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Della Affesia Putri
3214208003
Real Estate
Determinants of House Prices
by Haibin Zhu
In the beginning of 20th
century, Real Estate was taking part of the global financial crisis. House
price risks have played central role that causes some countries had witnessed a protracted period of
significant increases house prices in mid-2000s. It had a major impact on household consumption and
the realeconomy.
There was a statement that said, “It was easier to clean up the mess of a bust than to spot
bubbles and that monetary policy was too blunt to deflate them”. However, this statement is
questionable cause of the huge economic losses in the aftermath of the global financial crisis.
Policymakers were in favour of a hands-off approach to asset prices before this happened, it’s made
those asset price “bubbles”. To stabilized the financial system, policymakers should be able to provide
answers to a number of issues, including asset price assessments and interactions with other policy
measures.
However, there will be pros and contras about these existing approaches. House price
assessment is typically based on house price growth or various housing market indicators. These
approaches is by compare their historical average levels, and conclude that house prices are too high if
observed measures are significantly above historical norms. But sometimes, these approaches ignored
fluctuations in economic fundamentals, such as income growth, desired rate of return and rent growth.
The second method uses house price data and compares observed house prices with
fundamental values that are predicted based on the long-run relationship between house prices and list
of demand and supply. But, the equilibrium approach that uses the price rent ratio is constrained by
data limitations (rent data are not comparable with house price data in some markets).
Glindro, Subhanij, Szeto and Zhu (2008) proposes a new method to examine the determinants
of house prices and to detect house price bubbles. The first regression estimates the fundamental value
of house prices. The fundamental house prices are determined by list of factors, which include real
GDP, population, real mortgage rates, mortgage credit to GDP ratios, real construction cost, equity
prices, exchange rates and an institutional factor index.
The second regression estimates the short-term dynamics of house prices. House price changes
in the current period are explained by house price changes in the last period (a persistent process).
This model specification allows for dynamics of house price movements depending on the magnitude
of the persistence and mean-reversion coefficients, it allows for interactive effects between various
housing market factors and the persistence, so that the results show what housing market factors are
driving behind the short-term dynamics of house prices.
Based on the regressions, house price movements can be decomposed into three components:
 First component is the fundamental value of housing (trend term)
 Second is the deviation from fundamental values that can be attributable to frictions in the
housing market (cyclical term)
 The last component is defined as a bubble component in a strict sense, it can’t be explained
by economic and housing market factors used in the analysis and most likely driven by
overly optimistic expectations in the housing market (residual/error term)
Glindro et al applied this approach to nine economies in Asia and the Pacific between 1993 to
2006. These are some generalfindings learned from this study:
 There’s a significant cross-country differences in the pattern of house price dynamics, both
in long-term and short-term determinants. The differences caused by housing market factors,
such as land supply elasticity and the degree of financial market developments
 Clear distinctions among house price growth, house price overvaluation and house price
bubbles. House price increased substantially (double-digit percentage growth) in a number of
economies in mid-2000s, but they were mainly driven by increases in house price
fundamentals
 The breakdown analysis is important for house price assessment. Location is a crucial factor
in determining house prices, but the assessment based on national level data might be
insufficient to monitor housing market developments. Mostly, house price overvaluation and
bubbles appeared to be existed in major cities and high-end markets
Policymakers should monitor housing market developments and assess house price risks. When
house prices are higher than their fundamental values, policymakers should take policy actions to
mitigate frictions in the housing market and to remove the irrational expectations, depending on what
factors have caused the overvaluation. Policymakers have to understand the role of liquidity and risk-
taking in generating asset price bubbles and implications for the transmission mechanism of monetary
policy. Different policy instruments would affect the house price dynamics, so policymakers have to
adopt the most effective policy when housing market concerns intensify.
Della Affesia Putri
3214208003
Bagaimana perkembangan Real Estate di Indonesia di bawah kepemimpinan Presiden
Joko Widodo?
Menurut prediksi saya, kepemimpinan Presiden Joko Widodo akan mengedepankan
kemandirian pihak swasta dan menjunjung kedisiplinan atas kebijakan-kebijakan yang akan
dibuat. Para petinggi yang terpilih kebanyakan bukan berasal dari swasta sehingga tidak
memiliki kepentingan untuk mengejar ambisi pribadi dan golongan atau partai tertentu.
Background Joko Widodo sebagai masyarakat biasa, menjadikan ia tidak dibebani oleh
kepentingan-kepentingan kalangan tertentu (termasuk swasta) untuk mendapatkan bantuan
dari pemerintah ketika Joko Widodo telah terpilih menjadi presiden.
