1. Conor Geraghty
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Children and the Internet
ABSTRACT:
How does the use of the Internet influence inappropriate behavior in children? The
purpose in this research is to discover how much the Internet has made it easier for children to
view harmful material that have potentially negative effects on a child's social and psychological
development. I want to investigate how a child is more likely to act out what they consume on
the Internet. I will be conducting surveys and interviews, using the auto-ethnographic approach,
and performing textual analysis in order to validate my findings. I am anticipated to discover a
massive amount of data and responses that help present this topic in an informative manner. My
anticipated conclusion is that children are consuming a large amount of media through the
Internet, and it is heavily influencing violent and sexual behavior as well as negatively affecting
their social and psychological development.
INTRODUCTION OF THE RESEARCH:
The major problem I want to address in my research project is that children are heavily
influenced by the massive amounts of media they consume. I want to address the influences the
Internet has on children that deal with violent and sexual behavior. I will also discuss how the
Internet has the potential to negatively affect a child’s social and psychological development. I
will explain how much the media, specifically the Internet, has made it easier for children and
adolescents to access harmful material that deal with sex and violence. I will be discussing the
Internet from the areas of social media, television shows and movies that children have access
too, websites like YouTube with unlimited uncensored videos, and I will also touch upon
sexualized websites as well. I decided to go with this topic because my generation was the first
generation to experience the Internet. I thought it would be interesting to see how drastically the

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Internet has changed. I want to investigate how harmful content is readily available and easily
accessible for children on the Internet. My central research question is how does the use of the
Internet influence violent and sexual behavior as well as negatively affect their social and
psychological development? The purpose of choosing this topic is to investigate whether or not
letting children have easy access to media at an early age leads to the likely hood of more violent
and sexual behavior. I want to investigate how a child is more prone to act out violent and sexual
behavior they find on the Internet. This paper will include a literature review, which will discuss
the conceptual framework of my research. It will show how my proposed research fits into the
already researched literature that I will further elaborate on. The next section of this paper will
discuss the methodology and validity of the research. I will be why and how the methods I have
chosen are reasonable choices. The next section will explain the findings and data collection.
This will discuss what the data as lead me to learn in relation to my topic. Finally, the last section
of my research paper will be the concluding statements that wrap up my findings and
implications.
LITERATURE REVIEW/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:
One of the sources I used for this project is called, Media Influences on Children and
Adolescents: Violence and Sex. This is an article conducted by Earles, Alexander, Johnson,
Liverpool and McGhee: all of which either have PhD's, MD's, or MPH's. This article deals with
the portrayal of violence and sex in the media and how it has been known to affect the behavior
of children. There is a strong association between perceptions of media messages as well as
observed behavior. The writers of this article argue that there needs to be an “explicit”
exploration of the influences of media violence, sex, and drugs on our youth. Specifically, the
article states that, “Data supports the association between media violence and subsequent

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aggression or aggressive tendencies in children” (Earles, 797).
The next article I found that pertains to my research question is titled, Effects of Media
Violence on Children, written by Abel Mwema. This research was conducted in 2011. His 2011
study discusses the main impacts of media violence on children. The writer states that violence
portrayed in the media can reproduce the violent behavior of children based on the “theory” that
children tend to remember what they saw or heard. Based on the research demonstrated in this
article, media violence affects our children in the following ways: fear, desensitization to real-
life violence and an increase in aggressive behavior. The article also states that parents need to
play a better role in evaluating their child's media intake. Under the filtering and monitoring
section of this article, it says that it is important for parents to, “Explain that media is a kind of
business and entertainment” (Mwema, p. 6). The media does not primarily focus on protecting
children from unnecessary sexual and violent material, but they are focused on what most
viewers are interested in and in what ways the media can make the most money out of people.
Gloria Goodale’s article called, Battles over Media Violence Move to a New Frontier:
The Internet, discusses how even the most secure children have a difficult time making the right
moral choices in a world that includes the excessive “glamorization” of frequent aggressive
behavior and the promotion of drug use. Since the Internet came out, parents have found it to be
extremely difficult to shelter their children from media violence and sexual imagery. The 1990s
included the helpful production of the V-Chip but, “the explosion of new technologies such as
the Internet and interactive video games is threatening to darken this victory parade with entirely
new and more daunting challenges” (Goodale, 1996). Researchers studying violence in television,
which can now be easily viewed on the Internet, leads to harmful things such as imitation,
desensitization, lack of empathy, and having a dark view of life (Goodale, 1996).

