2. What is Community?
• A social group determined by the geographical boundaries
and/or common values and interests.
• Its members know and interact with each other.
• It functions within a particular social structure
• Exhibits and creates certain norms, values and institutions
• The individual belongs to the broader society through his family
and community
Basic Characteristics of the Community
• A contiguous geographical area
• Composed of people living together
• People cooperate to satisfy their basic needs
• Common organizations are created e.g. markets, schools,
stores, banks, hospitals etc
• Its a major functioning unit of the society and a network of
human relationships
3. Family – A primary unit of the society
A family is group of biologically related people living together and
eating from the same kitchen. A family has following basic
characteristics –
• A Biological unit
• A social unit
• A cultural unit
• An epidemiological unit
• An unit for providing the social services
• An unit for providing the comprehensive medical care
Types of Families- Based on the claim of a member over the family
it can be named as-
• Family of origin i.e. a family where one is born
• Family of procreation – a family that one sets up after marriage
4. Types of Families – Based on Characteristics
1. Nuclear or Elementary family
2. Joint or Extended family
3. Three generation family
Nuclear Family (Elementary Family)-
• Its universal in all societies
• Consists of married couple and their dependent children
• Tend to occupy the same dwelling unit
• Husband usually plays a dominant role in the household
• Absence of grand parents, uncles, aunts and other close relatives
places a greater responsibility on the family of child rearing
• Husband-wife relationship is more close and mutual than in joint
family
• The term “New Family” has been coined and is applied to a
nuclear family of 10 years
5. Types of Families – Based on Characteristics
Joint Family (Extended Family)-
• Common in India, Africa, Far-East and Middle-East
• More common in rural areas with agriculture than in urban
societies
• Consists of number of married couple and their children who live
together in the same household
• All the men are related by blood and women are wives, unmarried
girls or widows of the family kinship
• All the property is held in common
• There is a common family purse wherein all the income goes, from
which all the expenditures of the family are met
• All the authority vests with the eldest/senior most male member
of the family who is the most dominant and controls all the
internal and external affairs of the family
6. Joint Family (Extended Family).......
• The senior most female member holds the authority concerning
women affairs of the family
• The familial relations take primacy over the marital relations
• Early and arranged marriages are advocated to ward off any
threat from marital relationships
• The motto of the joint family is “Union is Strength”
Advantages of the Joint Family-
Responsibilities are shared practically in all matters in a joint
family which gives economic and social security to all the
family members
Better social and economic security to old, helpless and
unemployed members
Easier financing of the education of children, marriages,
commercial ventures and other financial needs like medical
care, social events etc
Types of Families – Based on Characteristics
8. Types of Families – Based on Characteristics
Three Generation Family-
• Its different from joint family
• This type of family arrangement is fairly common in the
western society also
• It’s a household where representatives of three generations
live in the same household
• It occurs when young couples are not able to find separate
accommodation and continue to live with their parents and
have their children
9. Functions of the Family
• Residence with homely life
• Economic security
• Support in education
• Socialization
• Emotional support
• Social care
• Bridging the generation gap
• Job distribution- division of labour
10. Family in Health and Disease
Child rearing
Socialization
Personality formation and development
Care of dependent adults
Stabilization of adult personality
Familial susceptibility of diseases
Broken family
Problem families
11. Definition – Socio-economic Status
Socio economic status has been defined
as the position that an individual or
family occupies with reference to the
prevailing average standards of cultural
and material possessions, income, and
participation in group activity of the
community.
12. • It is determined on the basis of education,
occupation and income level.
Based on these variables, socioeconomic status
has been measured by following methods
Kuppuswami’s Method
Udai Pareek’s Method
BG Prasad’s Method
Rahudkar scales
Jalota scale
Kulshrestha scale
Shrivastava scale
Bharadwaj scale
13. • Kuppuswami’s method takes into
consideration the education, occupation and
monthly income of respondent to classify or
determine socioeconomic status.
• Each component is given a weighted score
and then the total score is summed up and
the individual/family can be classified.
• The level of income is updated on the basis
of consumer price index (CPI)
Kuppuswami’s Method
14. A..Educational component
• Professional or honors degree 7
• Graduate or postgraduate 6
• Intermediate or post high school diploma 5
• High school certificate 4
• Middle school certificate 3
• Primary school certificate 2
• Illiterate 1
18. Calculation of SES
Total Score (A+B+C) Social Class
26-29 1 (upper class)
16-25 2 (upper middle)
11-15 3 (lower middle)
5-10 4 (upper lower)
Below 5 5 (lower)
19. Limitations
• There is an overemphasis on income, rather
than educational and occupational factors.
• It is used for urban families only.
