1. Assessing the Changing Impacts
over Time of Gas Station Related
Source NO2 Concentrations
David A. Sullivan, Dennis J. Hlinka, Mark T. Holdsworth
Sullivan Environmental
1900 Elkin Street, Suite 200
Alexandria, VA 22308

2. Background: Case Study

3. Background: Case Study (Cont.)

4. Study of Gravity Flow Potential
Figure 11. Surface Temperature at 23:13 hours on 4/26/2013

5. Noise Monitoring

6. Timeline
• 1973 – Stage I controls began
• 1975 – Stage I submerged filling becoming common at gasoline stations
and gasoline delivery trucks
• 1983 – Stage I balanced submerged filling use common at gasoline stations
and for gasoline delivery trucks
• 1990 – Stage II and on board canister technology rules promulgated
• 1994 – Stage II required in non-attainment areas ORVR rules promulgated
• 2006 – ORVR technology common (assumed 50 percent) with an
incompatbility penalty per EPA emission factors
• 2013 – Stage II being phased out so incompatibilities between ORVR and
Stage II are removed
• 2020 – Reduced emissions due to ORVR technology only

7. Figure 1. Layout of Gasoline Station, Nearby Roadway Intersection and Traffic Flow.
5,094 Vehicles per Hour
2,549 Vehicles per Hour
3,126 Vehicles per Hour
3,492 Vehicles per Hour

8. Model Domain and Receptor Grid.

9. MOVES estimated 1990, 2015, and
2025 emission factors for NOx.
Source Type
MOVES NOx Emission
Factors
(grams/vehicle mile)
1990 2015 2025
Gasoline Station Idling
Queue
11.00 3.00 1.00
Gasoline Station
Entrance/Exit
3.09 0.91 0.20
Nearby Roadway
Segments
2.05 0.63 0.16
Nearby Intersection
Idling Queues
19.46 6.25 1.46

10. Changing Ratio NO2/NOx
Source Type
Tailpipe NO2/NOx percentage
1990 2015 2025
Gasoline Station Idling Queue - - -
Gasoline Station Entrance/Exit 2.94 10.00 ~ 14.5
Nearby Roadway Segments 4.04 10.34 14.80
Nearby Intersection Idling Queues 4.50 10.00 14.29
Overall Average 3.83 10.11 14.54

11. Example: National Distribution NO2 1-Hour 98th Percentile Values
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
NO21-Hour98thPercentileConcentration(ppb)
Monitor Number
NO2 1-Hour 98th Percentile US National Monitors Values (ppb) for 2014
Dr. Cole's 153 ppb Estimated NO2 for Costco
Sullivan's Conservative
Estimate of 60 ppb NO2
Monitor Location Near New
Jersey Turnpike Toll Booth for
George Washington Bridge in
to New York City
2014

12. Only Monitor in U.S. > NAAQS
Toll Booths at NYC George Washington Bridge

13. Port of Long Beach I-710
(maximum 98th percentile 15 m from Highway = 83 ppb in 2011)
~190,000 vehicles / day (>30,000 Heavy Duty Diesel Trucks)
G Estrada 2014

14. Predicted 98th Percentile 1-hour NO2 concentrations
compared to current NO2 NAAQS.
Emission
Year
Modeled
NOx (ppb)
Converted
NO2 (ppb)
Background
NO2 (ppb)
Total NO2
(ppb)
NO2
NAAQS
(ppb)
1990 1360.8 62.0 75.4 137.4 100
2015 504.5 58.7 34.6 93.3 100
2025 105.5 18.3 40.1 58.4 100
2015 OLM2
283.0 129.4 32.4 161.8 100
2015 ARM25
527.7 422.2 29.1 451.3 100
2
(Owen and Brode, 2014)
5
(RTP, 2013)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
NO21-Hour98thPercentileConcentration(ppb)
Monitor Number
NO2 1-Hour 98th Percentile US National Monitors Values (ppb) for 2014
Dr. Cole's 153 ppb Estimated NO2 for Costco
Sullivan's Conservative
Estimate of 60 ppb NO2
Monitor Location Near New
Jersey Turnpike Toll Booth for
George Washington Bridge in
to New York City

15. Predicted annual average NO2 concentrations
compared to current NO2 NAAQS.
Emission
Year
Modeled
NOx (ppb)
Converted
NO2 (ppb)
Background
NO2 (ppb)
Total NO2
(ppb)
NO2
NAAQS
(ppb)
1990 217.1 18.0 23.3 41.3 53
2015 72.2 10.0 12.3 22.3 53
2025 22.9 2.5 12.8 15.3 53
2015 OLM2
72.2 31.7 12.3 44.0 53
2015 ARM25
72.2 44.4 12.3 56.7 53
2
(Owen and Brode, 2014)
5
(RTP, 2013)

16. Maximum Predicted 98th Percentile NO2
Concentrations (ppb)
for 2015 Emissions Year
Maximum 93 ppb

17. Conclusions
• EPA has made great progress in reducing
emissions from gasoline marketing
• More refined methods to model near-field
conversion of NO to NO2 are needed
• MOVES is effective for urban-scale emission
inventories but need practical guidance for
project level applications