Two motor development cases: 1. Sport and exercise in the aged – therapy or mortality? 2. Sporting opportunities for the movement impaired.

BSc (Hons) Sports Science and Coaching
Applied Reflective
Account – Immaturity
SPO030-3 Cases in Lifespan Motor Development and Impairment
Carl Page (1008889)
University of Bedfordshire
Mr. K Roberts

Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 2
Identify and Selected Key Concepts and Principles .......................................................... 2
Comment on the Robustness of the Body of Knowledge (Issues Conceptually,
Methodologically Etc.)............................................................................................................. 3
Consider How the Selected Concepts and Principles Can Be Applied Clearly Stating
Any Caveats ............................................................................................................................. 5
Clear Statement of the Guidance to Practitioners .............................................................. 7
References ............................................................................................................................... 8
Appendices ............................................................................................................................. 13
Carl Page (1008889) Page 2 BSc (Hons) Sports Science and Coaching
Introduction
In this assignment involves focusing on the motor development case “Talent
identification in the young performer”. This comes from building reasons which
encourage various theoretical points on appropriate cases in lifespan motor
development and impairment matters within sport, physical activity and Physical
Education. Also I will be commenting on the robustness of the body of knowledge
such as the concepts and methodology issues. Likewise signify how the selected
concepts and principles can be applied clearly stating any caveats. Finally,
demonstrate a comprehension of performing and knowledge in sport with a clear
statement of the guidance to practitioner’s actions.
Identify and Selected Key Concepts and Principles
Talent Identification is most frequently defined and identified using performance and
potential, for instance recognised as ‘that process by which children are encouraged
to participate in the sports at which they are most likely to succeed, based on results
of testing selected parameters. These parameters are designed to predict
performance capacity, taking into account the child's current level of fitness and

maturity.’ (Appendix 2). Plus Bailey, (2012) specifies mainly they use the same
techniques as the adults; specifically this includes some sort of scientific analysis,
observations of their previous competition and training and cohort comparisons.
Hence Martindale (2005) revealed when trying to identify and select young
performers with potential from performance criteria; such as the screening influences
of particular maturity stages and their previous performances.
In contrast Gray & Plucker (2010) suggests physical maturity by itself does not
predict future talent; this bias to misinterpret early physical maturation for physical
talent is equally further problematic. Similarly with the maturation rates of the young
performers since distinguish differences between talent and those who are simply
more physically mature (SportsCoachUK, 2012). This importantly augmented with
Sutherland, (2005) as could lead the young performer reaching a plateau and they
could drop off well before they have achieved anything great in their sport (Endless
Human Potential, 2012).
So for when sport specialisation should occur and Falk et al. (2004) indicates the
young performer’s talent detection of chronological, biological and cognitive ages.
Whereas there is a considerable amount of resources is needed for this to occur
which are regularly not available for sporting organisations. In the same way Bottoni
et al. (2011) warns a lot of the processes required for talent identification such as the
time and investment needed. For that reason Long Term Athlete Development,
(2012) recommends the principles of TIPS – Technique, Intelligence, Personality and
Speed to test or identify and monitor talent. Along with the other methods to be used
for selecting talented performance for example scouting and testing (Appendix 1).
Comment on the Robustness of the Body of Knowledge (Issues Conceptually,
Methodologically Etc.)
Primarily though there are limited research papers which observed the success of a
battery of motor tests in the separation concerning that of young performers who are
talented and those who are less so (Lidor et al. 2005). Plus supporting evidence from

Utley and Astill (2008) proposes guidelines with regard to assessing learning and
performance, and any experiment examining learning should consider using transfer
tests. They are essential seeing as the context, skill or both can be manipulated to
make the task novel. Nevertheless Walker et al. (2010) implies that talent is
particularly tough to define and its identification may depend on intuitive judgements.
In spite of this Hohmann & Seidel (2003) exposed the issues related with talent
identification and forecasting future development through being best exemplified of
the term ‘season-of-birth’. For instance there is a recognised selection biases
towards the young performers who are physically mature for various sports for
example in football, rugby and tennis then the opposite for gymnastics (Wolstencroft,
2005). As mentioned before this selection bias is also noticed by Simmons &
Geoffrey (2001) for age-category in team sports occurring because there is an
importance of winning at any cost. To such an extent figure 1 illustrating when
ultimately the other young performers get closer to their early developed cohorts; this
ensues understanding that these were not extra talented when in fact only had
matured at a faster rate and are classified as being unexpected “Non-Achievers”.
Figure 1. Performance and selection (cf. Hohmann & Carl. 2002, p. 10) In Chun, J.
(2007) Identifying Highly Talented Athletes: Conception and Design of an Expert
System: Specific to Track and Field. Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag
Whilst studies from Williams & Reilly (2000) also added issues to that the
assumptions about young talented male performers can be generalised to females.
So importantly there is a need for a clear system to offer a philosophy that rationally
pushes the purposes and the systems of talent identification (Martindale et al., 2005).

Consequently examinations into talent identification and development are broadened
to tackle issues associated to young performers of both genders. Although Brown,
(2001) discovered talent even when it is present and accounted for does not always
guarantee athletic excellence.
Consider How the Selected Concepts and Principles Can Be Applied Clearly
Stating Any Caveats
Although mainly because of the young performer’s varying growth patterns makes
Talent Identification not very reliable in forecasting their prospected accomplishments
(Topend Sports Network, 2012). However there are several long-established and
current talent identification models, such as Scotland’s Sport Interactive and
Australia’s Talent Search with sports like basketball, rowing and swimming. In
agreement which Bailey, et al. (2010) acknowledges some sports talent identification
use anthropometric measurements e.g. rowers requires a person to have great
stature and arm reach with a superb aerobic fitness. Likewise Hill, (2007)
acknowledges Australia and the UK are presently applying more scientific
approaches in trying to identify sporting potential in the young performers.
The England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) reports Talent Identification is done
through subjectively assessing whether the cricketer meets their explanatory criteria
on attitude, aptitude, athleticism and the coach’s instinct see Appendix 3. Whereas
Bailey, (2012) signifying it being practically unlikely to form any valid and reliable
assessments of the young performers sporting performance which is able to be
interpreted in relations of talent. Although being presented in figure 2 the young
performer demonstrates the required talent and proper motivation to increase their
chances of becoming elite athletes (Brook, 2009).
Figure 2. Aptitude to Self Actualisation
(Brook, 2009)

The specific tests of definite physical attributes for sporting potential e.g. sprint
cyclists is their leg power and body height/weight ratio (Topend Sports Network,
2012). However as Smith, (2007) proves even with those with the certain physical
attributes for example a runner in their talent identification programme this shall
mean little if the performer is not enthusiastic. In contrast Vaeyens et al. (2008) puts
forward thoughts to upsurge the effectiveness of talent identification and
development programmes; a multidimensional strategy along with establishing
situation specific exercises when identifying talent in young performers. Conversely
ScUK Coaching and Stafford (2005) signifies previously that talent identification and
development may have been an ignored field. Whereby Appendix 1 presents the
particular simple scouting requirements used to analyse the young performer by
means of the types of testing;
Physical
Physiological
Psychological
Technical
However media publications argue this for instance BBC Wales, (2012) states that
UK Sport and the English Institute of Sport (EIS) have a systematic long term plan for
success. This is because the initiative of Talent ID campaigns are purposely ran to
discover those athletes who have the raw material for World Class success. Also
Robinson, (2011) discovered that talent identification and development system is
working effectively. Although recommended by Tameside PE and Sport (2011)
indicating more work is essential for safeguarding the application of a widespread
talent pathway for all young performers including those with disabilities. Nevertheless
with the difficulty of separation concerning talent and physical development, this must
not be undervalued because it can considerably influence on some beliefs of Talent
Identification set-ups (SportsCoachUK, 2012). Nonetheless Long Term Athlete
Development, (2012) testifies for many sports, the outcome (talent) and obtaining
normative data is unknown.
Plus Burgess, (2007) continues demonstrating it can be challenging to identify a
specific sport that is well-matched for a young performer since they will usually show
good varied skills. Therefore conducting the talent identification programs for the

