golden proportion

1. Proportions of maxillary anterior teeth
relative to Golden proportion, RED
proportion and Golden percentage
A Clinical Study
Evaluation of maxillary anterior teeth in relation to
Golden proportion, RED proportion and Golden
Percentage

2. Introduction
• Smile is an important aspect of esthetics
• Maxillary anterior teeth are essential components of
esthetic
• In dentistry, dental esthetic could be achieved normally
when central to lateral and lateral to canine width are in
golden proportion
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3. • RED proportion is proportion of successive width
of teeth remaining constant, when progressing
distally from midline
• Bilateral analysis of apparent individual tooth width
as percentage of total apparent width of six
anterior teeth (golden percentage)
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4. Literature Review
1. Evaluation of maxillary anterior teeth and their
relation to the Golden proportion in Malaysian
population
Mean Ibrahim Al-Marzok et al had conducted study
to evaluate relationship between tooth width and
height of clinical crown dimensions and to
investigate occurrence of Golden proportion of
maxillary anterior teeth. They found that Golden
proportion does not exist between perceived width
of maxillary anterior teeth 4

5. 2. Appropriate proportions as guidelines in selection of
anterior denture teeth
Nikola Petricevic et al examined width to length and
tooth to tooth ratios of maxillary anterior teeth &
compared with width to length ratio of hard palate,
golden proportion. They concluded that Golden
proportion should not be used in clinical practice for
selection of maxillary anterior teeth
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6. 3. Evaluation of natural smile: Golden proportion, RED
or Golden percentage
BV Sreenivasan Murthy & Niketa Ramani concluded
that both Golden proportion and RED proportion are
not suitable to relate successive width of maxillary
anterior teeth in natural dentition. But golden
percentage can be applied
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7. 4. Review- Golden proportion in denture aesthetic
Meenu Merry C. Paul and Sanu Tom Abraham
Concluded that Golden proportion can be applied to
evaluate and improve denture esthetic by utilization
in tooth arrangement and cosmetic dental treatment
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8. 6. Maxillary Anterior Tooth Dimensions And Proportions In
An Irish Young Adult Population
M. Condon found that golden proportion guideline could
only applied to lateral incisor/central incisor widths
(0.618). Identified width proportions for the canine /central
incisor were 0.58 and canine / lateral incisor 0.89.
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9. 7. Width ratios in the anterior maxillary region in a
Hungarian population: Addition to the golden proportion
debate
Forster A, Velez R, Antal M and Nagy showed that
relative width of central incisors, lateral incisors, and
canines was 1.6:1:0.85 on both sides . The ratios were
not influenced by either sex or previous orthodontic
treatment. Thus they suggested that the rule of golden
proportion should not be used for treatment planning
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10. Hypothesis
Maxillary anterior teeth are in Golden Proportion, RED
Proportion and Golden Percentage
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11. Objectives
General Objective
• To evaluate occurrence of Golden Proportion, RED
Proportion and Golden Percentage between perceived
width of maxillary anterior teeth
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12. Specific objective:
• To compare Golden Proportion, RED Proportion and
Golden Percentage in ethnic groups
• To compare Golden Proportion, RED Proportion and
Golden Percentage in genders
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13. Methodology
Type of study: observational, cross-sectional study
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14. Place of study
• Study will be conducted at National Academy of
Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu. It will
include the staffs and residents of Bir Hospital
• Students and staffs in Peoples Dental Collage and
Kantipur Dental Collage and Patan Academy of Health
Sciences Kathmandu
• Different educational institutes
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15. Sampling Technique
Convenience sampling technique
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16. Inclusion Criteria
1. Complete maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth
2. No spacing and crowding in anterior maxillary teeth.
3. No periodontal disease
4. No history of orthodontic treatment
5. No intruded, extruded or rotated teeth in anterior
region
6. Volunteers of 18-30 years
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17. Exclusion criteria
• Missing anterior teeth
• Volunteers with midline
diastema
• Previously orthodontic
treated patient
• Volunteers with
periodontal disease
• Retained deciduous teeth
• Malalignment of anterior teeth
• Conditions affecting tooth
surfaces like erosion, attrition,
abfraction and abrasion
• Volunteers with restoration in
anterior teeth
• Congenital or acquired facial
and dental defects
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18. Sample Size
Sample size was calculated using formula
n = Z2PQ
d2
Where, n = Required sample size, Z = Z deviate corresponding
to desired reliability level, P = Estimate Proportion in
population Q = 100 - P (if p is in percentage) ,d = Maximum
tolerance error (% of P)
n = (1.96)2 x 79.6 x 20.4
102
= 62.38
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19. Materials
 Single Lens Reflex (SLR) camera
 Camera accessories—Tripod stand ,flash lights,
blue/black background
 Computer with installed Photoshop
 Diagnostic Instruments (mouth mirrors ,probes ,
tweezers)
 Cheek retractors
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20. Methods
• Ethical approval should be obtained from IRB
• All volunteers participated in the research sign
informed consent prior participation
• Photographs of volunteers will be taken with digital
single lens reflex camera (Nikon 3100) equipped
with a 90 mm f/2.8 macro lens and a macro ring
flash
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21. • Oral retractors will be used to displace soft tissues
• Photography standards and rules according AACD
guide for maxillary anterior view (frontal view) will
be used as standard for photography
• Camera settings will be: 1/200 shutter speed, f/22
aperture, ISO 200 sensitivity
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22. • Analysis of photographs will be performed digitally
with Adobe Photoshop
• After manually marking most incisal point of
proximal contacts of maxillary anterior teeth, width
of each tooth will be computed in pixels
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23. Measurements
• The Golden proportion for each subject will be
measured
• RED proportion will be calculated
• The golden percentage will be calculated.
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35. • Result will be analysed using appropriate statistical
methods
• The data analysis shall consists of following steps and
processes
• Central tendencies, SD and error will be calculated
• T- test will be determined
• P Value will be calculated under the predetermined
level of significance and CI (confidence interval ) of
95% will be constructed
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Data Analysis and Statistical analysis

