Learn to influence

1. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
CDT 04106
NTA LEVEL 4: SEMESTER I
BY MADAM MAUNDE ROSE

2. DEFINITION OF KEY ENVIRONMENTAL
TERMS
• A. Environment.
• The simple way of understanding the concept of
environment is first working on the following
questions. “Where do you come from? What
surrounds you there? Can you notice naturally
made and man-made”?The word environment is
derived from a French word ‘ENVIRONER’ –
which means to ‘SURROUND, ENCLOSE,
AND ENCIRCLE.

3. CONT……
• Thus our environment can be defined as “the
Social, Cultural and Physical conditions that
surround, affect and influence the survival,
growth and development of people, animals
and plants”. OR
• Environment includes the surroundings,
conditions or influences that affect an
organism (Davis,1989).

4. CONT………..
• B. Sustainable Development
• Firstly, what is ‘development’. Development
means process of improving the quality of all
human lives with three equally important aspects.
These are raising people living levels, creating
conditions conducive to the growth of people and
increasing people freedom to choose.
• Sustainable development means the
development that meets the needs of the present
generations without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.
(WCED,1987).

5. CONT………….
Objectives of Sustainable Development:
• To promote equity.
• To improve the quality of human life.
• Sustainable use of natural resources.
• Protecting the Ecosystem.
Factors Affecting Sustainable Development:
• Excessive exploitation of non-renewable resources.
• Increasing population growth and population density
• Uncontrolled consumption of energy and
environmental.
• Pollution.
• Deterioration of land.

6. CONT…….
• C. Environmental management
• Environmental management comprises two
terms ; environment and management. So at
the first, we have to know, what management
is. Then we can easily understand about the
environmental management.
• Management is the process which comprises
of planning, designing, controlling,
coordinating, staffing or leading to acquire a
desired objective.
• Whatever, everyday we are managing ,every
idea.

7. CONT………..
• ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
“The UNESCO (1983)” defined the concept of
environmental management as the measures
and control undertaken from different spatial
levels and directed at environmental
conservation to ensure that natural resources are
used in a sustainable way.

8. CONT……
• The importance of environmental management
are as follows;
• To educate people regarding environmental issues
and problems at local, national and international
levels.
• Preserve authentic beauty of nature for stable
ecosystem. E.g. legal protection national parks
• Reduced outbreak of disease (cholera, waterborne
diseases etc.)
• Reduced environmental calamities like (global
warming, and excessive rainfall).
• It promote sustainable development

9. CONT……..
• 1.1.4 POLLUTION
Is the introduction of harmful materials into the
environment. These harmful materials are
called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural or
human activity such as volcanic ash or runoff
produced by factories, mining activities, solid
and liquids waste.

10. CONT……….
• ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE.
• Is the transformation of the environment from
its natural state to a new state as a result of
added substances. Normally environmental
change is accompanied by changes in micro
and macro organic habitants, where sometimes
extinction of flora and fauna is visible.

11. CONT……
• 1.1.6 ENVIRONMENT PROBLEM
• Problem is a situation preventing something
from being achieved.
• Env pro: Are defined as problems with the
planet’s system (air, water and soil ) that have
developed as a result of human interference or
mistreatment of the planet example of
environmental problem in Tanzania include
land degradation.

12. CONT…..
• 1.1.7 RESOURCES
• As something material or abstract that can be
used to satisfy some human want or deficiency.
• Or is any physical material constituting part of
earth that people need and value. Example
minerals such as (gold, copper) and fossil fuels
such as (oil, gas),water, trees, air and etc.

13. Cont….
• Ways to classify the type of resources, they
include the source of origin and the
renewability of the resources
• In terms of the source of origin, resources can
be divide into the following types;
• Biotic : these resources come from living and
organic material such as forests and animals.
Also include fossil fuel such as coal and
petroleum which are formed from organic
matter that decayed.

14. CONT…….
• A biotic: these resources come from non- living
and non – organic material. e.g. Land, water, air,
and heavy metals (gold, iron, copper, silver).
• Resources are also classified based on their
renewability.
• Renewable resources; these are resources that
can be replenished e.g. Sunlight, air and wind.
• Non- renewable resources; Are natural resources
that cannot be replenished, e.g. fossil fuels, such
as coal, petroleum, and natural gas..

