Watermills
- 1. The Water Millsof Rome 20 April 2011 Roman Topography Jonathan Chu Katie Langenfeld Lindsey Mazurek Mackenzie Zalin
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- 3. Sources •! Frontinus •! Vitruvius •! 4th century Regionary catalogues •! Procopius •! Various Edicts of 4th and 5th centuries •! Prudentius •! Cassiodorus •! Archaeological and Art Historical Materials
- 4. Locating the Millsin Rome http://explorer.arcgis.com/?open=bfceee151d534371bf19899c1bd0b937
- 5. ARCHITECTURE AND ARCHAEOLOGY OFTHE JANICULUM MILL
- 6. Red: External Walls Green:Bell’s 1990 excavation White: Lanciani Drawing
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- 23. THE MILL ATTHE BATHS OF CARACALLA
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- 26. Proposed Reconstruction ofSpain 2008
- 28. As reproduced inSpain 2008
- 30. TECHNOLOGY OF THE ROMANWATER MILL
- 31. Undershot Watermill •! Simplerto build •! Less efficient •! Impulse driven
- 32. Overshot Watermill •! Drivenby gravitational forces on water •! Impulse possible •! Maximize harvesting of potential energy from water
- 33. Breast-shot Watermill •! Intermediatebetween overshot and undershot
- 35. Gearing •! Zugmantel lantern •!Gearing down •! Gearing up –! Faster millstone speed
- 36. Millstones •! Pompeian –! Efficient at slower speeds –! Seen in beast driven mills •! Discoidal –! Cheaper, faster •! Leucite lava stone –! Durable, vesicular
- 37. Furrowing •! Stone hascoefficient of grinding •! Increase fineness of grain by furrowing •! Second grinding process unlikely •! Coarse wholemeal
- 38. Wear and Tear Topmillstones wear down –! Carving greater rhynd cavity –! Decreasing weight = faster rotation Wooden cogs on driven wheel versus iron rungs in lantern pinion
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- 40. Calculations for powergeneration •! For water wheel –! rpm of wheel and torque it experiences from water •! For mill stones –! Friction from bearing and gears –! Millstones driven by energy that isn’t lost
- 41. Production output •! Westreeexperiment showed production:power ratio of 117 lbs/hr*hp –! 60 lbs/hr –! .51 hp –! Ratio can be used for other mills as well •! Assuming millstone material is the same •! Assuming mills use optimum flow rate
- 42. Graph for Power,Hours, and People Fed •! Assuming 900 grams per person daily
- 43. Applying to Caracalla(early) •! Assuming 7-9 hours a day •! Using hydraulic and mechanical analysis to conclude millstones generated about 2.05 hp •! Using 117 lbs/hr*hp •! Roughly 2160 lbs of grain/day –! 900 grams (1.98 lbs) per person –! About 1000-1100 people per day
- 44. Late Caracalla Mill •!Less power to millstones –! Concluded from hydraulic analysis –! .728 hp for each –! Calculations suggest about 775 people •! Wheels must have been weight and impulse driven
- 45. Janiculum Mills •! Giantmess –! Hours unknown because of wheel series –! Calculations more complicated due to water turbulence –! Likely flow rate gives unlikely numbers
- 46. DIFFERENT TYPES OFVERTICAL WATER WHEELS Undershot Overshot Breastshot
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- 48. MAKING USE OFTHE CITY’S RESOURCES
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- 50. THE AQUA TRAIANA: Underneaththe American Academy Credit: A. Wilson
- 52. THE STATE ANDTHE MILL
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- 55. THE JANICULUM MILLAND INDUSTRY
- 56. PUTTING THE JANICULUMMILL IN CONTEXT: INDUSTRY IN THE TRANSTIBERIM
- 57. Evidence of otherwater mills in Rome Wilson 2003
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- 59. Water Mills onthe Tiber
- 60. The Economic andIndustrial Impact of the Janiculum Mills Tremissis of the Emperor Zeno from his second reign (CE 476-491). Image: Wikipedia Commons.
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