Sexuality Education Chapter 5 PowerPoint Slides A View From the Inside

1. Sexuality Education:
Chapter 5
A View From the Inside

2. Male and Female Sexual and Reproductive
Systems: Biological Males
• External Structures:
• Penis:
• Glans & Foreskin
• Scrotum:
• Houses and protects testes

3. Male and Female Sexual and Reproductive
Systems: Biological Males #2
• Internal Structures:
• Testes
• Produce testosterone
• Produce sperm in seminiferous tubules
• Sperm stored in epididymis via vas
deferens

4. Male and Female Sexual and Reproductive
Systems: Biological Males #3
• Semen:
• Seminal vesicles provide nutrients
• Prostate gland secretes nutrients
• Cowper’s glands secrete pH-neutralizing fluid
•May contain sperm

5. Male and Female Sexual and Reproductive
Systems: Biological Males #4

6. Male and Female Sexual and Reproductive
Systems: Biological Males #5
• Semen passes through erect penis
 Arterioles in corpus cavernosum become
engorged
 Ejaculation from muscular contractions in
glands and ducts
 Average ejaculate contains between 250 and
500 million sperm

7. Male and Female Sexual and Reproductive
Systems: Biological Males #6

8. Male and Female Sexual Reproductive
Systems: Biological Females
• External Structure (Vulva):
• Labia majora protect external structures
• Labia minora partially covers vagina
• Clitoris is sensitive
 Homologous to penis
 Engorges due to corpus cavernosum

9. Male and Female Sexual and Reproductive Systems:
Biological Females #2

10. Male and Female Sexual and Reproductive
Systems: Biological Females #3
• Hymen separates vestibule from vagina
 Protects vagina from infection
 Varies widely among individuals
 Presence unrelated to virginity

11. Male and Female Sexual and Reproductive
Systems: Biological Females #4
• Internal Structures: Vagina
• Hollow tube
 Receives penis and ejaculate
 Serves as birth canal
 Provides exit for menstrual flow
 Lubricates during coitus

12. Male and Female Sexual and Reproductive
Systems: Biological Females #5
• Internal Structures
• Vagina opens internally to uterus (cervix)
 Uterus is hollow
 Endometrium houses and nourishes fetus
 Uterus pushes baby out at birth

13. Male and Female Sexual and Reproductive
Systems: Biological Females #6

14. Male and Female Sexual and Reproductive
Systems: Biological Females #7
• Internal Structures:
• Fallopian tubes extend from uterus to ovaries
 Allow transport of ovum / zygote to
uterus
• Ovaries contain ova
 Also produce estrogen and progesterone

15. Male and Female Sexual and Reproductive
Systems: Biological Females #8

16. The Cervix and Cancer
• Pap Test: Detects irregular cervical cells that lead to
cancer
• HPV Human papillomavirus
• Causes almost all types of cervical cancer
• Genital warts
• At least 50% of people who are sexually active will get
HPV in their lives

17. The HPV Vaccination
• Approved in 2006 for females, 2009 for males
• CDC recommends vaccine prior to sexual activity
• Support not universal
 “Encourages sexual behavior”
 Some schools require it

18. Hormones
• Natural chemicals that affect growth
• Secondary sex characteristics
• Hormones in both males and females:
 Dehydroepiandrosterone (androgen)
 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
 Estrogen
 Luteinizing hormone (LH)
 Testosterone

19. Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle
 FSH signals ovum to mature
 Graafian follicle secretes estrogen
 LH causes release of ovum (at midpoint in cycle)
 Corpus luteum: progesterone prepares endometrium for zygote
 If no fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates
 Progesterone levels fall
 Menstruation begins

20. Menstrual Cycle

21. Hormones and Aging
• Menopause
 Occurs between 40 and 55
 Ovulation and menstruation cease
 75% menopausal women: no distressing
symptoms

22. Similarities Between Male and Female
Sexual Responses
• Similarities between the sexes
• Four-phase response
 Excitement
 Plateau
 Orgasm
 Resolution

23. Similarities Between Male and Female
Sexual Responses #2
• Increased blood flow (vasocongestion)
• Sex flush
• Nipples become erect
• Muscle spasms
• Increased breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
• Perspiration

24. Managing Fertility: Contraception
• Half of pregnancies annually are unintended
• Abstinence
• Refraining from coitus
 Prevents disease as well as pregnancy
 100% effective when used correctly
 Not acceptable to everyone

25. Managing Fertility: Contraception #2
• Withdrawal / coitus interruptus
 Withdraw penis prior to ejaculation
 Requires great control
 Pre-ejaculate may contain sperm
 No protection against STIs

