3. Introduction
Pfizer Inc:
an American multinational pharmaceutical corporation;
headquarters in New York City, New York;
area served covering worldwide;
one of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies by revenues;
a world’s premier biopharmaceutical company, based on research;
research headquarters in Groton, Connecticut.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer
5. History
In 1849, German-American cousins Charles Pfizer and Charles
Erhart founded Charles Pfizer & Company as a fine-chemicals
business in Brooklyn, NY;
The Civil War pushed the promotion of Pfizer, because of increasing
demand for painkillers, preservatives and disinfectants soars;
In 1868, Pfizer's original administrative headquarters moved to 81
Maiden Lane in Manhattan;
After the Civil War, Pfizer soon became a leader in the American
chemical business and its major product was citric acid;
http://www.pfizer.com/about/history/1849-1899
6. History
During World War II, Pfizer expanded quickly by the reason that
Pfizer alone used fermentation technology to pursue mass
production of penicillin;
In 1950, Pfizer's discovery and commercialization of Terramycin
transformed the company from a manufacturer of fine chemicals to a
research-based pharmaceutical company;
In 1951, in a major international expansion, Pfizer operations were
established in Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cuba, England, Mexico, Panama,
and Puerto Rico;
During the 1980s and 1990s, Pfizer Corporation growth was
sustained by the discovery and marketing of Zoloft, Lipitor, Viagra
and so on.
http://www.pfizer.com/about/history/1951-1999 & https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer
7. History
Since 2000, Pfizer has grown by merger, including those with
Warner–Lambert (2000) and Pharmacia (2003);
In 2009, Pfizer bought pharmaceuticals rival Wyeth for a combined
$68 billion, and acquired King Pharmaceuticals for $3.6 billion in
2010;
On February 1st 2013, Zoetis, a subsidiary of Pfizer, spun off and
its IPO sold 86.1 million shares for US$ 2.2 billion;
In February 2015, Pfizer and Hospira agreed that Pfizer would
acquire Hospira for $15.2 billion.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer & http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2015/02/05/pfizer-to-buy-hospira-a-drug-maker-for-15-2-billion-in-cash/
9. Responsibility
U.S. Patient Assistance Program
help eligible patients get access to their Pfizer medicines;
offer a range of support services, including insurance counseling,
co-pay help, providing Pfizer medicines for free or at a savings, and
more;
be provided through Pfizer RxPathways™, a joint program of Pfizer
Inc and the Pfizer Patient Assistance Foundation™;
from 2010-2014, helped nearly 2.5 million patients in need get
access to over 31 million Pfizer prescriptions, valued at more than
$7.9 billion;
last more than 25 years.
http://www.pfizer.com/responsibility
10. Board of Directors
W. Don Cornwell
Age: 67
Founder and Retired Chairman and CEO
Granite Broadcasting Corporation
Joseph J. Echevarria
Age: 58
Retired CEO
Deloitte LLP
Dennis A. Ausiello M.D.
Age: 70
Director
Center for Assessment Technology and Continuous Health (CATCH)
Frances D. Fergusson Ph.D.
Age: 71
President Emeritus
Vassar College
http://www.pfizer.com/about/leadership_and_structure/meet_board
11. Board of Directors
Helen H. Hobbs M.D.