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Chang-Hoan Cho’s article, Children's Exposure to Negative Internet Content: Effects Of
Family Context, goes into depth about the negative content found in the Internet and how this
content is becoming more accessible than ever before. Cho also brings up the crucial fact that
parents are showing a possible, “underestimation of, or ignorance about, their children's Internet
usage and its effects” (Cho, p. 489). For starters, the Internet is filled to the brim with harmful
sites that include violent video games, pornography, hate sites, and predators. However a
surprising survey showed that, “30 percent of surveyed parents had not discussed the downside
of Internet use with their children” (Cho, p. 489). This leaves people wondering why this number
is unusually low considering the rise of easy accessibility to harmful material on the Internet.
This study attempts to display the gap between the Internet content literacy between parents and
their children.
This study also attempts to give a better understanding how much negative Internet
content children are exposed to today. According to Cho, the negative effects of heavy Internet
are primarily focused on cognitive and social development. In the context of cognitive effects,
children who use the Internet tend to have difficulty telling the difference between the real and
cyber world (Cho, 489). Internet use also has the capability of affecting a child’s social
development, which includes identity confusion. Heavy Internet use has the potential of hurting a
child's skills to further conduct social relations outside of the cyber world. Studies in this journal
have shown that a child's exposure to harmful material found on the Internet commonly leads to
a cycle of negative behaviors, like aggression, desensitization, poor performance in school,
psychological trauma, anti-social behavior and more (Cho, 490). According to Cho, sexually
explicit material can potentially, “desensitize children to deviant sexual stimuli and encourage
them enact antisocial aggressive sexual behaviors” (Cho, 490).

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Another important topic that Cho focuses on is the rise in violent online video games.
Studies have shown that children who excessively play violent online video games increase the
child’s explicit vocabulary and physical aggressions. This is becoming a much bigger issue
regarding the Internet today because of the fact that violent video games are now easily
accessible due to free or fee-based online games (Cho, 491). One issue Cho finds to be worth
noting is that parents tend to underestimate the time child spend on the Internet as well as the
amount of violence today’s child is viewing. While there are clear percentages showing how
many parents can easily regulate how much television their child watches, the story is different
in the topic of Internet. Current studies attempt to find out how a child's exposure to negative
content found on the Internet correlates to the role of family communication on a child's
exposure to this content (Cho, 491).
METHODOLOGY
The research questions I have come up with have leaded me to the decision to use several
methods of collecting information about my choice in topic. I think that because the Internet has
become the primary source of acquiring information amongst Americans, it would definitely be a
topic that we can all relate too. The Internet has become a world of infinite information that
stretches and stretches every single day. I have decided to collect information about my topic
through the methods of text analysis, auto ethnography and interviews.
I think that textual analysis is going to be the best research method for my project. I have
been able to locate information about media influences on children, so the one challenging aspect
will be finding articles that are specific to the Internet’s possible influences. I will use textual
analysis to analyze the articles I have found through the data base in order to validate my
findings as specifically as possible. I have found creditable journals that make it easier to

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understand how the Internet has made it easier for children to access harmful material. It is
important for me to locate articles in databases that carefully draw out the negative effects the
Internet has on children from a violent and sexual perspective as well as find articles that discuss
how it negatively affect their social development as well. Using textual analysis is going to be
the backbone of my research because it is crucial to gather enough reliable information and
sources that carefully point out the negative aspects of the Internet and how it damages children
from a social perspective. The important aspect of textual analysis is that I have a large amount
of creditable information that helps back up my general idea that the Internet influences
inappropriate behavior in children.
I will also consider conducting small interviews with adolescents and children. Some
questions I will ask the adolescents questions such as: How often do you use the Internet? How
do you see yourself acting out what you see on the Internet in everyday situations? Do you use
the language and or act out the violent material you find on the Internet? How does the Internet
explain any possible sexual behaviors? What do you use the Internet specifically for? In what
ways has social media changed your social life? What has the Internet taught you about sex? Are
you an aggressive person in general and what does the Internet have to say about it?
In attempt to gather a reasonable amount of data in an easy way, I decided to reach a few
old teachers at Bullen Middle School in order to schedule in class interviews. I found that it was
a challenge to arrange this kind of interviewing, but I was able to make a few arrangements
during class as well as after school. I was able to set up an in class set of interviews for my
eighth grade teachers students. They will be conducted in the classroom during social studies as
well as advisory period. I will ask each student a variety of questions about their Internet usage
as well as how it has impacted their behavior, directly and indirectly. I chose to interview this set