Dilihat dari gaya kepemimpinan sebelumnya, Joko Widodo dikenal sebagai pribadi
yang sederhana dan merakyat, tidak silau akan materi atau harta benda. Berbeda dari sebagian
besar pejabat yang ingin diistimewakan dan dimanjakan dengan fasilitas-fasilitas yang didapat
karena membantu beberapa kalangan, Joko Widodo nampaknya akan dapat berlaku adil ke
pada semua kalangan, baik kalangan minoritas maupun mayoritas.
Dalam bidang Real Estate di Indonesia, terlebih di Jakarta, nampaknya Joko Widodo
akan membuat kebijakan dan peraturan yang lebih ketat dalam pengembangan sebuah
kawasan terutama properti di atas tanah. Seperti yang kita tahu, dalam pidato yang
diungkapkan ketika dilantik menjadi presiden, Joko Widodo mengatakan bahwa sudah
saatnya kita peduli dengan laut karena kita hidup di negara kepulauan, bukan lagi
‘memunggungi’ seperti yang kita lakukan selama ini.
Daratan di Indonesia sudah terlalu penuh sehingga menimbulkan berbagai masalah,
mulai dari irigasi, sanitasi, infrastruktur, dan permukiman-permukiman kumuh yang semakin
lama semakin menjamur karena banyak faktor, antara lain:
 Gaya hidup (lifestyle) masyarakat yang mulai berubah, banyak yang menganggap
bahwa kampung itu kumuh, sehingga banyak masyarakat pedesaan yang ingin
berpindah ke kota. Padahal mereka tidak memiliki bekal (terutama segi finansial)
untuk hidup di perkotaan.
 Faktor lain yang menyebabkan adalah desakan dari pengembang untuk menggusur
dan menghilangkan pemukiman-pemukiman tersebut untuk dikembangkan menjadi
sebuah kawasan baru yang lebih modern, dengan minimnya dana penggantian yang
akan diberikan kepada penduduk asli. Padahal tanah yang dibeli akan diolah dan
dikembangkan menjadi kawasan estate yang dijual kembali dengan harga tinggi.
Faktor-faktor tersebut akhirnya menjadi sorotan, kenapa hal tersebut bisa terjadi.
Penebangan liar juga terjadi di beberapa pulau di Indonesia, yang dilakukan oleh beberapa
kalangan dengan kepentingan masing-masing. Skenario yang dibuat seolah merupakan
bencana alam, padahal mungkin ada pihak-pihak yang ‘menyokong’ aktivitas tersebut.
Kurangnya ketegasan dan perhatian dari pemerintahan sebelumnya menyebabkan hal ini
menjadi berkembang luas dan seolah merupakan hal yang biasa sehingga terabaikan. Fokus
pemerintah yang sebelumnya kebanyakan ke pada pemberantasan kasus korupsi di Indonesia,
sehingga perhatian hampir seluruh masyarakat Indonesia tertuju pada hal tersebut karena
sebagian besar media hanya menyorot permasalahan tersebut.
Ke depannya, Joko Widodo dan kabinet kepemimpinan yang baru diharapkan akan
dapat lebih peka dengan masalah tersebut. Mungkin akan digalakkan permukiman berbasis
green development, dengan lebih dulu mengatasi permukiman kumuh yang sudah ada untuk
ditampung ke dalam sebuah wadah seperti rumah susun sederhana sewa (rusunawa) di kota-
kota besar, atau menggiatkan program pengembangan kampung yang bersih dan sehat
sehingga masyarakat betah untuk tinggal di daerah asalnya masing-masing. Pemerataan
berbagai sektor (pertanian, perikanan, tambak, industri, dsb) juga perlu dilakukan, sehingga
tidak hanya terpusat pada kota atau daerah tertentu. Hal ini dapat membantu meningkatkan
kesejahteraan rakyat dengan bidang yang dikuasai, sehingga tingkat perpindahan penduduk
dari desa ke kota akan menurun.
Kebijakan pemerintahan Joko Widodo akan lebih ketat untuk pembuatan aset-aset real
estate yang hanya mencari keuntungan individu atau golongan. Sebaliknya, setiap
pembangunan harus disertai dengan manfaat bagi berbagai kalangan dan dapat
bertanggungjawab atas kawasan yang dikembangkan sehingga dapat meminimalisir dampak
buruk (salah satunya boom and bust) atas pembangunan tersebut. Tidak lagi bergantung
kepada pemerintah untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan yang akan muncul, melainkan
mempertanggungjawabkannya secara mandiri.