15. CONT…….
• 1.1.8 CONSERVATION
• Is the careful maintenance and upkeep of
natural resources to prevent it from
disappearing. Natural resource is the physical
supply of something that exists in nature such
as soil, water, air, plants and energy.
• Or is the act of protecting earth’s natural
resources for current and future generations.
Earth's natural resources include air, minerals,
plants, soil, water and wildlife.

16. CONT…….
Among of the environmental conservation
measures includes.
• Sustainable agriculture is the ability of a
productive system to maintain its productivity
over long periods of time without severe or
permanent degradation of land resources or
ecosystems.
• Plant more trees

17. CONT…….
• Recycle every produced wastes (liquid and
solid).
• Reduce number of cattle’s.
• Control population growth etc.

18. CONT……
• 1.1.9 BIODIVERSITY
What does “Bio” means ? Bio means life
What does “Diversity” means? Diversity means
variety.
Biodiversity is the variety of life forms on
earth and the essential interdependence.
Types of biodiversity
•genetic
•Species and
• ecosystem

19. Cont……
or Biodiversity Is the variety of organisms
found in a particular habitat. Example agro
ecosystem, aquatic ecosystem, desert, forest and
marine ecosystem.
1.1.10 ECOLOGY
Is a science of relation between organisms and
their environment.
OR Ecology is the science of all the relations of
ecosystems, all organisms to all their
environments. Taylor(1936).

20. CONT……
1.1.11 ECOSYTEM
• Ecosystem is a community of living and non
living things that work together.
• Ecosystem is a group of species of plants
and animals inhabiting a common area
and having effects on one another.

21. CONT………...
1.1.12. DEGRADATION
• Is the deterioration of the environment through
depletion of resources such as air, water and
soil. E.g. the destruction of ecosystems; habitat
destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and
pollution.

22. 1.2. Classification of environment in promoting
sustainable environment for community
development
• 1.2.1. Physical environment (A biotic)
• Is the part of environment surrounding humans that
contains only physical elements such as the water, soil, air
and so no.
• It consists of non living things e.g. water, air and soil.
• All these non living things have an effect all living
organism include man.
Good physical environment provide our basic needs and
opportunities for social and economic development.
Poor physical environment can affect our ability and that of
our families and neighbors to live long and healthy.

23. 1.2.2 Biological environment (biotic)
• It consisting of all the organisms living in a
particular areas. Or includes all living things
like plants, animals and small micro organisms
like bacteria and fungi.
• Should prevent and maintain biotic
components in order to bring sustainable
development for the community development.

24. CONT………..
• 1.2.3 Cultural environment
• Is a set of beliefs, practices, customs and
behaviors that is living within a certain
population.
• Cultural environments shape the way that every
person develop, influencing ideologies and
personalities.
• Most important element of a cultural
environment include religious, family and
language. Outside of this element education and
social systems affect the structure of a cultural
environment.

25. • Ecosystem
• As structural and functional unity of the
biosphere, comprising living and non living
factors and their interaction.
• The ecosystem can be classified based on size,
nature and duration;
i) Nature; on the basis of nature, it can be
natural or artificial.
• Natural ecosystem: this ecosystem form
naturally without interference of human
example pond, river, forest, village and hill

26. • Artificial ecosystem: This ecosystem is
developed by human. Example flowerbed.
ii) Duration: on the basis of duration ecosystem
can be divided by temporary or permanent.
Temporary ecosystem it is short lived and man
made or natural. Example rain fed pond.
Permanent ecosystem: it is long lived and self
supported natural ecosystem for very long
period. Example forest and river.
iii) Size: ecosystem classified as small or large
ecosystem.

27. • Small ; it is small and also known as micro
ecosystem it can be temporary or permanent
example pond, flowerpot.
• Large; it is large in size and also known as
macro ecosystem . It is always permanent and
mostly natural. Example ocean, river forest
and desert.
• Structure of ecosystem classified into a
biotic component and biotic component.
• Biotic components refer to all life in an
ecosystem. Can be categorized into autotrophs,
heterotrophs and saprotrophs (decomposer).

