It is about respiratory failure

1. RESPIRATORY FAILURE –
TYPES AND
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PRESENTOR :DR.ANITHA
MODERATOR :DR.SANTHOSH

2. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 2

3. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 3

4. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 4

5. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 5

6. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 6

7. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 7

8. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 8

9. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 9

10. Endcapillary blood
Essentially the same as alveolar gas, in health
Arterial blood
Diluted by venous admixture= PaO2 of 92 mmHg
The difference between alveolar and arterial gas is the A-a gradient
Normal A-a gradient is 7mmHg in the young, and 14mmHg in the
old
Tissue oxygen tension
Drops due to diffusion distance
Varies from tissue to tissue, but is usually around 10-30 mmHg
Mitochondrial oxygen tension
Drops due to diffusion distance
Usually between 1-10 mmHg
3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 1 0

11. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 1 1

12. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 1 2

13. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 1 3

14. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 1 4

15. Increase in the diffusion distance between the alveolar space
and the capillary lumen,
-Reduction in the total alveolar surface area
-Reduction in the capillary transit time
Increased membrane thickness
3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 1 5

16. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 1 6

17. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 1 7

18. The lung can be divided into discrete regions according to the
interplay between alveolar pressure, arterial pressure and venous
pressure.
These regions are:
Zone 1, where alveolar pressure is higher than arterial or venous
pressure;
Zone 2, where the alveolar pressure is lower than the arterial but
higher than the venous pressure
Zone 3, where both arterial and venous pressure is higher than
alveolar
Zone 4, where the interstitial pressure is higher than alveolar and
pulmonary venous pressure (but not pulmonary arterial pressure)
3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 1 8

19. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 1 9

20. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 2 0

21. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 2 1

22. Physiological shunt:
Anatomical shunt
Bronchial veins
Thebesian veins
Functional shunt
V/Q scatter
Pathological shunt:
Intracardiac shunt
Pulmonary AVM
Intrapulmonary shunt (true shunt)
3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 2 2

23. Shunt fraction is the calculated ratio of venous admixture to total
cardiac output
The shunt equation, otherwise known as the Berggren equation,
is used to calculate the shunt fraction:
Qs/Qt = (CcO2 - CaO2) / (CcO2 - CvO2)
where
Qs/Qt = shunt fraction (shunt flow divided by total cardiac
output)
CcO2 = pulmonary end-capillary O2 content, same as alveolar
O2 content
CaO2 = arterial O2 content
CvO2 = mixed venous O2 content
CaO2 = (Hgb * 1.34 * SaO2/100) + ( 0.0031* PaO2)
3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 2 3

24. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 2 4

25. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 2 5

26. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 2 6

27. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 2 7

28. anatomic dead space
alveolar dead space
3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 2 8

29. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 2 9

30. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 3 0

31. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 3 1

32. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 3 2

33. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 3 3

34. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 3 4

35. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 3 5

36. 3 / 1 / 2 0 X X S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 3 6