correct age of individual sports makes it quite tricky. Whereby other studies from
various professionals believe young performers to specialise in a specific sport
before they turn thirteen could be damaging. On the other hand different individuals
believe before the young performers are twelve years old need encouragement of
efficient skill development through guiding those performers to experience various
sports (Appendix 2). In spite of this Chun, (2007) gives evidence for the possible
difference involving young performers real age and their biological age. The Matthew
Effect in figure 3 even occurs whenever class mates compare each other generally
being much faster, taller and more muscular.
Figure 3. The Matthew Effect. (Tucker & Dugas, 2009)
Clear Statement of the Guidance to Practitioners
A practitioner must follow Brown, (2001) advice of objectively measuring
individual’s sporting ability by the way of being patient with the late bloomer
and avoiding burnout.
A sports coach has to be aware of the assessment variables such as the
young performer’s mental ability, speed of abilities development, utilisation of
endogenous and exogenous resources, load and stress tolerance (Bottoni et
al. 2011).
Also have knowledge that young performer’s skeletons and muscles should be
allowed to be developed and grow without increasing the risk of injury.
The difference between early and late maturation of young performers.

It is important to know sports scientists have the responsibility of collaborating
with coaches, scouts and administrators as highlight key components of the
talent identification and development process (Williams & Reilly, 2000).
Likewise early identification of talented athletes Abbott & Collins (2004)
advocates is becoming an ever increasingly key significance.
Finally Martindale et al. (2005) revealed the model of effective talent
identification and development procedures emerging from the literature as
shown in Appendix 4.
References
Paper Books
ScUK Coaching and Stafford, I. (2005) Coaching for long-term athlete development:
to improve participation and performance in sport [Book]. Leeds: Coachwise
Business Solutions on behalf Sports Coach UK.
Utley, A. and Astill, S. (2008) Motor Control, Learning and Development. Taylor &
Francis: Oxon.
Online Books
Brown, J. (2001) Sports Talent: How to Identify and Develop Outstanding Athletes.
Champaign, IL. Leeds: Human Kinetics. (Online) Available at:
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LRefLc_n4pIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Talent+i
dentification&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hRmqUKu9CKuX0QXOgYH4Cg&ved=0CEoQ6AEwB
w#v=onepage&q=Talent%20identification&f=false (Accessed on: 12/11/2012)
Chun, J. (2007) Identifying Highly Talented Athletes: Conception and Design of an
Expert System: Specific to Track and Field. Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag. (Online)
Available at:
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qHcHdCiekuwC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=peltol
a+talent+identification&source=bl&ots=9Zqb3CZkYj&sig=lTUfQxZI_rNTRDheI_TeHD
n7WZg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2ozdUKmJE4Kd0QWbtoHIBw&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=o
nepage&q=peltola%20talent%20identification&f=false (Accessed on: 28/12/2012)

