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BIOETHICS.ppt
1. Introduction To
Bioethics
W E K N O W B I O = L I F E
E T H O S =
B E H AV I O R / C H A R AC T E R
… . B U T W H AT I S T H AT R EA L LY ?
E T H I C S I S Q U I T E CO M P L I C AT E D.
2. How do you define Ethics?
Many varied definitions…
What does it mean to you?
Ethics - sometimes used as synonyms for “morally
correct” or justified - set of justified moral principles of
obligation, rights, and ideals
Ethics - can be particular beliefs or attitudes concerning
morality
Ethics - area of study or inquiry – an activity of
understanding moral values, resolving moral issues, and
justifying moral judgments
3. Values, Morals, Ethics
Values signify what is important and worthwhile. They serve as a basis for moral codes and ethical reflection.
Morals are codes of conduct governing behavior. They are values put into practice as actions.
Ethics provide a systematic, rational way to work through dilemmas and to determine the best course of action
in the face of conflicting choices.
4. Ethics is related to morals and values.
What are moral values?
What is morality?
Dictionary says – concerns right and wrong, good and bad, the rules that ought to be
followed.
Latin MOS = custom
Morality – about reasons centered in respect for other people as well as ourselves,
reasons that involve their good as well as our own.
Are everyone’s morals the same? (Guantanemo)
Different cultures? (Persian King) Different times? (slavery)
5. Tuskeegee Experiment
This study began with good intentions; it shifted from being
about helping those afflicted with the disease to becoming a
study about the effects of untreated syphilis on live patients.
Free medical care, food and transportation, burial stipend (if
autopsy was allowed),
1932 to 1972 !! (penecillin invented in 1947
6. Nazi experimentation and Eugenics
movement
Nazi scientists and doctors did all sorts of
experiments done, mostly on Jews, to show
effects of freezing, poisons, head trauma,
malaria, and others involving twin studies.
Eugenics was trying to make the genes of
humans “better”, more “pure”.
8. Why is bioethics important?
Realization that ‘not everything goes’:
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (1932-1972)
Nazi human experimentation (Nuremberg Trials, 1945-1949)
Eugenics
DDT (Rachel Carson’s ‘Silent Spring’)
Scientists did not necessarily feel they were being unethical in these incidences at the time.
Therefore: need for justifications and shared guidelines
9. How are ethics and law related?
Legal &
Ethical
Illegal &
Ethical
Illegal &
Unethica
l
Legal &
Unethical
10. Developing a Well-Reasoned
Response to a Moral Dilemma
Moral dilemmas are situations in which two or more moral obligations, rights,
or ideals come into conflict with one another.
Figure out:
Who are the stakeholders.
What are the options?
What are your justifications? Are they weak or strong reasons?
How does one decide whether a response is well-reasoned? What criteria
apply? How can we reliably judge?
11. Roles of Codes of
Conduct
Shared Standards
Positive Support to Act Ethically
Guidance Concerning Obligations
Motivation to be ethical
Education to be ethical
Deterrence to being unethical
Personal Discipline
Professional Image
12. Basic Principles to be taken into consideration
(can be at odds with each other)
Non-maleficience (do no harm)
Beneficence (do good)
Justice (be fair)
Truthfulness
Confidentiality (doctor/patient)
Autonomy (capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced
decision)
13. How to solve an ethical problem….
Consensus?
Based on reason
Genuine debate
Takes ethical traditions into account
Open to criticism, refutation and the possibility of change and exchange of ideas
It is not majority opinion as it often needs to protect the minority
Takes time
NOT SOLVED IN ISOLATION!
14. What is an Ethical Question?
And what is not?
Ethical questions have the following components:
Ethical questions often involve the words ought or should.
There are several alternate solutions, none of that is without some challenging or
problematic aspect.
15. They contain conflicting moral choices and dilemmas, and the underlying values of the people involved may
clash.
They have no right or wrong answer which satisfies all parties, but better or worse answers based on well-
reasoned justifications.
16. Are the following questions of law, science, personal preference, culture, religion, or ethics?
a) Is it legal to sell human kidneys in the United
States?
b) How does a kidney function inside the body?
c) What does my religion say about whether or
not it is acceptable to donate a kidney?
d) Should individuals who donate a kidney
choose who their organ should go to?
17. e) What type of diet allows for the best athletic
performance?
f) Is killing someone always illegal?
g) Should people select the sex of their child in
advance?
h) Are same-sex marriages constitutional?
i) What is the most appropriate way to
worship?
j) Do kidneys taste good?
18. Practicing Reasoning and Justification
In-Class Discussions
•How should we decide who receives
organ transplants?
•Should a terminally ill patient be
allowed to end his/her life with
physician-prescribed medication?
•Who should get the limited flu
vaccination? (worksheet)
19. Sample Cases
Small Group Discussion:
Using the sample cases provided, fill out the in-class discussion worksheet and write any comments on the back
After groups have completed this exercise, groups will report back to the class on their findings
20. After the cases,
can you define ethics and bioethics?
have you tried one approach to developing a well-
reasoned response to a moral dilemma?
choose a bioethics topic and present information
about it. Due Monday, January 14…see instructions
with rubric
