Atrial flutter- an uncommon arrhythmia and understanding of its pathophysiology, types and treatment options...

1. ATRIAL FLUTTER (AFl) – AN APPROACH
Dr. Pruthviraj Puwar
DNB Cardiology Registrar
Vijaya Hospital Chennai
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2. Case history
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• 48 / F
• DM – 13 yr, HTN – 16 yr,
• k/c/o OS ASD – diagnosed at age of 22, patch
closure done in April -99;
• Comfortable and not on any treatment since last 11
years
• Hypothyroidism – 6 months, on treatment

3. - DOE grade II- III since last 6 months
- Asso. Nausea, belching, uneasiness
- She consulted Dr in Dec’2014 @ apollo
- since then on treatment
NOW,
- h/o Palpitation with uneasiness - since a week
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4. Brief Cl. Examination points:
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• Moderate built
• No other abnormal G/E findings
• PR: 118/min, Irregular, normal volume
• BP: 96/60 mmHg
• SPO2 99%
• Chest: S1 normal, S2 split normal, no murmur
heard, NVBS b/L

5. ECG:
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6. 6

7. 7

8. ECG findings in Atrial flutter:
- P waves are absent.
- biphasic "sawtooth" flutter waves (F waves) are present
- Rate of about >240 to 340 beats/min.
- F waves are fairly regular
- The F waves usually do not have an isoelectric interval between them
- In counterclockwise, typical type I AFL, the F waves have an axis of
around 90º and are usually prominently negative in the inferior leads (II,
III, aVF).
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9. Typical atrial flutter (type 1)
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10. Reverse typical AFl
type I clockwise typical atrial flutter. The flutter waves are positive in the inferior leads (II, III, aVF), and a broad negative
F wave in V1
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11. Type II ECG difference:
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 Rate faster than type 1
 Do not necessarily appear like saw tooth
 F waves have positive axis in inferior leads
more often
 F waves have variable morphology
 Circuit Lacks excitable gap

12. Pitfalls of ECG in flutter:
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• One of the F waves may be obscured by the QRS complex or the ST-T wave in
2:1 conduction- misdiagnosis
• In clockwise, typical type I flutter, the F waves may be positive, and if every
other F wave is obscured, it may be mistaken for sinus rhythm
• The atrial electrical potential may be small and the F waves may be inapparent
in the standard leads
• Sometimes, the negative F wave merges with the beginning or end of the QRS
complex, suggesting a pathologic Q wave in the first case and a conduction
delay in the second.

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15. Pitfalls of ECG in Afl:
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• F wave may appear to cause pathologic ST depression
• The F wave morphology may appear atypical in those with
CHD, atrial fibrosis, or following cardiac surgery or left atrial
ablation even though the rhythm is typical type I flutter
• pseudo-atrial flutter - Artefacts

16. Atrial Flutter:
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• Relatively uncommon arrhythmia
• can be deleterious by impairing the cardiac
output and by promoting atrial thrombus
formation
• Characterized by rapid, regular atrial
depolarizations at a characteristic rate of
approximately 300 beats/min

17. Types:
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Type I (typical, isthmus-dependent)
Type II (atypical, isthmus-independent)
Type I was separated from type II on the basis of the flutter
rate (240 to 340 beats/min compared to 340 to 440
beats/min in type II), positivity or negativity of flutter waves
in lead II and excitable gap

18. Type I:
- a macroreentrant arrhythmia,
- a depolarizing stimulus (such as a
single atrial ectopic beat) excites
an area of the atrium and then
travels sufficiently slowly in a
pathway that is sufficiently long that
there is an "excitable gap”, can be
entrained
- located in the low right atrial
isthmus.
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20. Type II (atypical) is isthmus-independent,
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• Seems to lack an excitable gap, and cannot be
entrained.
•
• Result from an intra-atrial reentrant circuit that is very
short (in contrast to the long isthmus in type I atrial
flutter)
• May be due abnormal anatomy within the right or left
atrium (i.e. surgical scars, irregular pulmonary veins,
disturbed mitral annulus)

21. Entrainment ?
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• was first described based on observations during rapid (overdrive)
pacing of type I atrial flutter.
• Entrainment is capture of the reentrant circuit of a tachycardia
without interrupting the tachycardia, so that with cessation of
pacing, the spontaneous reentrant tachycardia is still present.

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• The principles of entrainment during type I atrial flutter have
permitted identification of targets for successful ablation, of mapping
sites within or outside the reentrant circuit, and of appropriate
pacing rates to successfully interrupt atrial flutter and restore sinus
rhythm.

23. Epidemiology:
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• Incidence: 200000 cases/yr in USA
• Type II is unusual in normal heart (1.7%)
• In general, most often seen in LVDF, RHD
(particularly if the mitral valve is involved),
unoperated and repaired CHD, and after
cardiac surgery even when atriotomy is not part
of the procedure

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25. Variety of underlying conditions can predispose to Afl.
- Thyrotoxicosis, obesity, sick sinus syndrome,
pericarditis, pulmonary disease, and pulmonary
embolism, autonomic dysfunction
- MVP, AMI, Digitalis toxicity
- Post Cardiac Surgery: post-op as well as late
arrythmias
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26. Morbidity associated with AFl
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Natural history is variable ranging from asymptomatic condition to
hemodynamic collapse to SCD
Mortality rate around 16% at 6.5 years follow-up, 10% experiencing
sudden cardiac death
Increased rates of recurrences
Thromboembolic risk is the major concern with prolonged or recurrent
episodes

