Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen MarshakEssentia

Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen
MarshakEssentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak
Chapter 8: A Violent Pulse: EarthquakesChapter 8: A Violent
Pulse: Earthquakes
What is an Earthquake?
release of energy.
on deaths in the last 2000 years.
Edited by Joao Santos
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage

Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
waves cause different motion.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage

-waves.
e damage.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
waves lag behind S waves.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage

Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
s on…
= amplified damage.
Pulse: Earthquakes

Earthquake Damage
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage

alanches follow earthquakes in uplands.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
– Waves liquefy H2O-filled sediments.
uicksand;” clay becomes “quickclay.”

Pulse: Earthquakes
Liquefaction
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
, candles, and power lines.
sewer, telephone, and electrical lines, as well as roads.

crucial to saving lives.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
overtaxed.

Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
- about 1/yr.

-lying coastal areas.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Tsunami vs. Wind Waves
tens to hundreds of meters.
related to windspeed.
several tens of km per hour.
and expend all stored energy.

Have wavelengths of several
10s to 100s of kilometers.
unaffected by windspeed.
several 100s of kph.
raised plateau of water that
pours onto the land.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Tsunami Behavior
peed across the ocean.

slow from frictional drag.
reaching 10-15 m or more.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Tsunami
re bathymetry.
-to-shallow transition – Deadliest condition.

owland – Maximum damage.
– Less damage.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Tsunami Reality
(M9.0+) originated in the trench to the west of N. Sumatra.
eded 15 m; rupture > 1100 km long.
surrounding the Indian Ocean.
Pulse: Earthquakes

The Indian Ocean Tsunami
of 6/4/2009).
-setting death toll.
so large and the
tsunami spread fast.
Christmas tourists.
Source: USGS Earthquake Hazards Program, Most Destructive
Earthquakes
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php/
Pulse: Earthquakes
-up” elevation.

– buildings and people.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Surviving a Tsunami
etreat of water from the shore is sign of an impending
tsunami.
Source: Brian F. Atwater and others, 1999, Surviving a Tsunami
– Lessons from Chile, Hawaii and Japan, USGS Circular 1187.

Pulse: Earthquakes
Surviving a Tsunami
Pulse: Earthquakes
What is an Earthquake?

sphere of waves.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
reaking and horrific.
Pulse: Earthquakes

Earthquake Damage
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
nd).
-waves.

Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
The land surface behaves like ripples in a pond.
Pulse: Earthquakes

Earthquake Damage
ation of the vibrations.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage

Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
break apart.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
ndslides and Avalanches.

Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
– Waves liquefy H2O-filled sediments.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Liquefaction
luid.

Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
itical infrastructure such as water,
sewer, telephone, and electrical lines, as well as roads.
crucial to saving lives.

Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
Food, water, and medicines are scarce.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
uakes change the seafloor.

eature collapse creates waves that race rapidly away.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Earthquake Damage
- about 1/yr.
n low-lying coastal areas.
Pulse: Earthquakes

Tsunami vs. Wind Waves
tens to hundreds of meters.
related to windspeed.
several tens of km per hour.
and expend all stored energy.
10s to 100s of kilometers.
unaffected by windspeed.
several 100s of kph.

raised plateau of water that
pours onto the land.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Tsunami Behavior
slow from frictional drag.
reaching 10-15 m or more.

Pulse: Earthquakes
Tsunami
-to-shallow transition – Deadliest condition.
– Maximum damage.
– Less damage.
Pulse: Earthquakes

Tsunami Reality
thquake
(M9.0+) originated in the trench to the west of N. Sumatra.
surrounding the Indian Ocean.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Killed more people than any tsunami on record.
-setting death toll.
so large and the

tsunami spread fast.
sts were full of
Christmas tourists.
Source: USGS Earthquake Hazards Program, Most Destructive
Earthquakes
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php/
Pulse: Earthquakes
-up” elevation.
hardest hit.
– buildings and people.
Pulse: Earthquakes

Surviving a Tsunami
tsunami.
.
Pulse: Earthquakes
Surviving a Tsunami
building or a tree.

Chapter 10: Earthquakes Hazards
Earthquakes are a vital part of understanding how the Earth’s
surface is in constant motion or under constant pressure to
move. If you’ve been in an earthquake, you probably remember
all the details – it’s a weird and rather unpleasant experience.
I remember the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 in San
Francisco. Check out some footage here:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FW-TkpvKPl0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpAPILKw3iY
1. What was the most striking part of the videos for you? (2
points)
2. Why do you think people live there? Would you? Is it
different than living with other natural disasters, like flooding
or blizzards? (3 points)
Earthquakes are actually occurring constantly all around the
globe – some big, mostly small.
3. Go to the USGS website that has information about
earthquakes (earthquake.usgs.gov), and choose one earthquake
that occurred in the last 24 hours. (3 points)

4. What are the relevant details? (include time, location,
magnitude, depth, and event ID). (3 points)
5. Include a map of the location (from another source, tell me
where). (3 points)
6. Did this earthquake affect a lot of people? Why or why not?
(2 points)
7. Was it reported in any newspapers? Why or why not? (2
points)
8. Explain why an earthquake would occur here.
a. What’s the reason the earthquake occurred at this location on
the Earth? (use at least two terms from the text) (2 points)
b. Are you surprised that an earthquake occurred here? Why or
why not? (2 points)
c. Include a graphic (and where you got it) of the process that
created this earthquake. (3 points)
Find an event that occurred this week that moves you. You must
be able to relate it to the current chapter in some way –
creativity is welcome. For instance, let’s say you read about the
war in Afghanistan and parts of Pakistan. After reading the
article, you check a world map and find that some remote parts
of Pakistan are near the Himalayan Mountain Range. You will
discover in Chapter 3 that the Himalayas were formed by a
convergence of two continental plates, the Indian plate and the
Eurasian plate, which causes a convergence zone that resulted
in mountain uplift. And, voila!, the Himalayans are formed.
Remember, geology is all about connections. The physical
environment always sets the context for human events, and,

often, they have a more direct influence than you may initially
imagine. For example, you’re not worried about a tsunami if
you live in North Dakota, but you are much more aware of the
Pleistocene glaciations than you would be if you lived in
Arizona.
You may use an article from the following sources:
Reuters
National Public Radio
Another news outlet if you include a paragraph telling me why
you chose it.
Turn in:
A document that includes the entire story (copy and pasted from
the original site).
The citation (where you got it and when).
The link.
A map of the location of the event that was not included in the
article.
Paragraph of what you think about the news (good, bad,
indifferent – just tell me why).
Paragraph explaining at least one geologic connection that
relates to this week’s chapter.

Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen MarshakEssentia

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Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen MarshakEssentia