Age: 63
Investigator
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
James M. Kilts
Age: 67
Founding Partner
Centerview Capital
Shantanu Narayen
Age: 52
President and CEO
Adobe Systems Inc
Suzanne Nora Johnson
Age: 58
Retired Vice Chairman
The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc
http://www.pfizer.com/about/leadership_and_structure/meet_board
12. Board of Directors
Stephen W. Sanger
Age: 69
Retired Chairman and CEO
General Mills
ames C. Smith
Age: 56
President and CEO
Thomson Reuters Corporation
Ian C. Read
Age: 62
Chairman and CEO
Pfizer
http://www.pfizer.com/about/leadership_and_structure/meet_board
13. CEO
Chairman of the Board & CEO
Also is Chairman of the Board of PhRMA and serves on the
Boards of Kimberly-Clark and the Partnership for New York
City;
Was born in Scotland in 1953, and then grew up in Rhodesia
(now Zimbabwe) ;
Received B.Sc. in chemical engineering from London
University Imperial College in 1974 ;
Earned Chartered Accountants certification from the Institute
of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales in 1978 ;
Ian C. Read
Age: 62
http://www.pfizer.com/about/leadership_and_structure/leadership_executives/ian_c__read
14. CEO
From 1978, worked for Pfizer as an operational auditor；
Through 1995, worked in Latin America, holding positions from CFO
of Pfizer Mexico to Country Manager of Pfizer Brazil, and in 1996, was
appointed President of Pfizer's International Pharmaceuticals Group,
with responsibility for Latin America and Canada；
In 2000, was appointed Executive Vice President of Europe; in 2001,
was named a Corporate Vice President and assumed responsibility
for Canada; in 2002, became accountable for operations in both the
Africa/Middle East region and Latin America as well;
From 2006 to 2010, led the Pfizer Worldwide Biopharmaceutical
Businesses, as Senior Vice President;
On December 5 2010, became CEO of Pfizer.
Ian C. Read
Age: 62
http://www.pfizer.com/about/leadership_and_structure/leadership_executives/ian_c__read
15. CFO
Frank D'Amelio
Age:57
EVP, Business Operations & CFO
Received Bachelor’s degree in Accounting from St. Peter’s
College;
Earned MBA in Finance from St. John’s University;
From 1979 to 2007, Worked for Bell Laboratories, AT&T and
Lucent, holding a variety of financial, accounting and general
management positions;
In September 2007, started to worked for Pfizer, and in December
2010, was appointed as CFO;
In 2005, 2006, 2011, 2012 and 2013, was ranked among
America’s top CFOs by Institutional Investor magazine.
http://www.pfizer.com/about/leadership_and_structure/leadership_executives/frank_d_amelio
16. Mikael Dolsten
President of Worldwide Research and Development & EVP
Earned his Ph.D. in tumor immunology and M.D. from the
University of Lund in Sweden in 1988;
Studied virology and cell biology at the Weizmann Institute in Israel
and has been appointed as Adjunct Professor in Immunology at
the Medical Faculty in Lund;
From June 2008 to October 2009, Senior vice president of Wyeth
and President of Wyeth Research;
In 2009, joined Pfizer and in December 2010, was appointed
President of Worldwide Research and Development;
Has several patents and published approximately 150 articles in
international journals.
http://www.pfizer.com/about/leadership_and_structure/leadership_executives/mikael_dolsten_m_d_ph_d_
President of Research
17. Other NEOs
Geno Germano
Group President, Global Innovative Pharma Business
Joined Pfizer from Wyeth Pharmaceutica;
With more than 25 years of international experience in the
pharmaceutical industry, held many positions including Executive Vice
President and General Manager
John Young
Group President, Global Established Pharma Business
Earned Bachelor of Science degree in Biology from Glasgow University
and an MBA from Strathclyde Graduate Business School;
Joined Pfizer in 1987, led Pfizer’s global Primary Care organization,
prior to assuming leadership of the Global Established Pharma business.
http://www.pfizer.com/about/leadership_and_structure/leadership_executives/geno_germano &
http://www.pfizer.com/about/leadership_and_structure/leadership_executives/john_young
22. Products
Lipitor was the world's top-selling drug from 1996 to 2012.
Over 14.5 years, it has made over $125 billion in sales, and has
provided up to a quarter of Pfizer Inc.'s annual revenue for years.
http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20111228/HEALTH_CARE/111229902
LIPITOR
lipid toro
Atorvastatin
25. The Story
• Akira Endo Is a Japanese Biochemist.
• His research into the relationship
between fungi and cholesterol biosynthesis
led to the discovery of statin drugs in 1971.
• He was awarded the 22nd Japan Prize in 2006
and the Lasker Award in 2008.
oyster mushroom Aspergillus terreus
Red Yeast Rice
Endo, Akira (2004). "The origin of the statins". International Congress Series 1262: 3–8.
http://www.scienceheroes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=135
26. Cholesterol Regulation Metabolism
• The 1985 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Michael S. Brown and
Joseph L. Goldstein, “for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol
metabolism.” Their work on HMGR and LDL elucidated the regulatory complexity of
cholesterol synthesis.
