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Journal Club
1. Dr. Ch. M. Junaid Nazar
MBBS,MPH,FRSPH,MD Internal Medicine, MSC Nephrology
Nephrology Department,
Shifa International Hospital,
Pakistan.
WELCOME
TO
JOURNAL CLUB
2. OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
• IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
• RAPID REVIEW OF DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGN
• DEFINITIONS OF DIFFERENT RESEARCH METHODS
• HOW TO READ RESEARCH ARTICLE
• WEBSITES TO FIND RESEARCH ARTICLES
• LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
• ECG
• FEEDBACK FOR WEEK
4. THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
• ‘The Government is committed to the promotion and conduct of research as a core NHS role.
Research is vital in providing new knowledge needed to improve health outcomes and reduce
inequalities.’’(para 3.16)
• ‘‘The Government believes that outcomes will improve most rapidly when clinicians are
engaged, and creativity, research participation and professionalism are allowed to
flourish.’’(para 3.4)
• ‘‘Give patients more information on research studies that are relevant to them, and more
scope to join in if they wish’’.(page 17,box)
• ‘‘A thriving life sciences industry is critical to the ability of the NHS to deliver world class
health outcomes’’. (para.3.16)
5. NHS CONSTITUTION (2009)
• The commitment to “innovation and to the promotion and conduct of research to improve
the current and future health and care of the population” Page 1, NHS Constitution (2009)
• “Research enables the NHS to improve the current and future health of the people it
serves” Page 52, NHS Constitution (2009)
7. ROLE OF THE CLINICAL RESEARCH NETWORKS
(CRNS)
• Establish and fund an excellent clinical research infrastructure
• Provide NHS Service Support Costs
• Facilitate patient participation into studies
• Provide and deploy resources for research management.
8. THREE PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS
• Why was the study done and what hypotheses were the authors testing?
• What type of study was done?
• Was this design appropriate to the broad field of research studies?
9. TYPES OF STUDIES
• Two main categories of study design
Observational
Experimental
• Study design should be driven by the research question
• Quality indicators exist for each type of study
10. • Observational studies are non-interventional
• Five major types of studies
– Cohort studies
– Case-control
– Cross-sectional
– Longitudinal surveys – Database analysis
– Case studies
• Often used in epidemiology
• Hypothesis generating
11. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
• Experimental studies are interventional
• Designed to answer a specific question
• Most common type is the Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)
12.
13. BROAD TOPICS OF RESEARCH
• Most research studies are concerned with one or more of the following:
• therapy
• diagnosis
• screening
• prognosis
• causation
15. HOW TO STUDY A RESEARCH ARTICLE?
• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND
• RESEARCH QUESTION
• LITERATURE REVIEW
• STUDY DESIGN
• INCLUDING RESEARCH METHODOLGY,INCLUSION CRITERIA,EXCULSION
CRITERIA, TYPE OF PARTICIPANTS, TYPES OF OUTCOME, SATISTICAL ANALYSIS
AND SYNTHESIS, QUALITY ASSESSMENT.
• RESULTS
• DISCUSSION
• CONSLUSION
16. WHERE TO FIND ARTICLES?
• PUBMED
• PUBMED CENTRAL
• BMC
• MEDLINE
• EMBASE
• GOOGLE SCHOLAR
• FREE MEDICAL JOURNAL.COM
• UIVERISTY AND LIBRARY SOURCES
• UP TO DATE
17. USEFUL WEBSITES
1. British Medical Association
2. Institute of Cancer Research
3. NHS R & D DOH
4. NICE
5. MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL