Alan Cassels from CIAK presented in May 2015 about the need for cooperation between international and domestic shipping players in Kenya. International players only operate in major cities so they rely on domestic partners for pickup and delivery elsewhere, while domestic companies need international partners to ship items abroad. However, challenges exist like an unlevel playing field in fees and charges between companies, and high licensing and other fees imposed by government agencies that reduce competitiveness and stunt e-commerce growth compared to other African nations.