Calvo, E., Calatayud, V., Cerveró, J., Martin, C., Sensibilidad al ozono de especies mediterráneas y cargas críticas. 4ª Reunión de GRACCIE en Salamanca. 2011

1. 4ª Reunión GRACCIE, Salamanca septiembre 2011
Sensibilidad al Ozono de Especies
Mediterráneas y Cargas Críticas
Esperanza Calvo, Vicent Calatayud,
Jùlia Cerveró, Carmen Martin

2. Ozono como gas de efecto invernadero
-Tropospheric ozone is an air pollution of major concern for
vegetation. Model predictions, using IPCC scenarios, suggest
that background levels of this pollutant will increase
worlwide in the future.
-Ozone Impairs assimilation reduces C sequestration, causes
leaf visible injuries, reductions on grown and productivity. It may
change the species composition of natural plant communitites.
Ozone reduces resilience to pest and diseases and increase the
sensitivity to drought.

3. Physiological, anatomical and biomass partitioning
responses to ozone in the mediterranean endeminc
plant Lamottea dianae
Calatayud,V., Garcia-Breijo, F.J., Cerveró J., Reig-Armiñana, J., Sanz M.J.
Ecotoxicology & Environmental Safety 74 (2011), 1131–1138.

4. Calatayud et al., 2011-Increasing ozone levels in eastern
Spain might represent a threat for
endemic plant Lamottea dianae.
Spring ozone concentrations in
mediterranean area might affect CO2
assimilation capacity and reducing
WUE and possibly root system
development, It contributes to
reducing the capacity of theese plants
to whitstand the subsequent drier
summer conditions
a
a
a
b
a
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Total
Biomass
Above ground
B.
Below ground
B.
gDW
CF
NF+30
*
(*)
*
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
15 29 43 57 72 86 99
Days after starting fumigation
Accumulateddryweightof
senescentleaves(g)
CF
NF+30

5. Lower number of flowers per plant
Less seeds per plant and flower
García-Breijo et al., 2005
Results with regard to control treatment. More
reductions in total seed and also in viable seed,
per plant and flower.
*(
*)
*
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
21 30 36 42 48 57 64 71 78 84
Days After Starting Fumigation
NumberofFlowersperPlant
CF
NF+30

6. Ozono como gas de efecto invernadero
Mediterranean broadlef evergreen
species are comparatively ozone-
tolerant. Sensitivity of evergreen
species to ozone is largely under-
investigated.
Ozone effects on the plants depends
not only on the pollutan dose entering
throught the stomata but also on the
balance between the flux and the
effectiviness of the defence
mechanisms to cope oxidative estress

7. Contrasting ozone sensitivity in related
evergreen and decidous shrubs
Calatayud, V., Marco, F., Cerveró, J., Sánchez-Peña, G., Sanz, M.J.
Environmental Pollution 158 (2010), 3580–3587.

8. Hypotheses:
Evergreen species are more ozone
tolerant that related decidous
species
Stomatal conductance can explain
differences in ozone sensitivity
Sensitivity of species is related to its
constitutive or induced antioxidant
pool
Calatayud et al., 2010
Decidous
Pistacia terebinthus
Viburnum lantana
Evergreen
Pistacia lentiscus
Viburnum tinus

9. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Days after starting of fumigation
PlantInjuryIndex
Pistacia lentiscus
Pistacia terebinthus
Viburnum tinus
Viburnum lantana
Visible injury was common in the two
deciduous species, but only rarely
observed in evergreen ones
Calatayud et al., 2010
Decidous
Evergreen

10. Decidous species present a constitutively higher presence
of superoxide and peroxide generation
Calatayud et al., 2010
DecidousEvergreen Evergreen

11. Mediterranean forest ecosystems.
Can be related the ozone responses to
leaf traits?
Coriaceous and scerophyllous leaves,
lignified walls, and few intercellular
spaces, less cell space exposed
complicate ozone flux into the cells

12. Responses of evergreen and decidous Quercus
species to enhanced ozone levels
Calatayud,V., Cerveró J., Calvo, E., García-Breijo, F.J., Reig-Armiñana, J.,
Sanz M.J.
Environmental Pollution 74 (2011), 1131–1138.

13. Hypotheses
Ozone sensitivity in these especies is the result of
interaction between ozone uptake and species-
especific leaf characteristics.
Calatayud et al., 2011

14. Evergreen Decidous
Q. ilex Q. faginea Q. robur Q. pyrenaica
Leaf traits
of the
species
Drought tolerance
Sclerophyllia
Leaf Size
Thickness
Calatayud et al., 2011

15. *
***
***
*** ***
*
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
May 06 Jun 06 Ago 06 Sept 06 May 07 Sept 07
Date
Asat(%ofchangetoCFtreatment)
Quercus faginea
Quercus ilex
Quercus pyrenaica
Quercus robur
Q. ilex Q. faginea Q. robur Q. pyrenaica
Sensitivity
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Quercus
faginea
Quercus ilex Quercus
pyrenaica
Quercus
roburRootDryWeight
CF
NF+30
Calatayud et al., 2011