Hill, M. (2007) In Pursuit of Excellence: A Student Guide to Elite Sports
Development. Oxon: Routledge. (Online) Available at:
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2egTwKj9gYsC&pg=PA103&dq=Talent+identific
ation+in+the+young+performer&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YnCSUP_dCujB0QWRkIH4CQ&ve
d=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Talent%20identification%20in%20the%20young
%20performer&f=false (Accessed on: 01/11/2012)
Sutherland, M. (2005) Gifted and Talented in the Early Years: Practical Activities for
Children Aged 3 To 5. London: SAGE Publications Inc. MyAthens (ebrary). Available
at:
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/treshamins/docDetail.action?docID=10218172&p00=talent%
20identification (Accessed on: 12/11/2012)
Websites
Bailey, R. (2012) So What Is Developmentally Appropriate Sport? Available at:
http://sportscoachuk.org/blog/so-what-developmentally-appropriate-sport-richard-bailey
(Accessed on: 08/10/2012)
Bailey, R., Collins, D., Ford, P., MacNamara, Á., Toms M., & Pearce, G. (2010)
‘Participant Development in Sport: An Academic Review’ Sports Coach UK & Sport
Northern Ireland. Available at: http://www.sportni.net/NR/rdonlyres/991FF96E-C6DB-
4700-A900-F4DF2732E81A/0/ParticipantDevelopmentinSport.pdf (Accessed on:
10/11/2012).
BBC Wales (2012) Talent ID Scientist. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/raiseyourgame/sites/concentration/getyourkiton/pages/na
talie_dunman.shtml (Accessed on: 01/11/2012)
Burgess, R. (2007) Talent Identification. Available at:
http://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/114682/Talent_Identification_
RBurgess.pdf (Accessed on: 28/12/2012)

ECB (2006) Talent Identification Report Explanatory Notes. Available at:
static.ecb.co.uk/files/talent-id-report-explanatory-notes-1403.doc (Accessed on:
28/12/2012)
Endless Human Potential (2012) Athletic Talent Identification. Available at:
http://www.endlesshumanpotential.com/athletic-talent-identification.html (Accessed
on: 11/11/2012)
Long Term Athlete Development (2012) Talent ID. Available at: http://ltad.pro/talent-id/
Robinson, L. (2011) An investigation into talent identification and development in
English Netball. Available at:
https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/3291/1/Netball%20Final%20report%2024%2
004%2009.pdf (Accessed on: 28/12/2012)
Smith, L. (2007) Running through history. Available at:
http://www.brianmac.co.uk/articles/article005.htm (Accessed on: 29/12/2012).
SportsCoachUK (2012) Early-age Talent Identification. Available at:
http://www.coachingnysport.co.uk/partners/yh/nysport/byng_cache/assets/90704_13
%20Talent%20ID%20Quick%20Guide.pdf (Accessed on: 01/11/2012)
Tameside PE and Sport (2011) Talent Strategy 2006-2012. Available at:
http://www.tameside.gov.uk/sports/development/talent#7 (Accessed on: 10/11/2012)
Topend Sports Network (2012) Fitness Testing & Talent ID for Sports. Available at:
http://www.topendsports.com/testing/talent-identification.htm (Accessed on:
29/12/2012).
Tucker, R. & Dugas, J. (2009) The Matthew Effect. Available at:
http://www.sportsscientists.com/2009/01/matthew-effect.html?m=1 (Accessed on:
29/12/2012).
Wolstencroft, E. (2005) Talent Identification and Development Programme Academic
Review: Summary. Available at:
http://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/114685/talentidentificationand
develop_summary.pdf (Accessed on: 11/11/2012)

