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Unusual GERD
1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease;
Atypical Presentations..!?
By
Prof. El-Sayed Tharwa, M.D.
Professor of Internal Medicine
Hepatology and Gastroenterology Department
NLI – Menoufia University
11th December 2020
2. Definition
◼ Symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the
abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the
esophagus.
◼ Often chronic and relapsing.
◼ May see complications of GERD in patients who
lack typical symptoms.
The classic symptom is frequent and persistent
heartburn.
44 % of Americans experience heartburn at
least once per month.
7 % have daily symptoms.
5.
GERD occurs in all ages but, most common in those older
than 40 years of age.
About 10-20% of people in Western countries suffer from
GERD symptoms on a weekly basis.
About 7% have symptoms daily.
Except for NERD and pregnancy , no much
difference in incidence between men and women.
But for Barrett’s esophagus, prevalence is more in
males particularly white adult males.
6. Normal Function
Esophagus
◼ Transports food from mouth to stomach through
peristaltic contractions.
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
◼ Relaxes, on swallowing, to allow food to enter
stomach and then contracts to prevent reflux.
Normal to have some amount of reflux multiple
times each day (transient relaxation of LES – not
associated with swallowing).
8. Pathogenesis
3 lines of defense must be impaired for
GERD to develop
◼ LES barrier impairment
Relaxation of LES
Low resting LES pressure
Increased gastric pressure
◼ Decreased clearance of refluxed materials
from esophagus
◼ Decreased esophageal mucosal resistance
11. Lines of Defense
Clearance of refluxed materials from
esophagus
◼ Primary peristalsis from swallowing – increases
salivary flow
◼ Secondary peristalsis from esophageal distension
◼ Gravitational effects
Esophageal mucosal resistance
◼ Mucus production in esophagus
◼ Bicarbonate movement from blood to mucosa
12. Amount of esophageal damage seen dependent on:
◼ Composition of refluxed material
Which is worse: acid or alkaline refluxed material?
◼ Volume of refluxed material
◼ Length of contact time
◼ Natural sensitivity of esophageal mucosa
◼ Rate of gastric emptying
13. 6) COMPOSITION OF REFLUXATE
If the pH of the refluxate is less than 2,
nietorp ot yradnoces poleved yam sitigahpose
noitarutaned
Also pepsinogen activated to pepsin at this pH may
cause esophagitis.
15. Esophageal stricture
Result of healing of
erosive esophagitis
May need dilation
Common in the distal
esophagus and are
generally 1 to 2 cm in
length.
16. Barrett’s Esophagus
Columnar metaplasia of the esophagus,i.e
replacement of the squamous epithelial lining of
the esophagus by specialized columnar- type
epithelium
Associated with the development of
adenocarcinoma
Have a greater chance) 30%) of developing
esophageal stricture
17. Barrett’s Esophagus
Acid damages lining of
esophagus and causes
chronic esophagitis
Damaged area heals in a
metaplastic process and
abnormal columnar cells
replace squamous cells
This specialized intestinal
metaplasia can progress to
dysplasia and
adenocarcinoma
18. Typical Symptoms
Common symptoms:
most common when pH<4
◼ Heartburn
◼ Belching and regurgitation
◼ Hypersalivation
May be episodic or nocturnal
May be aggravated by meals and reclining
position
20. Non cardiac chest pain NCCP
▪When patients complain of recurring chest pain that varies in
intensity , a careful history and a simple testing help us to sort out
if cardiac etiology is to blame.
▪Because coronary artery disease is such a critical diagnosis, it
should be excluded in all patients complaining of chest pain. This
can be done by a cardiologist.
▪It is also important to note that women may report atypical chest
pain symptoms that are due to cardiac disease more often than
men and this cause has to be excluded before assuming the
symptoms are from an atypical presentation of GERD.
21. Alarming Signs & Symptoms
• Dysphagia
• Early satiety
• GI bleeding
• Odynophagia
• Vomiting
• Weight loss
• Iron deficiency anemia
24. Two mechanisms:
-Microaspiration of gastric acid.
-Vagally mediated events.
Pulmonary manifestations
1 )Chronic cough :GERD one of three
most common cause along with PND & asthma.
Predominantly day time & standing position.
Non productive & long standing nature.
> 50 % cases sole manifestation.
Chest X-ray –normal.
No evidence of asthma.
25. 2) asthma :- GERD is a potential trigger in many cases of asthma.
38. Esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy
• Endoscopy (with biopsy if needed(
– In patients with alarm
signs/symptoms
– Those who fail a medication trial
– Those who require long-term tx
• Absence of endoscopic features
does not exclude a GERD diagnosis
• Allows for
detection, stratification, and
management of esophageal
manisfestations or complications of
GERD
39. pH
• 24-hour pH monitoring-----Physiologic study
–Accepted standard for establishing or
excluding presence of GERD for those
patients who do not have mucosal changes
–Trans-nasal catheter or a wireless, capsule
shaped device
41. Esophageal Manometry
• Assess LES pressure,
location and relaxation
• Assess peristalsis
– Prior to antireflux
surgery
42. Counseling Questions
Before recommending a therapy, ask:
◼ Duration and frequency of symptoms
◼ Quality and timing of symptoms
◼ Use of alcohol and tobacco
◼ Dietary choices
◼ Medications already tried to treat symptoms
◼ Other disease states present and medications
being used
◼ Cooperation with other specialties when the
atypical symptoms and signs are the
predominant .
43. Treatment
Three phases in treatment
◼ Phase I: Lifestyle changes – 2 weeks
Lifestyle modifications
Patient-directed therapy with OTC medications
◼ Phase II: Pharmacologic intervention
Standard/high-dose antisecretory therapy
◼ Phase III: Surgical intervention
Patients who fail pharmacologic treatment or have severe
complications of GERD
LES positioned within the abdomen where it is under positive
pressure
44. • Postsurgery
– 10% have solid food dysphagia
– 2-3% have permanent symptoms
– 7-10% have bloating, diarrhea, nausea, early
satiety
45. Special Populations
Infants can experience a form of GERD
◼ Postmeal regurgitation or small volume vomiting
◼ Occurs due to a poorly functioning sphincter
◼ Treatment
Supportive therapy
◼ Diet adjustments – smaller, more frequent feedings;
thickened feedings
◼ Postural management
H2RA’s (e.g. ranitidine 2 mg/kg) , PPIs, and antacids
have been used.
46. Special Populations
Pregnancy
◼ Common, due to decreased LES pressure
and increased abdominal pressure.
◼ Nearly half of all pregnant women experience.
◼ Antacids other than sodium bicarbonate
generally considered safe, but avoid chronic
high doses
47. GERD in the Elderly
In the US, 20% report acid reflux.
Worldwide, 3X prevalence in > 70 y of patients younger
than 39 y.
More likely to develop severe disease
More likely to be poorly diagnosed or underdiagnosed
◼ Due to atypical symptoms
Always look for medication causes
48. GERD in the elderly
Symptoms
◼ Dysphagia
◼ Vomiting
◼ Weight loss
◼ Anemia
◼ Anorexia
Typical symptoms are less frequent
49. GERD in the Elderly
Diagnosis should always include endoscopy.
Prokinetic agents should be avoided.
PPI’s are medications of choice for acute episodes
and prevention of recurrence due to efficacy, safety,
and tolerability.
Step down approach is preferred – more clinically
effective and more cost effective