37. Budget
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38. Proforma
• Serial No.:
• Name:
• Date:
• Age:
• Sex:
• Marital Status:
• Address:
• Phone no.
• Occupation:
• Education
• Medical History:
• Presence of any Para-
functional habit:
• Any past dental treatment:
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Data collection for evaluation

39. • Perceived width of Maxillary anterior teeth
• Left Central incisor width:
• Left Lateral incisor width:
• Left Canine width:
• Right Central incisor width:
• Right Lateral incisor width:
• Right Canine width:
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40. • Golden proportion = a+b = a
a b
• RED proportion = LI x 100 = Canine x 100
CI LI
o Golden percentage = CI x100
Sum of 6 maxillary
anterior
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41. Ethical Consideration
• Before study proposal will be submitted to IRB of
NAMS and ethical clearance will be taken first
• Interest of volunteers will be fully respected and written
consent will be taken
• Those who do not give consent for any reason will be
excluded from study
• Confidentiality will be maintained
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44. References
• Maan Ibrahim. Evaluation of maxillary anterior teeth and
their relation to the golden proportion in Malaysian
population. BMC Oral Health. 2013;13:9
• Meenu Merry C. Paul and Sanu Tom Abraham. Review –
Golden proportion in denture esthetics. Health Science.
2013;2(1)
• M. Condon. Maxillary anterior tooth dimensions and
proportions in Irish young adult population. J Oral Rehabil.
2011 Jul;38(7):501-8
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45. • Levin EI . The updated application of the Golden proportion
to dental aesthetics. Aesthetic dentistry today. 2011;5(3)22-7
• Petricevic N, Celebic A, Ibrahimagic L. Appropriate
proportion as guidelines in selection of anterior denture teeth.
Med Glas. 2008 Aug;5(2):103-8.
• B.V. Sreenivasan Murthy and Niketa Ramani. Evaluation of
natural: Golden proportion, RED or Golden percentage in PG
Convention at Nainital 2007 May.
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46. Thank you
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