27. Mechanism :
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 Atrial activation occurs in a continuous, uninterrupted manner
because of a wavefront rotating around an obstacle formed by
anatomical structures (venous or valvular orifices), scars, or
areas of functional (anisotropic) block
 Can arises from any of atrial surface, septum, scar, pulmonary
vein
 Atrial fibrosis – may contribute to arrhythmia substrate

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 Concomitant sinus node dysfunction or Autonomic denervation of
heart associated with surgery affect atrial refractoriness and may
further contribute arrhythmogenesis
 Surgical scars and suture lines alone may be sufficient to support
macroentrant arrhythmias

29. Evaluation:
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• history, physical examination
• minimum evaluation suggested by the 2006
ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for AF
• ECG, Exercise testing,
• Echocardiography
• Drugs history
• Coronary evaluation
• EP study: for mapping pathways and therapeutic
ablation
• Electrolytes, TFT

30. General Treatment Issues:
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• Reversion to normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
• Maintenance of NSR
• Control of the ventricular rate in patients
• Prevention of systemic embolization,
particularly in the patient who also has atrial
fibrillation

31. Treatment:
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• In hemodynamically unstable pt:- synchronized internal or
external DC cardioversion (Class I AHA and ESC
guidelines)
• Immediate cardioversion is also indicated in stable patients
(since Afl can be converted to NSR with low energy shock)
• Therapy of flutter is similar to Atrial fibrillation, includes three considerations:
1. Preventing thromboembolism
2. Control of ventricular rate
3. Conversion of atrial flutter to normal sinus rhythm

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1. Anticoagulation:
 It is unusual to have thrombus form in the left atrial appendage
because of the regularity of atrial contractions in atrial flutter.
 However, atrial fibrillation can be a rhythm underlying atrial flutter.
 if atrial flutter persists for more than 48 hours, 4 weeks of adequate
anticoagulation or TEE before attempting cardioversion
 continuation of warfarin for four weeks after cardioversion.
 Among patients with atrial fibrillation and flutter, the choice between
warfarin and aspirin is based upon the estimated stroke risk

33. 2. Control of ventricular rate:
• Frequently more difficult than atrial fibrillation cases
• AV nodal blocking agents – B-blockers, Digoxin, CCBs
• Choice depend upon patients clinical status
• Guidelines Recommendations:
1. DC cardioversion (class I) (or Transesophageal pacing in stable pt)
2. CCBs / beta blockers (class IIa) – not to use in failure/ hypotension
3. Digoxin or Amiodarone in heart failure or hypotension (IIb)
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34. 3. Conversion to sinus rhythm:
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• Recurrance is difficult to determine in Afl
• Amiodarone or class IA/IC drugs are the choice
• RFA is preferred over the long term pharmacological
therapy in type I flutter
• NAPSE prospective catheter ablation registry of 477
pts, ablation of isthmus for Afl – acute success in 85%,
recurrence 15%
• Recurrence more common with type II AFl

35. Conversion of Atrial flutter to sinus rhythm can be accomplished
by any of the following:
# anti-arrhythmic drugs
# rapid atrial pacing
# electrical cardioversion
# catheter ablation
# anti-tachycardia devices
# surgery
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36. Anti- arrhythmic drugs:
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 Generally reserved for stable patients
Class IA (Procainamide)
Class IC (Fleicanide, Ibutilide, Sotalol)
Class III (Amiodarone, Ibutilide, Sotalol)
 Ibutilide:
Class IIa
Up to 78% flutter convert to sinus rhythm within 90 minutes
Torsades de pointes in 2-4%
CI: SSS, LVDF, long QT

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 Procainamide: class IIa
Should be combined with AV nodal blocking agents because 1:1 AV
conduction can occur during infusion
 Amiodarone:
Additional benefit of ventricular rate control
Not effective as Ibutilide
Least proarrhthmogenic
DOC when LVDF present
Class IIb recommendation for both rate control and conversion to sinus rhythm

38. Right atrial pacing:
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• Class I recommendation for stable patients, very effective in
converting to sinus rhythm
• Does not require sedation
• Type I AFL: can be converted to NSR
• Type II Afl can not be interrupted by pacing
• Atrial fibrillation can occur while pacing

39. Ablation:
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 increasingly used to interrupt the reentrant circuit supporting atrial
flutter in order to permanently restore normal sinus rhythm.
 becoming more accepted first-line therapy for the long-term
maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with type I atrial flutter
 usually done electively for preventing the recurrence, rather than
for the acute restoration of sinus rhythm

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 With recurrent symptomatic Type I atrial flutter, there is a success
rate of higher than 95% with ablation.
 Ablation is commonly performed at the 6:00 position on the
tricuspid valve isthmus.
 Type II atrial flutter is also amenable to ablation and success rate is
close to 95%, but recurrence is more common than Type I.
 In patients with atrial flutter treated with ablation who subsequently
develop a fib (56% in one study), ablation of the AV junction may
need to be performed with placement of pacemaker.

41. Maintenance of sinus rhythm:
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 Maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial flutter is often problematic with
pharmacologic therapy
 The success rate at 1year only 20 to 30%
 Recurrence being highest in the patient with an enlarged right atrium
& in heart failure.
 Good prognostic signs for maintaining sinus rhythm are normal atrial
size, recent onset, little or no heart failure, and an underlying
reversible disorder such as hyperthyroidism, myocardial infarction,
or pulmonary embolism