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Determinants of House Prices

  • 1. Della Affesia Putri 3214208003 Real Estate Determinants of House Prices by Haibin Zhu In the beginning of 20th century, Real Estate was taking part of the global financial crisis. House price risks have played central role that causes some countries had witnessed a protracted period of significant increases house prices in mid-2000s. It had a major impact on household consumption and the realeconomy. There was a statement that said, “It was easier to clean up the mess of a bust than to spot bubbles and that monetary policy was too blunt to deflate them”. However, this statement is questionable cause of the huge economic losses in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. Policymakers were in favour of a hands-off approach to asset prices before this happened, it’s made those asset price “bubbles”. To stabilized the financial system, policymakers should be able to provide answers to a number of issues, including asset price assessments and interactions with other policy measures. However, there will be pros and contras about these existing approaches. House price assessment is typically based on house price growth or various housing market indicators. These approaches is by compare their historical average levels, and conclude that house prices are too high if observed measures are significantly above historical norms. But sometimes, these approaches ignored fluctuations in economic fundamentals, such as income growth, desired rate of return and rent growth. The second method uses house price data and compares observed house prices with fundamental values that are predicted based on the long-run relationship between house prices and list of demand and supply. But, the equilibrium approach that uses the price rent ratio is constrained by data limitations (rent data are not comparable with house price data in some markets). Glindro, Subhanij, Szeto and Zhu (2008) proposes a new method to examine the determinants of house prices and to detect house price bubbles. The first regression estimates the fundamental value of house prices. The fundamental house prices are determined by list of factors, which include real GDP, population, real mortgage rates, mortgage credit to GDP ratios, real construction cost, equity prices, exchange rates and an institutional factor index. The second regression estimates the short-term dynamics of house prices. House price changes in the current period are explained by house price changes in the last period (a persistent process). This model specification allows for dynamics of house price movements depending on the magnitude of the persistence and mean-reversion coefficients, it allows for interactive effects between various
  • 2. housing market factors and the persistence, so that the results show what housing market factors are driving behind the short-term dynamics of house prices. Based on the regressions, house price movements can be decomposed into three components:  First component is the fundamental value of housing (trend term)  Second is the deviation from fundamental values that can be attributable to frictions in the housing market (cyclical term)  The last component is defined as a bubble component in a strict sense, it can’t be explained by economic and housing market factors used in the analysis and most likely driven by overly optimistic expectations in the housing market (residual/error term) Glindro et al applied this approach to nine economies in Asia and the Pacific between 1993 to 2006. These are some generalfindings learned from this study:  There’s a significant cross-country differences in the pattern of house price dynamics, both in long-term and short-term determinants. The differences caused by housing market factors, such as land supply elasticity and the degree of financial market developments  Clear distinctions among house price growth, house price overvaluation and house price bubbles. House price increased substantially (double-digit percentage growth) in a number of economies in mid-2000s, but they were mainly driven by increases in house price fundamentals  The breakdown analysis is important for house price assessment. Location is a crucial factor in determining house prices, but the assessment based on national level data might be insufficient to monitor housing market developments. Mostly, house price overvaluation and bubbles appeared to be existed in major cities and high-end markets Policymakers should monitor housing market developments and assess house price risks. When house prices are higher than their fundamental values, policymakers should take policy actions to mitigate frictions in the housing market and to remove the irrational expectations, depending on what factors have caused the overvaluation. Policymakers have to understand the role of liquidity and risk- taking in generating asset price bubbles and implications for the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. Different policy instruments would affect the house price dynamics, so policymakers have to adopt the most effective policy when housing market concerns intensify.
