom: A latex sheath worn over the penis to prevent
sperm from being ejaculated into the vagina; also prevents the
spread of STDs.
· Female or internal condom: A polyurethane pouch inserted in
the vagina to collect sperm, preventing fertilization.
· Diaphragm: A thick, dome-shaped silicone cup that is
stretched over a collapsible ring, designed to cover the cervical
opening to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
· Cervical cap: A small, thimble-shaped rubber barrier that fits
over the cervix and prevents sperm from entering the uterus.
· Contraceptive sponge: A polyurethane foam disk that contains
spermicide and is placed over the cervix to block and absorb
semen.
· Sterilization: The process of rendering a person infertile by
performing either a vasectomy in the male or tubal ligation in
the female.
· Vasectomy: Male sterilization whereby the vasa deferentia are
cut and tied to prevent the sperm from being ejaculated out of
the penis.
· Castration: Removal of the testicles.
· Tubal ligation: Female sterilization by severing and/or closing
the fallopian tubes so that the ovum cannot pass down the tube.
· Laparoscopy: Surgical method whereby a tubular instrument is
passed through the abdominal wall.

· Calendar method: A method of birth control whereby the
couple has intercourse only during those times of the menstrual
cycle when the woman is least likely to get pregnant.
· Basal body temperature method: A method of fertility
awareness based on the rise in basal body temperature that
signals ovulation.
· Cervical mucus method: A method of fertility awareness that
uses changes in cervical mucus as indicators of ovulation.
· Symptothermal method: Combining several natural family
planning methods (basal body temperature plus cervical mucus,
for example) to achieve greater accuracy in pinpointing
ovulation.
· Withdrawal: Withdrawal of the penis from the vagina prior to
ejaculation, used as an attempt at birth control.
· Abortion: The expulsion of the fetus; can be either
spontaneous or induced.
· Infertility: Failure to achieve a pregnancy after 1 year (6
months is she is over 35 years old) of frequent, unprotected
sexual intercourse.
· Artificial insemination/intrauterine insemination: Injection of
sperm into vagina, cervix, or uterus for the purpose of achieving
conception.
· In vitro fertilization: Removing egg cells from a woman,
fertilizing them with sperm in the laboratory, and then pl acing
the fertilized egg in the uterus.
· Gamete intrafallopian transfer: The process of inserting sperm
cells and egg cells directly into the fallopian tube, where
fertilization is expected to occur.
· Zygote intrafallopian transfer: Removing egg cells from a
woman, mixing them with sperm in the laboratory, and placing
the fertilized egg cells directly into the fallopian tube.
· Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: The process of injecting a
single sperm cell directly into a single egg cell to further
enhance the possibility of fertilization.
· Zygote: A fertilized egg cell.
· Surrogate mother: A woman who agrees to be impregnated (by

artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization), to carry the
fetus to term, and then to give the child to the couple, along
with all parental rights.
Discussion Questions
1. What does family planning mean? What methods are used to
accomplish family planning?
2. What are the most effective contraceptive options?
3. What are the most effective fertility treatments?
4. What are some of the additional family planning options for
families with whom fertility treatments did not work?
5. How has adoption changed over time? Are the changes better
for families, and in what ways?
6. Should parents of adopted children tell them about their
adoption? Why or why not?
7. How does sterilization fit into the family planning model?
What are some reasons people may decide to undergo a
sterilization procedure?
8. What are some of the considerations that go into the debate
over abortion laws?
9. Why do some people choose not to have children?
10. Is it culturally acceptable for a woman to decide to not have
children in the United States? What are some potential
consequences of this decision?
Activities
1. Have students research the birth rates for five different
countries of their choosing, including the United States. Then
have students compare the birth rates. How does the United
States stack up? Why might it be similar or dissimilar to the
other countries?
2. Have students research the cost of various infertility
treatments. What are the costs? How might the costs of these
treatments impact families who want to have children but
cannot do so on their own?
3. Have students debate the pros and cons of telling a child that
he or she is adopted. Students should keep in mind the historical