16. Calatayud et al., 2011
Decidous Quercus (robur and pyrenaica) show ozone visible symptoms
on the leaves.
Gas exchange results underline the relative high tolerance of Q. ilex to
enhanced ozone levels.
Q. pyrenaica, the specie showing the earliest and severe symptoms and
the strongest effects on assimilation.
The initial hypotheses was basically confirmed

17. New Stomatal flux-based critical levels for
ozone effects on vegetation
Mills, G., Pleijel, H., Braun S., Büker, P., Bermejo, V., Calvo, E.,
Danielsson, H., Emberson, L., González-Fernández, I., Grünhage, L.,
Harmens, H., Hayes, F., Karlsson, P.E., Simpson, D.,
Atmospheric Environment 45 (2011), 5064–5068.

18. Ozone levels has increased over the last 100 years, with current and future effects
on health ecosystems and vegetation
Visible injury records on 30 different crops and 80 species of semi-natural
vegetation
Robust methodology for mapping the areas where ozone damage occurs.
Mills et al., 2011

19. Mills et al., 2011
CONCEPTO DE CARGA CRITICA
La concentración, exposición acumulada o flujo acumulado, de un contaminante
por encima del cual se producfen efectos directos sobre la vegetación más
sensible, según el estado de conocimiento actual

20. AOT40
(Accumulated Ozone Exposure over a
Threshold of 40 ppb)
O 3
PODy
(Phytotoxic
Ozone Dose over a Y threshold)
Exposure or Dose response function
Ozone Critical Levels
UNECE Convention
Ozone Stomatal Flux modelling (DO3SE)
gsto = gmax * [fphen * flight] * max [fmin,
(ftemp * fvpd)]

21. Y = 1.00 - 0.024 * POD6
R
2
= 48,6%
p < 0.01
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 5 10 15 20
POD6, mmol m-2
Relativeyield
IT
SP
Valor umbral de flujo de
ozono que produce una
pérdida en la producción
de tomate de un 5% =
2.3 mmol m-2
Carga Crítica: Flujo de ozono

22. Species/Vegetation
type
Wheat Wheat Wheat Potato Tomato
Critical Level
(PODy mmol m-2)
POD6 POD6 POD6 POD6 POD6
Effect parameter Grain yield 1000 grain
yield
Protein yield Tuber yield Fruit yield
% of reduction for CL 5 5 5 5 5
Time period 200ºC days before anthesis to 700ºC days
after anthesis
1130ºC days
starting at plant
emergence
3.5 months
Countries involved in
experiments
4 3 3 4 2
Number of data (nº
of cultivars)
36 (5) 33 (4) 33 (4) 17 (1) 24 (9)
Response Function RY = -0.038
POD6+1
RY = -0.033
POD6+1
RY = -0.025
POD6+1.01
RY = -0.013
POD6+1.01
RY = -0.024
POD6+1
R2 0.84 0.71 0.63 0.76 0.49
P <0.001
Mills et al., 2011
Dose Response functions for horticulturan and agricultural
crops

23. Responses of evergreen and decidous Quercus species
to enhanced ozone levels
Calatayud et al., 2011
Critical Levels
Decidous oaks
Based on AOT40 18 ppm.h
Based on POD1.6 16 mmol m-2
Critical Levels for Quercus ilex
2.5-3.5 higher than decidous

24. UNECE CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE
TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION

25. Futuras Líneas de
investigación
 Flujos de ozono a nivel de ecosistema con
Eddy-Covariance
 Estudio de interacciones entre ozono, y salinidad
en agua de riego. El injerto como paliativo
 Interacciones entre ozono y estrés hídrico

26. 3

27. While with crops and other decidous species exposure o dose response functions describing
the ozone effects have been stablished. These functions are still lacking for typical
Mediterranean species.
Results from Quercus experiment will be reported to UNECE convection for developing new
Critical Levels to mediterranean evergreen forest
New Critical Level for horticultural crop (tomato) has been estimated based on ozone flux
modelling and reported to UNECE Convection.
-Increasing ozone levels in eastern Spain might represent a threat for some endemic plant.
Spring ozone concentrations in mediterranean area might affect CO2 assimilation capacity
and reducing WUE and possibly root system development, It contributes to reducing the
capacity of theese plants to whitstand the subsequent drier summer conditions
Mediterranean broadlef and evergreen species are comparatively ozone-tolerant. Sensitivity
of evergreen species to ozone is largely under-investigated.
Coriaceous and scerophyllous leaves, lignified walls, and few intercellular spaces, less cell
space exposed complicate ozone flux into the cells. Ozone sensitivity in mediterranean
species not only depends on stomatal conductance. Antioxidant systems and leaf traits can
be also considered.
The adverse effects of ozone on biomass production and the consequence
for the global carbon and water cycles need to be included in global climate
modelling.