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1985/
27. Lipitor (Atorvastatin)
Achievements
• In 1985 Atorvastatin was invented by Bruce Roth.
• He synthesized a chiral side chain similar to HMG-CoA
reductase binding substrate.
• 1981 Ph.D in Organic Chemistry form Iowa State University.
• 1982 Medicinal Chemist at Warner Lambert Company.
• 2000 Vice president of chemistry at pfizer.
• 2007 Vice president of Discovery Chemistry at Genentech.
Awards
• 1997 Warner Lambert Distinguished Scientific Achievement
Award.
• 1999 Inventor of the Year Award by NYIP Law Association.
• 2003 Creative Invention award and on 2008 Hero of
Chemistry by American Chemical Society.
http://www.chemheritage.org/about/news-and-press/press-releases/2013-05-30-bruce-roth-to-receive-2013-sci-perkin-medal.aspx
28. Lipitor (Atorvastatin)
• Member of drug class Statins.
• Completely synthetic drug.
• It inhibits 3- hydroxy-3-
methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-
CoA) reductase, found in liver.
• It effect was more spectacular in
reducing LDL levels than any of the
other statins drugs.
• The major medical use of
Atorvastatin is to treat dyslipidemia
which can lead to Atherosclerosis
and other cardiovascular and non-
cardiovascular diseases.
Atorvastatin
Adams, S. P., Tsang, M., & Wright, J. M. (2015). Lipid lowering efficacy of atorvastatin. The Cochrane Library.
29. Lipoproteins
High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)- GOOD
Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) BAD
Coronary Heart Disease and other
cardiovascular diseases
World Leading Cause of Death
Cholesterol & Lipoproteins
• Cholesterol is a very significant
Biological Molecule. (Ex: Cell
membrane, Vitamin D and
precursor of steroid Hormones).
• Cholesterol is biosynthesized
internally, not dietary.
• Lipoproteins are molecule made
of proteins and fat.
• Cholesterol use lipoproteins to
bind to and move within
vascular system.
Cholesterol
Cox RA, García-Palmieri MR. Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and Associated Lipoproteins. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical
, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 31. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK351/
33. Atherosclerosis New Prospective
Complex interactions:
• Vascular Endothelial Cells.
• Inflammatory Leukocyte.
• Cholesterol Transporting Lipoproteins.
• Cardiovascular Risk Factors.
Peter Libby, MD; Paul M. Ridker, MD; Attilio Maseri, MD. Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. American Heart Association
34. Thrombosis
Acute coronary syndrome and stroke
Causes the most dramatic clinical consequences of atherosclerosis
Peter Libby, MD; Paul M. Ridker, MD; Attilio Maseri, MD. Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. American Heart Association
35. Atherosclerosis & Lipoproteins
• Imbalance in plasma
lipoproteins contribute
importantly in atherosclerosis.
• High LDL
• High triglyceride lipoproteins
VLDL- Very Low Density
Lipoproteins.
IDL- Intermediate Density
Lipoproteins.
• Low HDL
• Will increase the risks of
atherosclerosis.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3330421
36. • All cells require cholesterol & lipoproteins
• Lipoproteins normally package cholesterol (insoluble molecule) in a
form redly transported in the blood.
• Factors such as unhealthy diet or genetic disposition over low this
essential lipid transport pathway and contribute to dyslipidemia
that promote atherosclerosis disease
Cholesterol & Lipoproteins
Peter Libby, MD; Paul M. Ridker, MD; Attilio Maseri, MD. Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. American Heart Association
37. Body Management of Cholesterol
• Begins in the liver.
• High LDL can results from:
1. Excessive production of triglyceride rich VLDL.
2. Inadequate uptake of LDL by liver and peripheral cells due to low numbers of or
genetic defect in LDL receptors.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3330421
38. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
• Synthesis of cholesterol begins
in the cytosol.
• Thee molecules of Acetyl-Co
Enzyme A interact to form 3-
hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-
coenzyme A (HMG- CoA).