28. • i) Producers or autotrophs make their own
food such as plants. They can produce food
through the process called photosynthesis. All
other organisms higher up on the food chain
rely on producers for food.
• ii) Consumer or heterotrophs are organisms
that depend on other organism for food.
Consumers are further classified into primary
consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary
consumers.
• Primary consumers are always herbivores
that they rely on producers for food. Example
are grasshopper, rabbit, goat, and sheep.

29. • Secondary consumers depend on primary
consumers for energy. They can either be a
carnivore or omnivore Example of carnivore
such as hawks, tiger, and lion. Examples of
omnivore include fox and humans.
• Tertiary consumers are organisms that
depend on secondary consumers for food. Can
also be omnivore. E.g. Fox and humans.
• iii) Decomposers, they depend on dead
organic matter for their food. They are mostly
micro organism like bacteria and fungi.

30. • A biotic components are the non living
component of ecosystem. It includes air, water,
soil, minerals, sunlight, temperature, nutrients,
wind, altitude etc
• The a biotic factors determine the type of
organisms that can successfully live in a
particular area.

32. • ECOSYSTEM
Types of ecosystem
Natural Artificial/man made
Terrestrial Aquatic
Marine Fresh water
river, stream or spring

33. • Benefits of ecosystem
• It provide a supporting role for all its
members.
• Its source of all foods, store for all energy,
genetic resources, medicines, fresh water and
minerals.
• It ensures that there is balance and regulation
in the climate, regulation in fresh water, soils,
rocks and atmosphere.
• Also to regulate animals and plants and ensure
that biodiversity is preserved.

34. • Environmental change is a change of the
environment most often caused by human
influences and natural ecological processes.

35. Sign of environmental change
• Deterioration of resource base
Resources degradation is the deterioration of
the environment through depletion of
resources such as air, water and soil ,the
destruction of ecosystems and extinction of
wildlife.
• Loss of biodiversity refers to the extinction of
human, plants or animal species world wide. It
can be caused by;

36. • Species introductions, Destruction of habitat
like changes in local land use, Natural
calamities like floods, draught and forest fire.
• Outbreak of diseases
Is the occurrence of cases of disease in excess of
what would normally be expected in defined
community, geographical area or season. E.g.
Ebola virus.

37. • Rise of sea level.
Is an increase in the level of the world’s oceans
due to the effects of global warming. It caused by
Thermal expansion of sea water as it warms up.
Melting of land ice
Change in the amount of water stored on land.

38. • Human environmental induced problems
causing environmental change include,
• Pollution
• Deforestation lead desertification
• Agricultural activities
• Industrial activities
• Mining activities

39. Natural environmental induced problems
(factors) causing environmental change
include,
• Volcanic Eruption,
• Ocean Variations,
• Solar Variations,
• Plate Tectonics,

40. • VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• During volcanism, materials from the earth’s
core and mantle are brought to the surface as a
result of the heat and pressure generated
within.
• Volcanic eruptions and geysers release
particles into the earth’s atmosphere which
affect the climate.
• The most dangerous of these gases is the
carbon dioxide gas which reacts with water
vapour commonly found in the stratosphere.

41. • SOLAR OUTPUT VARIATION
• Sun is the source of energy from the earth’s
climate system.
• More solar radiation meaning earth gets more
heart energy from the sun and get warmers as a
result of increase in earth’s temperatures.
PLATE TECTONICS
• Plates earth’s has a landmass made up of
plate tectonic that have been rub against one
another an even drift apart.

42. • These movement involve three categories
i. Divergent , movement where plate move
away from each others.
ii. Convergent ,movement where two plates are
moving towards each other and colliding.

43. • Transform, movement when two plates slide
past each other.
• Ie. This movement lead impact on the
environment like volcanic eruption, earth
quake and formation of new mountain.

44. OCEAN VARIATION
• Describe the movement of water from one
location to another. Its driven by three main
factors
i. The rise and fall of the tides
ii. Wind
iii. Thermohaline circulation
• Is a term used to describe the movement of
water in the ocean based on temperature
(thermo) and salinity (haline).

45. • Cont..
•Temperature of sea water is affected by heat
input from the sun
•Salinity of sea water is affected by
evaporation, precipitation, ice formation and
ice melting.
•So Is the relationship between the
atmosphere and the oceans equally result in
climate change