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of children because I think that they are old enough to have a good understanding of what the
Internet has to offer. I also believe that middle school children are mature enough to discuss the
Internet since they are exposed to the Internet frequently.
I will also take the auto-ethnography approach in my research as well since I have
witnessed how the frequent exposure to media can influence a young child negatively. It won't
hurt to use my first hand experiences to strengthen my research paper. I had the privilege of
having many sources of media when I was growing up. While watching the news on television
was helpful, it was easier for me to get all of my news feed from the Internet. I was able to use
the Internet for useful purposes; however my mother did a good job of limiting my Internet usage.
Most of the kids my age used the Internet for things that were not age appropriate, like
pornography and rated R movies. I would've had the opportunity to view these types of movies if
I was the only person home. I was also aware that I could not give out any personal information
on the Internet was well. I knew that I wasn't allowed to use the Internet for these activities
because my mother made it very clear that I wasn't mature enough to handle it yet. While my
mother helped censor what I was viewing on the Internet, I found that it was fairly easy to access
violent and sexual material on the Internet. I knew of dozens of websites that I could easily
watch rated R movies and pornographic films. While I wasn't allowed to go on them without my
mother knowing about it, I still found ways to view the material while she wasn't available.
Based on the material I was able to view through the Internet, I can honestly say that I wasn't
ready for it. I remember thinking how cool people looked doing things like smoking and drinking
in movies. These are activities that I later picked up as an adolescent. I remember viewing a lot
of name calling through movies and MySpace that I thought was appropriate and normal for me
to use at school. I also viewed a lot of fighting that I feel could have been part of the reason why

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I got into so many fights at school.
I think that my methods of research will find that there is plenty of evidence that proves
media can be harmful to adolescents, and it can increase the likely hood of violent and sexual
behavior if the child is exposed to massive amounts of media at an early age.
DATA AND FINDINGS
Based on research conducted by Kelly Schmitt, Shoshana Dayanim, and Stacey Matthias,
there is an obvious indication that adolescents are now able to publish whatever they want at
their own free will. This means that they are now for the first time able to express themselves
through a public interface, the Internet, but from an audience that is usually anonymous (Schmitt,
Dayanim, and Matthias 503). Personal Homepage Construction as an Expression of Social
Development discusses how this new form of adolescent manifestation is private and allows
room for the improvement of social and technological skills. According to Schmitt, Dayanim and
Matthias, the Internet contributes to youth's identity development in a unique fashion (504).
Children, who make personal homepages, including social networking sites and blogs, typically
allow the unique chance to access a large variety of other kid’s self-expressions. It is important
for our youth to feel successful when they have mastered many skills in order to fully understand
what it is they are about from an identity formation aspect (Schmitt, Dayanim, and Matthias 504).
These sites have given adolescents the opportunity to not only express their self-identity, but
they are also expressing intimacy, socialization, and their own personal information as well. This
research shows that our youth use these sites as, “A place for underlying identity expression and
not external identity exploration” in terms of subjects such as wealth, appearance or ethnicity
(Schmitt, Dayanim, and Matthias 504). These authors discussed that as children age, the content

