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Studies on outdoor thermal comfort
and ideas for the KIT’s LOBSTER (“Box”)
facility
Prof. Dr. Eduardo L. Krüger
Departamento de Construção Civil
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPR
Curitiba. Paraná
ekruger@utfpr.edu.br
BRAZILIAN-GERMAN FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIA
Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’

Context
• Indoors (built spaces) - Brazil
– Bioclimatic Zoning of Brazil “Zoneamento Bioclimático Brasileiro”
– Brazilian Building Performance Standards “Normas de
Desempenho de Edificações – Térmica, Acústica, Lumínica“ http://
www.labeee.ufsc.br
– Brazilian Energy Efficiency Rating of Commercial and Residential
Buildings “Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade do Nível de
Eficiência Energética“ http://www.inmetro.gov.br/
• Outdoors
– Municipalities, local regulation codes

Context
Why comfort studies in outdoor spaces?
• Indoors : energy efficiency, setpoint temperatures, performance
evaluation
• Outdoors : optimal use of spaces, pedestrian routes and optimization,
outdoor conditions as initial data for building thermal performance
analyses, additional information to UHI analyses, relation to urban
planning (microclimate conditions versus geometry issues, urban
morphology) etc

Outline
• Sample studies
– Curitiba, Brazil
– Israel (2005-2006)
– UK (2010-2011)
• Topics for discussion and ideas for
the “Box” facility

Research Methods
 Field measurements and surveys (street user’s thermal
perception)
 Physical modelling
 Simulation studies
 Establishing linkages between urban form and observed
effects
 Improving pedestrian thermal comfort (global/local
climate change trends)
 Developing protocols for outdoor thermal comfort

Research carried out in Curitiba, Brazil
(since 1999)
Research carried out in Israel
Post-doc (CAPES) (2005-2006)
Research carried out in Glasgow, UK
Visiting researcher (CAPES) (2010-2011)

 Field measurements for heat mapping
 Thermal perception surveys with pedestrians
 Simulation studies (daylighting – solar envelope)

 Field measurements for heat mapping (Rossi 2004)

 Thermal perception surveys with pedestrians (Minella
2009; Rossi 2012) CNPq funded 2008-2010
Comfort questionnaire (based on ISO 10551)
Date: …………
Time: …………
Part 1: background and personal information
Gender (circle it): Male
Female
Age: …………
Weight: ………… Height: …………
Time of residency (Glasgow or UK, circle it):
less than 6 months
more than 6 months
Time spent outdoors (minutes): …………
Part 2: current clothing garments (clothing ensembles
as in ISO 9920) refer to Table Annex A
Part 3: How do you feel at this precise moment?
(-3) cold
(-2) cool
(-1) slightly cool
(0) neutral
(+1) slightly warm
(+2) warm
(+3) hot
Part 4: Please state how you would prefer to be now:
(+3) much warmer
(+2) warmer
(+1) a little warmer
(0) neither warmer nor cooler
(-1) a little cooler
(-2) cooler
(-3) much cooler

 Thermal perception surveys with pedestrians (Minella
2009; Rossi 2012) CNPq funded 2008-2010 - RESULTS
Data
Over 2000 surveys (approx. 1650 valid
votes)
Different seasons (Jan-Aug 2009)
15 urban situations
SVF ranging 0.2-0.55
Resulting studies
Applicability of comfort indices:
Comparisons between actual thermal
sensation versus selected comfort indices
(including UTCI)
Diurnal effect of SVF on outdoor comfort,
Ta and Tmrt
Ventilation profiles and air quality
(simulations with ENVI-met, from
calibrated model)
y = 52.992x - 7.088
R
2
= 0.57
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6
SVF
ΔMRT-T
(°C)

 Simulation studies (daylighting) (Suga 2005)

 Simulation studies (solar envelope) (Tamura 2010)

 Simulation studies (microclimate) (Minella –ongoing)

 Simulation studies (microclimate) (Minella –ongoing)
Procedure adopted for the SOVALP Project in Geneva, Switzerland

Research carried out in Sede Boqer, Israel
Post-doctorate (CAPES) at Ben-Gurion University of
the Negev (2005-2006)
 Physical modelling with OASUS
 Simulation studies of impacts on the built environment

the Negev (2005-2006)
 Physical modelling with OASUS (D. Pearlmutter)
OASUS Open-Air Scaled Urban Surface

the Negev (2005-2006)
 Physical modelling with OASUS (D. Pearlmutter)

the Negev (2005-2006)
 Simulation studies of impacts in the built environment

Visiting researcher (CAPES) at Glasgow Caledonian
University (2011-2012)
 Urban Heat Island – Heat Mapping

 Urban Heat Island – Inter-urban temperature differences

 Urban Heat Island – Intra-urban temperature differences

 Urban Heat Island – Results
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
Temperature
in
degC
Delta T T urban T rural

TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION AND IDEAS
FOR THE “BOX” FACILITY

 Need for standardization (“Komfort im Aussenbereich”)
 Time of exposure
 Acclimatization factors
 Variables (globe temperature)
 Context - what is relevant?
 Tests in and outside LOBSTER with diverse exposure times after
climatization
 Seasonal measurements and test-runs

 Comparisons of real thermal sensation (or declared
vote) and predicted TS
Comparisons of real thermal sensation (or declared
vote) and predicted TS
 Ranges with discrepancies
 Applicability of an outdoor comfort index to a transition space /
sun-lit space / naturally ventilated space
 Tests in and outside LOBSTER
 Simulation of conditions measured during outdoor comfort
campaigns at LOBSTER for different orientations
 Acclimatization aspects

 Daylighting study
 Doctoral student Cintia Tamura
 Hormone production changes as a result of daylighting access
 Solar access needs in constricted built areas (urban canyons)
 Solar orientation effects on human health
 Tests in LOBSTER with diverse solar orientations
 Comparisons to pilot study results

Collaborations
 Baruch Givoni (Prof. Emeritus UCLA)
 Man in the Desert team (Israel): Evyatar Erell, David
Pearlmutter, Isaac Meir
 IIfADo (Dortmund/Germany): Peter Bröde, Dusan Fiala
(ErgonSim—Comfort Energy Efficiency)
 Uni Freiburg: Andreas Matzarakis
 GCU/Glasgow/IAUC Secretary: Rohinton Emmanuel
 Lund University (Sweden): Erik Johansson, Sophia
Thorsson

Funding possibilities
 Brazilian funding agencies (2 national, 1 local)
 DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft)
 Humboldt Stiftung Awards
 ???

Vielen Dank für Ihre
Aufmerksamkeit!
Contact : ekruger@utfpr.edu.br

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