• HMG-Coa then react with
HMG-CoA reductase (an
enzyme that reside in the
membrane of the smooth
endoplasmic reticulum.
Rate
Limiting
Step Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
The Coenzyme (substrate)
HMG-CoA reductase
(enzyme)
https://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/cholesterol.htm
39. HMG- CoA Reductase
• Tetrameric macro-molecule.
• Active site is deep within each
monomer.
• Four binding sites one within
each monomer.
Cholesterol Biosynthesis
https://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/cholesterol.htm
40. • HMG- CoA Reductase using
NADPH catalysis the reduction
of HMG-CoA to Mevalonate
• Mevalonate undergoes several
subsequent transformation to
form other steroid precursor,
and ultimately cholesterol.
Cholesterol Biosynthesis
Rate
Limiting
Step
https://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/cholesterol.htm
https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/Courses/CEM958/FS06_SS07/Amand.pdf
41. Statins
Statins by inhibiting cholesterol
synthesis in the liver can:
• lower LDL levels
• Improve the overall lipoproteins
profile
• Significantly reduce clinical
cardiovascular events in several ways.
42. Statin Inhibition
HMG- CoA Reductase binding site, with
statin partially bind to it.
• Statin competitively bind the
active site of HMG-CoA
reducatase.
• Statin inhibits the conversion
of HMG-CoA to Mevalonate.
• Therefore it alter the pathway
that leads to cholesterol.
Lipitor
Lipitor
Gaw A, Packard CJ, Shepherd J. Statins: The HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors in Perspective. London, England: Martin Dunitz Ltd, 2000. [: ISBN
43. What Can Cause AtherosclerosisStatin Inhibition Binding HMG- CoA Reductase
Polar interactions are formed between the HMG-moiety and residues that are
located in the cis loop of the enzyme. These polar interactions are between
Ser684, Asp690, Lys691 and Lys692
Rosuvastatin
• Statin enter a narrow binding
pocket and form 8 to 12
binding interaction with
hydrophobic moieties lining
the pocket
• Pockets undergoes
conformational change
• Actual molecular details of
statin binding to the active
site
stvan, Eva S.; Deisenhofer, Johann (May 2001). "Structural Mechanism for Statin Inhibition of HMG-CoA Reductase". Science Magazine 292
44. Statins
Gaw A, Packard CJ, Shepherd J. Statins: The HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors in Perspective. London, England: Martin Dunitz Ltd, 2000. [: ISBN
45. Statins
Gaw A, Packard CJ, Shepherd J. Statins: The HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors in Perspective. London, England: Martin Dunitz Ltd, 2000. [: ISBN
46. Statins
Gaw A, Packard CJ, Shepherd J. Statins: The HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors in Perspective. London, England: Martin Dunitz Ltd, 2000. [: ISBN
47. Feedback by SREBPs
• Statin therapy inhibits intercellular
cholesterol synthesis, causing
cholesterol levels in the cell to fall.
• Changes in cholesterol levels
triggers sensing mechanisms.
• These sensing mechanisms are
proteins bound to intercellular
membranes called sterol regulatory
elements binding proteins SREBPs.
• In particular activation of SREBPs by
low cholesterol, increase
transcription of the LDL receptor
gene.
• The consequent rise in LDL receptor
number, promotes capture of LDL &
VLDL from the blood to maintain
cellular cholesterol homeostasis
Low
cholesterol
levels
Signal
SREBPs
Activate LDL
receptor
transcription
http://www.utsouthwestern.edu/labs/beutler/research/new-genes.html
48. Feedback by SREBPs
• SREBPs also:
increase the synthesis of HMG- CoA reductase.
Reduce cellular pools of cholesterol.
slow the rate of VLDL production.