  • 3. Della Affesia Putri 3214208003 Bagaimana perkembangan Real Estate di Indonesia di bawah kepemimpinan Presiden Joko Widodo? Menurut prediksi saya, kepemimpinan Presiden Joko Widodo akan mengedepankan kemandirian pihak swasta dan menjunjung kedisiplinan atas kebijakan-kebijakan yang akan dibuat. Para petinggi yang terpilih kebanyakan bukan berasal dari swasta sehingga tidak memiliki kepentingan untuk mengejar ambisi pribadi dan golongan atau partai tertentu. Background Joko Widodo sebagai masyarakat biasa, menjadikan ia tidak dibebani oleh kepentingan-kepentingan kalangan tertentu (termasuk swasta) untuk mendapatkan bantuan dari pemerintah ketika Joko Widodo telah terpilih menjadi presiden. Dilihat dari gaya kepemimpinan sebelumnya, Joko Widodo dikenal sebagai pribadi yang sederhana dan merakyat, tidak silau akan materi atau harta benda. Berbeda dari sebagian besar pejabat yang ingin diistimewakan dan dimanjakan dengan fasilitas-fasilitas yang didapat karena membantu beberapa kalangan, Joko Widodo nampaknya akan dapat berlaku adil ke pada semua kalangan, baik kalangan minoritas maupun mayoritas. Dalam bidang Real Estate di Indonesia, terlebih di Jakarta, nampaknya Joko Widodo akan membuat kebijakan dan peraturan yang lebih ketat dalam pengembangan sebuah kawasan terutama properti di atas tanah. Seperti yang kita tahu, dalam pidato yang diungkapkan ketika dilantik menjadi presiden, Joko Widodo mengatakan bahwa sudah saatnya kita peduli dengan laut karena kita hidup di negara kepulauan, bukan lagi ‘memunggungi’ seperti yang kita lakukan selama ini. Daratan di Indonesia sudah terlalu penuh sehingga menimbulkan berbagai masalah, mulai dari irigasi, sanitasi, infrastruktur, dan permukiman-permukiman kumuh yang semakin lama semakin menjamur karena banyak faktor, antara lain:  Gaya hidup (lifestyle) masyarakat yang mulai berubah, banyak yang menganggap bahwa kampung itu kumuh, sehingga banyak masyarakat pedesaan yang ingin berpindah ke kota. Padahal mereka tidak memiliki bekal (terutama segi finansial) untuk hidup di perkotaan.  Faktor lain yang menyebabkan adalah desakan dari pengembang untuk menggusur dan menghilangkan pemukiman-pemukiman tersebut untuk dikembangkan menjadi
  • 4. sebuah kawasan baru yang lebih modern, dengan minimnya dana penggantian yang akan diberikan kepada penduduk asli. Padahal tanah yang dibeli akan diolah dan dikembangkan menjadi kawasan estate yang dijual kembali dengan harga tinggi. Faktor-faktor tersebut akhirnya menjadi sorotan, kenapa hal tersebut bisa terjadi. Penebangan liar juga terjadi di beberapa pulau di Indonesia, yang dilakukan oleh beberapa kalangan dengan kepentingan masing-masing. Skenario yang dibuat seolah merupakan bencana alam, padahal mungkin ada pihak-pihak yang ‘menyokong’ aktivitas tersebut. Kurangnya ketegasan dan perhatian dari pemerintahan sebelumnya menyebabkan hal ini menjadi berkembang luas dan seolah merupakan hal yang biasa sehingga terabaikan. Fokus pemerintah yang sebelumnya kebanyakan ke pada pemberantasan kasus korupsi di Indonesia, sehingga perhatian hampir seluruh masyarakat Indonesia tertuju pada hal tersebut karena sebagian besar media hanya menyorot permasalahan tersebut. Ke depannya, Joko Widodo dan kabinet kepemimpinan yang baru diharapkan akan dapat lebih peka dengan masalah tersebut. Mungkin akan digalakkan permukiman berbasis green development, dengan lebih dulu mengatasi permukiman kumuh yang sudah ada untuk ditampung ke dalam sebuah wadah seperti rumah susun sederhana sewa (rusunawa) di kota- kota besar, atau menggiatkan program pengembangan kampung yang bersih dan sehat sehingga masyarakat betah untuk tinggal di daerah asalnya masing-masing. Pemerataan berbagai sektor (pertanian, perikanan, tambak, industri, dsb) juga perlu dilakukan, sehingga tidak hanya terpusat pada kota atau daerah tertentu. Hal ini dapat membantu meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat dengan bidang yang dikuasai, sehingga tingkat perpindahan penduduk dari desa ke kota akan menurun. Kebijakan pemerintahan Joko Widodo akan lebih ketat untuk pembuatan aset-aset real estate yang hanya mencari keuntungan individu atau golongan. Sebaliknya, setiap pembangunan harus disertai dengan manfaat bagi berbagai kalangan dan dapat bertanggungjawab atas kawasan yang dikembangkan sehingga dapat meminimalisir dampak buruk (salah satunya boom and bust) atas pembangunan tersebut. Tidak lagi bergantung kepada pemerintah untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan yang akan muncul, melainkan mempertanggungjawabkannya secara mandiri.