Wolstencroft, E. ed. (2002) Talent Identification and Development: An Academic
Review (A report for Sportscotland by the University of Edinburgh). Edinburgh:
Sportscotland. (Online) Available at:
http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/2493/1/Academic_Review.pdf (Accessed on:
01/11/2012)
Journals
Abbott, A. & Collins, D. (2004) Eliminating the dichotomy between theory and
practice in talent identification and development: considering the role of
psychology. Journal of Sports Sciences. 22(5), pp.395-408. (Online) Available at:
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02640410410001675324 (Accessed on:
15/11/2012)
Bottoni, B., Gianfelici, A., Tamburri, R. & Faina, M. (2011) Talent Selection Criteria
for Olympic Distance Triathlon. Journal of Human Sport & Exercise, 6(2), pp. 293-
304. (Online) Available at: https://breo.beds.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-1861242-dt-content-
rid-3373547_1/courses/12-13TYABSPO002-
3/Bottoni%20et%20al_%202011_Talent%20selection%20criteria%20for%20olympic
%20distance.pdf (Accessed on: 22/10/2012)
Falk, B., Lidor, R., Lander, Y. and Lang, B. (2004) Talent identification and early
development of elite water-polo players: a 2-year follow-up study. Journal of Sports
Sciences, 22, pp.347–355. (Online) Available at:
https://breo.beds.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-1861242-dt-content-rid-
3373548_1/courses/12-13TYABSPO002-
3/Falk%20et%20al_2004_Talent%20identification%20and%20early%20development
%20of%20elite%20%20water%20polo%20players.pdf (Accessed on: 22/10/2012)
Gray, JH. & Plucker, JA. (2010) “She’s a Natural”: Identifying and Developing Athletic
Talent. Journal for the Education of the Gifted; 33(3), pp. 361–380. (Online) Available
at:
http://mtweb.mtsu.edu/hjgray/GrayPortfolio/JEG%20Gray%20Plucker%20Article.pdf
(Accessed on: 10/11/2012).
Hohmann, A. & Seidel, I. (2003) Scientific aspects of talent development.
International Journal of Physical Education, 40 (1), pp.9-20. (Online) Available at:
http://www.sport.uni-

bayreuth.de/spo_wiss_I/de/download/talentforschung/scientific_aspects_of_talent_de
velopment.pdf (Accessed on: 18/11/2012).
Lidor, R., Falk, B., Arnon, M., Cohen, Y., Segal, G. and Lander, Y. (2005)
Measurement of talent in team handball: the questionable use of motor and physical
tests. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(2), pp.318-325. (Online)
Available at: https://breo.beds.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-1861242-dt-content-rid-
3/Lidor%20et%20al_2005_MEASUREMENT%20OF%20TALENT%20IN%20TEAM%
20HANDBALL_THE%20questionable%20use%20of%20anthropometric.pdf
Martindale, RJJ, Collins, D. and Daubney, J. (2005) Talent Development: A Guide
For Sport. Quest. 57 (0), pp.353-375. (Online) Available at:
http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/2494/1/MartindaleQuest.doc (Accessed on:
15/11/2012)
Simmons, C. & Geoffrey, P.C. (2001) Season-Of-Birth Bias in association football.
Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(9), pp.677-686. (Online) Available at:
https://breo.beds.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-1861242-dt-content-rid-
3/Simmons%20and%20Geoffrey_2001_Season-of-birth%
20bias%20in%20association%20football.pdf (Accessed on: 22/10/2012)
Vaeyens, R., Lenoir, MA., Williams, M. and Philippaerts, RM. (2008) Talent
Identification and Development Programmes in Sport: Current Models and Future
Directions. Sports Medicine. 38 (9), pp.703-714. (Online) Available at:
http://www.academia.edu/667981/Talent_Identificantion_and_Development_Program
mes_in_Sport_current_models_and_future_directions (Accessed on: 01/11/2012).
Walker, I.J., Nordin-Bates, S.M., & Redding, E. (2010) ‘Talent identification and
development in dance: A review of the literature’. Research in Dance Education, 11
(3) pp.165-189. (Online) Available at:
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14647893.2010.527325 (Accessed on:
08/11/2012)
Williams, A.M. & Reilly, T. (2000) Talent Identification and Development in
Soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences. 18(0), pp.657-667. (Online) Available at:

http://web.sls.hw.ac.uk/teaching/level4/A3.4GM2/Web%20Site/Week%205/Reilly%20
Talent%20ID%20football.pdf (Accessed on: 01/11/2012)
Appendices
Appendix 1. Talent identification and its influence on players performance.
Appendix 2. Talent Identification R. Burgess.
Appendix 3. Talent Identification Report Explanatory Notes.
Appendix 4. MartindaleQuest: The model of effective talent identification and
development procedures emerging from the literature.

Two motor development cases: 1. Sport and exercise in the aged – therapy or mortality? 2. Sporting opportunities for the movement impaired.

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