20. Udai Pareek’s Method
• This method takes into consideration of caste,
occupation, education, land holding, social
participation, family size, housing, farm power,
material possession.
• Each of these component is given weighted
score and by summing up all the components
the SES can be determined and categorized
into several classes.
21. Components and their Score
Caste
• Scheduled caste 1
• Lower caste 2
• Artisan caste 3
• Agriculture caste 4
• Prestige caste 5
• Dominant caste 6
22. Occupation
• None 0
• Laborer 1
• Caste occupation 2
• Business 3
• Independent profession 4
• Cultivation 5
• Service 6
23. Education
• Illiterate 0
• Can read only 1
• Can read and write 2
• Primary 3
• Middle 4
• High school 5
• Graduate 6
• Above 7
24. Land Holding
• No land 0
• Less than 1 acre 1
• 1-5 acre 2
• 5-10 acre 3
• 10-15 acre 4
• 15-20 acre 5
• 20 and above 6
25. Social Participation
• None 0
• Member of one organization 1
• Member of more than one organization 2
• Office holder in such organization 3
• Wider public leader 4
26. Type of Family and Family members
• Single 1
• Joint 2
• Extended 3
• Size up to 5 2
• Any other distribution feature 2
27. House
• No house 1
• Kutcha house 2
• Mixed house 3
• Pucca house 4
• Mansion 5
28. Farm Power
• No draught(Buffalos/cows) 1
• 1-2 draught animals 2
• 3-4 draught animals 3
• 5-6 draught animals or tractor 6
29. Material Possession
• Bullock cart 0
• Cycle 1
• Radio 2
• Chairs 3
• Mobile phone 4
• Television 5
• Refrigerators 6
•
31. Advantages
• Income may be concealed and it may not be
easy to determine as in other methods.
• The scale is easy to use.
• To determine the level of poverty, these
criteria can be adopted to classify the family
as below poverty line (BPL) or above poverty
line (APL).
32. Disadvantages
• Its use is only limited to rural population.
• It contains too many components that are
difficult to access.
33. BG Prasad’s scale
• Socioeconomic status of family can also be
known by criteria proposed by BG Prasad
which includes per capita monthly income of
an individual. It is computed as:
• Per capita monthly income=total monthly
income of the family/total members of family
34. SES Class Per capita monthly income
1- Upper class Rs.5,571 and above
2-Upper middle class Rs.2,786-5,570
3-Middle class Rs.1,671-2,785
4- Lower middle class Rs.836-1,670
5-Lower class < Rs. 836
36. Limitations
• One of the main limitation of using per capita
income is that it does not actually measure
development.
• Since per capita income is a mean value, it
does not reflect actual income distribution.
37. Standard of living index (SLI)
Variables Categories Score
1.Source of drinking tap(own) 3
Water tap shared 2
hand pump+well 1
others 0
2.Type of house pucca 4
semi-pucca 2
katcha 0
38. 3.Source of lighting electricity 2
kerosene 1
others 0
4.Fuel for cooking LPG 2
kerosene 1
others 0
5.Toilet facility own flush toilet 4
own pit toilet 2
shared toilet 2
no toilet 0
39. 6.ownership of items:fan 2
radio 2
sewing machine 2
television 2
telephone 3
bicycle 2
motor cycle/scooter 3
car 4
tractor 4
40. • On the basis of total score, households are
divided into three categories as:
Low-if total score is less than or equal to 9.
Medium-if total score is greater than 9 but
less than or equal to 19.
High-if the score is greater than 19
41. Poverty line
• An economic benchmark and poverty threshold used by the
government of India to indicate economic disadvantage and to
identify individuals and households in need of government
assistance and aid.
• While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of
food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light,
educational and medical requirements etc., are determined
for subsistence.
• These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices in
rupees, and thereby the poverty line is arrived at. The
numbers involved in the calculation of the poverty line vary.
• The economics of living in the rural parts of the country is
different from that of living in the urban parts, the poverty line
deducted for individuals living in the rural areas is different
from that deducted for individuals living in the urban areas.
42. • The existing standards were developed using data from the
2002 survey.
• India’s central government is uncertain about the
criteria to be used to identify families living in poverty.
• As per the method authorized by the Union Cabinet, the
household income limit to become a beneficiary under
the BPL (Below Poverty Line) list is approximately Rs.
27,000 per year.
43. According to the budget of 2011-12
• Rural –Person spending Rs.27 per day
• Urban –Person spending Rs.33 per day
Revised as per 2014 budget
• Rural Rs.32/day
• Urban Rs.47/day
Current Criteria
• Annual income of Rs 27000 or less
• In rural areas a monthly household income of Rs
2250 per month