• Statin therapy can therefore lower blood VLDL levels, as a result,
levels of HDL may rise because of reduced transfer of cholesterol
ester from HDL to VLDL by cholesterol ester transfer protein.
http://www.utsouthwestern.edu/labs/beutler/research/new-genes.htmlhttp://www.utsouthwestern.edu/labs/beutler/research/new-genes.html
51. Why Lipitor
Comparing Different pharmacological Statins properties
Vaughan, Carl J.; Gotto, Jr., Antonio M. (June 2004). "Update on Statins: 2003". Circulation, Journal of the American heart association 110
52. Future Research
In this study three-dimensional quantitative structure−activity relationship (3D QSAR) with comparative
molecular field analysis (CoMFA) was performed on a training set of up to 35 statins and statin-like
compounds. Predictive models were established by using two different ways: (1) Models-fit
Qing Y. Zhang,†, Jian Wan,*,†, Xin Xu,*,‡, Guang F. Yang,†, Yan L. Ren,†, Jun J. Liu,†, Hui Wang,§ and, and Yu Guo§. Structure-Based Rational Quest for
Potential Novel Inhibitors of Human HMG-CoA Reductase by Combining CoMFA 3D QSAR Modeling and Virtual Screening. Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 2007
53. Patient Information
Indication & Usage
• Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
• Hyperlipidemia.
• Lipitor has not been studied in conditions
where the major lipoprotein abnormality is
elevation of chylomicrons.
http://www.lipitor.com/ (Patient Information)
http://labeling.pfizer.com/ShowLabeling.aspx?id=587#page=23
54. Patient Information
Administration
• orally, once a day, with or without
food. Take the medicine at the same
time each day.
• Do not break or crush a tablet before
taking it.
• Avoid foods that are high in fat or
cholesterol, alcohol, and grapefruit
and grapefruit juice.
http://www.lipitor.com/ (Patient Information)
http://labeling.pfizer.com/ShowLabeling.aspx?id=587#page=23
55. Patient Information
Dosage Forms & Strengths
• White.
• Elliptical.
• Film-coated tablets.
• 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg atorvastatin
calcium.
http://www.lipitor.com/ (Patient Information)
http://labeling.pfizer.com/ShowLabeling.aspx?id=587#page=23
56. Patient Information
Contraindications; Caution should be used!
• In patients with active liver disease or with unexplained
elevation of liver function enzyme levels.
• Not safe for women who are pregnant or may become
pregnant.
• Women who require Lipitor Shouldn’t breastfeed infants.
http://www.lipitor.com/ (Patient Information)
http://labeling.pfizer.com/ShowLabeling.aspx?id=587#page=23
58. Patient Information
• Warning & Precautions
• Certain other drugs can increase
your risk of serious muscle
problems, and it is very important
that your doctor knows if you are
using any of them.
• Tell your doctor about all your
current medicines and any you start
or stop using, especially:
Antibiotic or antifungal medicine;
Birth control pills;
Cholesterol-lowering medication;
Heart medication; or
Medicine to treat HIV or AIDS.
http://www.lipitor.com/ (Patient Information)
http://labeling.pfizer.com/ShowLabeling.aspx?id=587#page=23
60. SWOT Analysis
Strength
‧Large pharmaceutical company
‧Excellent research and development
‧Mergers with big pharma brands
‧Strong brand name
Opportunity
‧Strategic agreements
‧Increasing awareness about healthcare
‧Global penetration
‧Increasing demand for healthcare
Weakness
‧Competitors
‧Patents expiration
Threat
‧Risk of unsuccessful new Products
‧Regulatory environment become stringent
‧Economic slowdown in European markets
61. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
Revenues 49,605 51,584 54,657 61,035 61,591
Research and
development
expenses
8,393 6,678 7,482 9,074 9,483
Total assets 169,274 172,101 185,798 188,002 195,014
(Millions)
AS OF AND FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31
63. SWOT Analysis
Strength
‧Large pharmaceutical company
‧Excellent research and development
‧Mergers with big pharma brands
‧Over 100,000 employees
‧Strong brand name
Opportunity
‧Strategic agreements
‧Increasing awareness about healthcare
‧Global penetration
‧Increasing demand for healthcare
Weakness
‧Competitors
‧Patents expiration
Threats
‧Risk of unsuccessful new Products
‧Regulatory environment become stringent
‧Economic slowdown in European markets
64. After being a patent-protected monopoly for
14 years on the market…
Here come to an inevitable
challenge…
65. Fight with this challenge
• Pay-for-Delay
• Authorized Generic
• Acquire King Pharmaceuticals
• Lipitor Choice
• Increases Retail Price
• Marketing
• Over-The-Counter Version
66. Pay-for-Delay
• Federal Trade Commission
can delay the launching of generic version by paying
• Hatch-Waxman Act
a 180-day marketing exclusivity period
• Ranbaxy
the first manufacturer approved selling generic Lipitor
67. Pay-for-delay
• Pfizer and Ranbaxy entered into an agreement
in 2008
Ranbaxy: can sell a generic Caduet seven years earlier
Pfizer: get more time for the preparation of new drug
launching.