perspective on this issue as well as the practical implications.
4. Have students interview a parent about his or her decision to
have children. (This exercise is meant to have students reflect
on the family planning process.)
5. Have students research the costs of adoption in three
different countries. Why does the cost vary so drastically? What
considerations should families make when choosing where they
would like to adopt from?
For Further Reading
1. http://www.adoption.com has information about adoptions,
both domestic and international, as well as resources for
adoptees, birth parents, adoption reunions, and foster parenting.
2. Visit the website of the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/art, for information about
assisted reproductive technology, infertility, reproductive
health, and preconception care.
3. Haynes, J., and Miller, J. (Eds.). (2003). Inconceivable
conceptions: Psychological aspects of infertility and
reproductive technology. New York: Brunner Routledge.
Considers the experience of infertility from the point of view of
professionals working in the field as well as men and women
seeking treatment.
4. McFarlane, D.R. (2000). The politics of fertility control:
Family planning and abortion polices in the American states.
New York: Chatham House. Discusses the political controversy
surrounding fertility control and the reasons the debate is so
important.
5. The website for Planned Parenthood,
http://www.plannedparenthood.org, has information about birth
control, including a chat room for discussions about concerns
related to birth control and a “My Method” option in which you
enter some personal information to receive advice as to which
method of birth control would be best suited for you. Also gives
a locator to find a clinic near you.
6. Shanley, M.L. (2001). Making babies, making families: What

matters most in an age of reproductive technologies surrogacy,
adoption, and same sex unwed parents. Boston: Beacon Press.
Focuses on the need for new family laws that reflect the
changing nature of the family today.
Chapter 14Parents and Extended Family Relationships
Summary
1. The relationship a child experiences with his or her parents
while growing up continues to exert a profound influence on
that person as an adult. Both satisfying and disruptive memories
and emotions may be carried into marriage.
2. Parent-child relationships become particularly important in
the mate selection process. Parents may try to influence a
child’s choice of spouse. Parental objections to a child’s choice
of spouse may drive the couple into each other’s arms.
Rebellion against parents also impairs children’s judgment in
choosing a spouse.
3. People can do several things when parents disapprove of their
spouse choice. They can try to get their parents to like their
spouse and can give their parents time and opportunity to get
acquainted. They can discuss the situation with their parents,
and they can get premarital counseling.
4. In health families, children identify with the roles of their
parents ad learn what mother, father, and spouse are like from
their parents. Identification may be positive or negative.
5. People may develop unrealistic or unhealthy expectation
about marriage from the example set by their own parents.
6. Despite myths to the contrary, families are a major source of
help to elderly persons.
7. Conflicting ideas of inclusion and exclusion are a source of
tension in mother-daughter relationships. Daughters may feel
mothers are intrusive, mothers may feel excluded.
8. Conflicted relationships between adult children and parents
can be a source of stress for all generations.
9. Because people are living longer and because a greater
percentage of the population is considered elderly, families ar e

now providing more care to their older members who may need
considerable help.
10. The roots of in-law conflict may include the following:
partners’ negative conditioning to expect trouble, their
immaturity, the parents’ resentment of the spouse selected, and
parents who cannot let their child go and who are overprotective
and meddling.
11. Most young couples do not want to live with their parents
after marriage, and parents do not want to live with them. When
doubling up is necessary, harmony is more likely when each
couple has their own space and when obligations and
responsibilities have been discussed ahead of time.
12. There has been an increase in the number and percentage of
young people who accept the idea of sharing a home with an
elderly relative, but older people give up their independence
and share residence with an adult child typically when forced by
circumstances such as economic difficulties or divorce.
13. Demographic trends have resulted in more living
grandparents and fewer grandchildren per grandparent.
14. Today’s grandparents are healthier and live longer than their
predecessors and are typically open to continued growth,
experiences, and development will into late life.
15. Many coupes appreciate grandparents for all they do for
them and their children.
16. Grandparents can help grandchildren feel secure and loved;
play a crucial role during family transitions such as divorce;
help grandchildren learn to know, trust, and understand other
people; give grand children a sense of history; provide
grandchildren with supervision and expeirneces that parent do
not have the time or money to do; give grandchildren a sense of
values and a philosophy of life based on their years of living;
play the role of arbitrator between adult children and
grandchildren; and give grandchildren a wholesome attitude
toward old age.
17. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of
grandparents who are raising their grandchildren.

18. Grandparent also can be important in the lives of
adolescents and young adults. The maternal grandmother-
granddaughter bond is the strongest of the grandparent-
grandchild bonds, but paternal grandfathers and grandsons have
a more intense bond than do maternal grandfathers and
grandsons. Parents heavily influence the grandparent-grandchild
relationship.
19. Grandchildren also can do many things for grandparents;
provide a source of biological continuity and a sense that the
family will endure, enhance grandparents overcome social
isolation, and provide physical assistance.
20. For many, the rivalry experiences between siblings
throughout childhood and adolescence begins to diminish in
adulthood and gives way to more emotionally mature
relationships with greater degrees of closeness.

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