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they display through personal web pages, like social media and blogs, definitely increases as they
get older. As Schmitt and the others have noted, this could be the cause of fundamental changes
in the overall cognitive ability to think on a more abstract level (504). Other children may use
the Internet homepages for expanding their horizons from a social point of view in which they
communicate with more kids at their schools. This gives them the opportunity to form closer
relationships with their peers at school as well. Our youth seem to benefit from creating these
homepages through the Internet from many perspectives. These studies also show that here lie
gender differences in the creation of sites such as Facebook. Girls seem to use these homepages
to express information about themselves and their feelings towards other kids, while boys tend to
use homepages in order to create more online friends and experiment with their personal
identities online (Schmitt. Dayanim, Matthias 504).
Wen-Bin Chiou studied the personal effect of, “anonymity on adolescent’s sexual self-
disclosure on the web and the impact of topic intimacy on their reply intent for sexual disclosure”
(547). Based on a survey conducted on 1,347 adolescents, it was discovered that male kids were
far more likely to engage in some sort of sexual disclosure and to also respond to their internet
partner’s sexual disclosure. The results also showed that if the anonymity was greater than the
intent for sexual disclosure was greater as well (Chiou, 547). Also, the adolescents showed a
greater reply intent when the internet partner disclosed topics of sex with a greater intimacy level.
Studies also found that men tend to view pornography more often than women do as well. Males
are more often seen too engage in sexual self-disclosure because they seem to be active more in
online sexuality than likewise (Chiou, 550). When providing sexual disclosure through the
Internet, “individuals may present themselves either as more liberal or more conservative in
order to induce further interaction” (Chiou 550). The Internet alters an individual’s self-

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presentation in order to get further action and development of a relationship (Chiou, 557).
Overall the studies found that men are more likely to respond to an Internet partner’s disclosure
and indicated that males are more likely to become active in the exchanging of sexual disclosure.
The more the Internet partner was willing to disclose in a sexual manner, the greater the chance
of the male adolescent was to respond.
In a journal written by Wei Peng, Ming Liu and Yi Mou, there was an examination of the
relationship between a gamer’s aggressive personality and the aggressiveness of the gamers
game playing in violence oriented video games through the Internet. They decided conduct a
screen video stream in which 40 participants were captured through their game playing and the
gamers aggression was measured before the actual play as well. The overall result showed that
the gamers with much more physical aggressive personalities have a habit of engaging in a more
aggressive style of game play (Peng, Liu, Mou 157). Their study showed that personality in
terms of video game playing online through the Internet is a very significant factor and more
aggressive people were playing the game more aggressively as well as exposing themselves in a
more violent situation (159). However, this study did not find any important differences between,
“players of different aggressive personalities in terms of the frequency of the nonviolent
interaction and the consequence of their actions in the game” (Peng, Liu, Mou 160). In terms of
the players who displayed nonviolent interaction, players could rarely engage in a nonviolent
interaction based on the context on the given games used in the study. Game 1 was a game in
which you played as a police officer. These players were unsuccessful in solving the case in a
nonviolent manner due to the fact that their character would die. In the second game, Godfather,
these players had the option to use NPC's to follow their order; however this would not
necessarily help them reach their goal (Peng, Liu, Mou 160). Once the violence and fighting

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begun in the game, it was impossible to continue playing without killing a single person. The
authors made a valid point when stating that unlike TV, video games give the player the
opportunity to determine what content is displayed and how will the content be presented as well.
Every players gaming experience will vary tremendously.
I was able to interview the eighth grade students of Bullen Middle School with the help
of my old teacher Mrs. Powers. There were a total of 34 children to interview and I was given
the appropriate answers from each child. When asked how often the 34 kids used the Internet, the
average number of hours per day was between 4 and 6 hours a day. When asked do you use
inappropriate language or act of the violent material you see on the Internet in everyday
situations, over 80 percent of the middle schoolers said yes. When I asked why they do so, I got a
variety of different answers. Some of the kids said they swear because many people in their
school swear on video games or through social media. Other kids said that they like to swear
because they see normal people on YouTube that are not in movies swear, so they think it is
socially normal to swear at their age. When asked about the violent behaviors, a majority of the
kids that said yes were also male, more than 75 percent of the 80 percent. The boys said that
several people their age and high schoolers record fights on to social media sites that are open to
the public. The kids view these videos, and they think it is cool. Many of the children said that
watching fights on the Internet and playing fighting games gives them a rush. A few kids have
even been suspended several times throughout the school year for fighting in the lunchroom and
hallways. When asked how does the Internet explain any sexual behaviors, I didn’t get a one
sided response. Less than half of the kids have not experienced sexual behaviors yet from what
they were willing to talk about. However, 4 out of the 11 girls in the class said that they see girls
post “sexy” pictures of themselves on websites like Facebook and it makes them feel like they