• Ranbaxy launched the first generic version of
Lipitor on December 1, 2011
http://www.drugsdepot.co
m/catalog.php/drugsdepot/
pg17538
68. Authorized Generic
• What is “Authorized generics”
the prescription drug produced by brand pharmaceutical
company and marketed under a private label, at generic price
• Watson Pharmaceuticals
is a global pharmaceutical company now known for Actavis
69. Authorized Generic
• Authorized generic of Lipitor launching
Watson: can launch an authorized generic of Lipitor at the
same time as Ranbaxy
Pfizer: can take 70 % of its Lipitor-related profits from Watson
http://www.thestar.com/life/health_wellnes
s/2014/10/14/ontario_health_minister_pled
ges_review_of_generic_drug_costs.html
70. Market Share of AtorvastatinMarketShare(%)
http://www.firstpost.com/investing/lipitor-sales-why-ranbaxys-rs-2983-cr-loss-wont-worry-investors-223915.html
71. Acquire King Pharmaceuticals
• Expand the product line of pain relief
On October 12, 2010, Pfizer acquired King Pharmaceuticals
• The most attractive product
Flector Patch
EpiPen
epinephrine autoinjector
emergency delivery of medications
http://medlibrary.org/lib/rx/meds/flec
tor-1/page/4/
http://www.thisweeknews.com/content/sto
ries/dublin/news/2015/10/06/board-
considering-change-to-its-medical-
policies.html
72. Lipitor Choice
• “Lipitor for you” in 2011
• The latest version launched in 2014
• How does LIPITOR Choice work
$4 for a 30-day supply: patients whose insurance plans cover
LIPITOR up to a $130 out-of-pocket cost
$30 for a 30-day supply: patients whose insurance plans do
not cover LIPITOR, or over $130 out-of-pocket cost, uninsured
patients, as well as Medicare Part D patients
https://www.lipitor.com/choice-card
73. Increases Retail Price
More than four times
the average annual
price increase
Rx Price Watch Case Study: Efforts to Reduce the Impact of Generic Competition for Lipitor. AARP Public Policy Institute
74. Marketing
• Pfizer still maintained high levels of marketing
spending before the patent expired.
75. Over-The-Counter Version
• What is “OTC”
sold directly to a consumer without a prescription
• Tried to persuade the FDA to allow it to sell
Lipitor over the counter
• Did they make it?
The study did not meet its primary objectives of
demonstrating patient compliance with the direction to check
their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level and,
after checking their LDL-C level, take appropriate action based
on their test results. Based on dialogue with the FDA about
the program and analysis of this data, the program was
terminated.
76. How these strategies works
• Can still keep some market
http://seekingalpha.com/article/1516292-bitter-pill-of-expiring-patents-to-swallow-for-pfizer
77. What is Pfizer going to work on
• Alliances and licensing arrangements
helps Pfizer reduce R&D expenses
• Acquisition with other company
boost growth of Pfizer
• Product pipeline
As of October 27, 2015http://www.pfizer.com/research/science_and_technology/product_pipeline
Cholesterol is a very significant Biological Molecule. (Ex: Cell membrane, and precursor of steroid Hormones)
Cholesterol is biosynthesized internally, not dietary.
They use lipoproteins to bind to and movie within vascular system.
Polar interactions are formed between the HMG-moiety and residues that are located in the cis loop of the enzyme. These polar interactions are between Ser684, Asp690, Lys691 and Lys692