26. Managing Fertility: Contraception #3
• Natural family planning: Three types
1) Calendar method
2) Ovulation: BBT / cervical secretion monitoring
3) Sympto-thermal monitoring
• 91% effective (perfect); 75% effective (typical)
• No protection from STIs

27. Managing Fertility: Contraception #4
• Condoms
 Prevents sperm from entering body
 Made of latex or polyurethane
 Must use correctly
 Inexpensive and available
 Some protection from STIs

28. Managing Fertility: Contraception #5
• Male condom
 98% perfect, 85% typical
effectiveness
• Female condom
• 95% perfect, 79% typical
effectiveness

29. Male Condoms

30. Managing Fertility: Contraception #6
• Diaphragm & Cervical Cap: Cover cervix
 Practitioner must fit
 Insert before intercourse, leave in 6-8 hours
 Diaphragm/Cervical Cap: 94/92% perfect
& 88/86% typical effectiveness
 No STI protection
 Can be used with condom

31. Managing Fertility: Contraception #7
• Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
• Small shapes of copper or synthetic (Mirena)
materials
• Practitioner inserts into uterus
• Uncertain how copper works; Mirena releases
hormones
• Always in place
• 99% effective
• No STI protection

32. Managing Fertility: Contraception #8
• Spermicidal Agents and Sponge
• Foam, cream, jelly, films, or sponge
• Can use with other methods
• No protection from STIs
• Agents: 82% / 71% perfect/ typical effectiveness
• Sponge: 89-91% perfect & 84-89% typical
effectiveness

33. Managing Fertility: Contraception #9
• The pill
• Works by imitating pregnancy in the body
• 99.7%perfect and 92% typical effectiveness
• No interruption during sex
• Helps regulate menstrual cycle
• Many types of pills
• Some side effects due to estrogen
• No protection from STIs

34. Managing Fertility: Contraception
#10
• Emergency contraception
• “Morning after pill”
• Taken up to 5 days after unprotected intercourse
• Over 17: Can get without prescription
• No protection against STIs
• Within 72 hours = 89% effective

35. Managing Fertility: Contraception #11
• Depo-Provera
• Progestin injection every 12 weeks
• Over 99% perfect and 97% typical effectiveness
• Hormonal Implant (Implanon)
• Single hormone rod injected beneath skin
• Prevents ovulation and thickens cervical mucus
• 99% ffective for 3 years
• No protection against STIs

36. Managing Fertility: Contraception #12
• Sterilization
• Tubal ligation for women
• Vasectomy for men
• Sometimes reversible

37. Managing Fertility: Contraception #13
• Nuvaring: hormone-releasing vaginal ring,
change monthly
• Patch: change weekly
• No protection against STIs
• Both are 99.7% perfect and 92% typical effectiveness

38. Managing Fertility: Contraception #14
• Choosing a contraceptive
• Cost?
• Availability?
• How used/administered?
• Legal access?
• Protection against STIs?
• Cultural or religious beliefs?

39. Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Abortion
• Pregnancy
• Eggs fertilized by sperm and implanted in uterus
• Determined by test for HCG
• As early as 10 days post-conception
• 1st trimester most important
• Prenatal care essential
• Detrimental effects of drugs
• What level of physical activity OK
• Nutrition

40. Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Abortion #2
• Complications during pregnancy
• Hereditary vs. congenital
• Health of fetus can be tested
• Amniocentesis
• Chorionic villus sampling
• Post-partum depression may result from
• Fatigue
• Hormonal changes
• Responsibilities of parenthood

41. Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Abortion
#3
• Childbirth
• 1st stage:
• Average 10.5 hours for first birth
• Cervix dilates
• 2nd stage:
• Average duration is 1 hour
• Delivery of fetus
• Possible episiotomy
• 3rd stage:
• Delivery of placenta
• Cut umbilical cord, check fetal health

42. Childbirth

43. Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Abortion
#4
• Abortion: Pregnancy ends before delivery
• Spontaneous is natural cessation (miscarriage)
• Selective abortion is purposely initiated
• 1st trimester abortions legal in U.S.
• 2nd trimester varies state to state
• 3rd trimester rare and only to save life of mother
or fetus
• Question of when life begins elicits argument
• Surgical procedure or medication
• Sexuality educator should provide factual information and do values
clarification exercises

44. Adoption
• Carry pregnancy to term, then give baby to another
person to raise
• Surrogacy
• Closed adoption
• Open adoption

45. Summary
• Male and female systems designed for functions.
• There are similarities and differences between male
and female sexual responses.
• Fertility control = intervention in reproductive
process.
• Early prenatal care is important.
• Sexuality educators can improve citizens’ knowledge
of issues.