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have to as well. While I didn’t ask if they were having sex or not, the girls voluntarily admitted
to viewing sexual content on the Internet and that watching the material makes them think they
are obligated to have sex. Most of the boy’s didn’t admit to watching pornography; however 90
percent of the boys in the class admitted to having sex at least once. When asked if the Internet
had anything to do with their behaviors, less than half of them said that the Internet makes it
easier to “hit up” girls to have sex. When asked what the children typically use the Internet for,
the most common responses were social media, video games and watching movies or clips on
YouTube. When asked how the Internet has changed their social life, I also got a various array of
answers. Most of the children said that the Internet has made it easier to contact their friends and
family without actually seeing them in person. Actually, most of the children preferred to talk to
people through the Internet than in person. When asked what the Internet has taught you about
sex, almost 75 percent of the classroom stated that the Internet makes sex seem normal for
everybody to do. A handful of the boys even went into detail about the correct way to have se,
which shocked me. When asked if the children were aggressive in general, less than 40 percent
of the kids said they were aggressive. When asked what does the Internet have to do with their
aggressive behavior, most of them said that they were aggressive before they started using the
Internet, but commonly the children said that violent video games and violent movies on the
Internet make them more wild and pumped.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, I found many different articles that brought up several valid points in terms
of the Internet and its violet, social and sexual behaviors on children. While many have both
fears and hopes for the Internet, there is much hope that the Internet will help educate our kids

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and hopefully make them better at their jobs. In Schmitt's journal entry, the creation the
homepages is an obvious positive aspect of a child’s personal identity (504). Overall, children
who create a homepage such as Facebook or blogs create a strong feeling of “mastery” in which
helps them express to other people on the Internet who they really are. Having their own
personal homepage gives them a level of comfort ability in terms of talking about themselves
that is more than the comfort level of discussing who they are in front of people. Because of the
Internet children are now able to, “experiment with different facets of themselves through this
new technology” (Schmitt, 504).
The way that children learn, overall, makes the common portrayal of drugs, sex and
violence within the media a very important contributor to the behavior of adolescents and
children (Earles, 799). Overall, children learn material through imitating and watching.
Television as well as the Internet teach positive and negative message to children about topics
like conflict resolution, gender roles, sexual gratification and courtship patterns (Earles, 799).
The large amount of television that is more commonly being viewed through the Internet is being
viewed by our youth and is commonly shaping their understanding of drugs, sexual behavior,
violent behavior, and stereotypes of women and men. The main effects of media influence are
increased violent and aggressive behavior, high risk behaviors and an increase in sexual activities
(Earles, 799).
In terms of violent video games on the Internet, “individual disposition is an important
factor that influences how people experience violence in a computer game” (Peng, Liu, Mou
160). However, it should be discussed that other factors like playing against the computer or
against an actual human being could influence how people play video games and how the

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experience playing the game as well. Overall, if you are an aggressive person to begin with, you
are more likely to act out aggressive behaviors after playing violent video games.
The types of programs a child watches should be closely monitored by their parents.
Preferably, these shows should be educational and also reinforce language and social skills
(Mwema, 7). As discussed before, violence through the media affects children based on fear,
desensitization to real violence and a steady increase in aggressive behavior. Children have a
habit of copying what people do through the media who, “inspire them on programs and movies
and make behaviors such as smoking and drinking seem acceptable” (Mwema, 6). Since the
Internet makes it easier for a child to view movies and television series, it should be stressed that
violence portrayed through television has the potential to lead to imitation, lack of empathy for a
humans suffering, and gives children an unrealistic dark view of life (Goodale, 1).
Parents underestimate their own child's exposure to content on the Internet that is deemed
negative (Cho, 502). Children are exposed to more harmful material through the Internet than
ever before. The Internet content that our children are viewing is more serious than most parents
think it is. Cho's study explains that “family relationship, interaction and control are important
antecedents of children’s exposure to negative Internet content.” (503). The harmful effects of
the Internet primarily deal with cognitive and social development. Children who use the Internet
have a hard time telling the difference between the real and cyber world, and the Internet also has
the potential to affect a child's social development in terms of identity confusion.
In terms of sexual behavior, studies done by Chiou show those adolescents are more
willing to self-disclose sexual content if the anonymity of disclosing condition was higher (554).
Overall, the studies show that males are more likely to disclose sexual content through the

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Internet than females. Adolescents show a greater intent to reply when the partner on the Internet
discloses topics of sex in both males and females. Males are often engaging in sexual disclosure
because it seems that they are more active in online sexuality.
Based on my results from interviewing the children at Bullen middle School, I found that
all of the children are activity on the Internet on a daily basis. The internet makes it easier for
these children to view inappropriate language and fighting material that they feel is normal
behavior. Social media has been used as a tool for promoting violent and inappropriate behavior
for children, as stated by most of the boys in the class. Boys seem to be the target audience for
violent material through social media sites as well as You-tube steaming since for more boys in
my study admitted to viewing violence on the Internet. Many boys in the interview that admitted
to getting into fights and acting aggressive stated that they play violent Internet video games and
view violent material through social media and movies. A large percentage of boys in my study
admitted to being sexually active, as well as viewing sexual material on the Internet. While most
of the girls explained that they were not sexual active, some of the girls at least had a sexual
mindset due to the viewing of “sexy pictures” of their classmates on social media sites. The girls
also stated that they watch sexual content through the Internet and claim that it is normal for a
girl their age to do so. Children in my study enjoy the use of social media sites because they feel
it makes it easier for them to contact friends and relatives. Most of the children even preferred
this kind of interface rather than face to face.
Overall, my studies show that the Internet definitely makes it easier for adolescents to
view violent and sexual material. As my research shows, many children who play violent video
games have a tendency to act out what they play in an aggressive manner. However, it occurs

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more often if the child is already aggressive to begin with. Most children that are not aggressive
to begin with will demonstrate violent behavior if they view violent content on the Internet. It is
obvious that parents are unaware of the content our children are viewing and it is obvious that
parents need to become more media literate in terms of the Internet and what it has to offer. The
internet has slowly become a world that makes it easier for young kids to promote inappropriate,
violent and sexual behavior, especially in the conversation of social media websites. My personal
interviews show that boys are becoming sexual active at an early age and commonly view
violent material through the use of the Internet. Young girls see sexy pictures of their classmates
on Facebook and think it is reasonable for them to do the same. From a social perspective,
children find it easier to communicate with their friends through electronic devices rather than up
close in person. While material on the Internet has the potential to affect a child's life negatively,
it is safe to say that there are no guaranties. Violent and sexual material influences a young
child's mind, but it doesn't necessarily mean that it will indefinitely. As my personal interviews
showed, not every boy and girl that is viewing violent and sexual material on the Internet is
demonstrating sexual and aggressive behaviors. In conclusion, the Internet offers material that
has the potential to influence violent and sexual material. The Internet also has the potential to
negatively affect a child’s social development. However, these forms of harmful material do not
affect every child the same.

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REFERENCES
Earles, K.A, Alexander, Randell, Johnson, Melba, Liverpool, Joan & McGhee, Melissa. (2002).
Media Influences on Children and Adolescents: Violence and Sex. J Natl Med Assoc, 94(9),
797–801.
Mwema, Abel. (2011). Effects of media Violence on Children. Pediatrics for Parents, 27(9/10), 6-
7.
Goodale, Gloria. (1996). Battles of media violence move to a new frontier: The internet.
Christian Science Monior. 88 (257), 10.
Cho, Chang-Hoan,Cheon, Hongsik John. (2005). Childrens exposure to negative internet content:
Effects of family context. Journal of Broadcasting & Elcetronic Media. 49(4), 488-509.
Schmitt, Kelly, Dayanim, Shoshana & Matthias, Stacy. (2008). Personal homepage construction
as an expression of social development. Developmental Psychology. 44(2), 496-506.
Chiou, Wen-Bin. (2006). Adolescents sexual self-disclosure on the internet: Deindividuation and
impression management. Adolescence. 41(163), 547-561.
Peng, Wei, Liu, Ming & Mou, Yi. (2008). Do aggressive people play violent video games in a
more aggressive way? Individual difference and idiosyncratic game-playing experience.
Cyberpsychology & Behavior: The Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on
Behavior and Society. 11(2), 157-161.